Opinion
The plaintiff, Lori J. Hibbard,
The following facts and procedural history are relevant to our disposition of the plaintiffs appeal. The parties were married on October 11, 2003, and have one minor child who was bom August 4, 2005. On September 12, 2007, the court dissolved the parties’ marriage and incorporated into its judgment the provisions of a marital settlement agreement. The agreement provided, inter alia, that the parties would share joint legal custody of their daughter, whose primary residence
Commencing in July, 2008, both parties began filing postjudgment motions. The plaintiff alleged that the defendant failed to comply with the court’s financial orders, and the defendant alleged that the plaintiff failed to comply with the court’s visitation orders. Since the date of the dissolution, the parties have filed approximately thirty postjudgment motions. Initially, most of the disputes were resolved by agreement. As time passed, however, the parties became increasingly contentious over the issue of the defendant’s parenting time with their daughter.
There are four motions at issue in this appeal. On May 26, 2011, the defendant filed a motion to find the plaintiff in contempt for her failure to deliver their daughter for scheduled parenting time on May 18, 19, 21 and 22, 2011.
The court held a hearing on the parties’ motions on June 9, 15 and 24, 2011. On June 27, 2011, the court issued its memorandum of decision. The court first stated that it had reviewed all of the pleadings and orders in the file and that it had considered applicable case law and statutes, particularly General Statutes §§ 46b-56 (c) and 46b-87. The court further noted that it had observed the demeanor and attitude of the witnesses and had assessed their credibility. The court then proceeded to make its findings and conclusions. The court found that the plaintiff had failed to establish any justification for her unilateral suspension of visits between their child and the defendant scheduled for May 18, 19, 21 and 22, 2011, and, accordingly, it found her in contempt of the court’s visitation orders.
Further, the court determined that “the enduring and passionate battle between the parents renders the original joint custody arrangement no longer workable and hence not in the child’s best interest . . . .” The court
I
The plaintiffs first claim is that the court improperly admitted into evidence the comprehensive evaluation report prepared by Matthew Walker, a family relations counselor. She argues that the report contained numerous prejudicial hearsay statements that should have been redacted prior to its consideration by the court. The following additional facts and procedural history are necessary for the resolution of this claim.
On November 29,2010, the court, Shluger, J., referred this matter to the family relations division for a comprehensive evaluation report. Walker completed the report on June 8, 2011. The next day, which was the first day of the scheduled hearing on the parties’ outstanding motions, the plaintiffs attorney stated on the record that he had just received the report and that he had contemplated requesting a continuance of the hearing. He represented, however, that he had conferred with his client and that the plaintiff was comfortable in proceeding with the hearing at that time.
When Walker subsequently was called by the defendant as a witness, the defendant’s attorney offered the report as a full exhibit. The court inquired if the plaintiff objected to its admission. The plaintiffs attorney
In support of her position, the plaintiff cites Stewart v. Stewart, 177 Conn. 401, 418 A.2d 62 (1979). In Stewart, the plaintiff claimed that the trial court improperly admitted a family relations report that contained inadmissible hearsay statements. Id., 404-405. Our Supreme Court affirmed the challenged ruling because the plaintiff had persisted in obj ecting to the entire report instead of specifying the inadmissible portions and giving reasons why those portions were inadmissible. Id., 405. The plaintiff in the present case argues that the court “summarily overruled” the plaintiffs objection to the admission of the report without having “invited” counsel to make objections to any specific portions containing inadmissible evidence.
Stewart is inapposite to the present case. In a footnote, the court in Stewart stated that a recent amendment to the rules of practice; Practice Book (1978) § 479; permitted the admission of case study reports if the author was available for cross-examination, but that the amendment had not been in effect at the time the case was heard. Stewart v. Stewart, supra, 177 Conn. 405 n.l. Section 479 is now Practice Book § 25-60, titled “Evaluations and Studies.” Subsection (c) of Practice Book § 25-60 provides: “Any report prepared pursuant
The trial court in the present case requested a comprehensive evaluation report from the family services division. As such, the report was admissible pursuant to Practice Book § 25-60 provided that the family relations counselor who authored it was available for cross-examination. Walker was called as a witness and was available for cross-examination,
II
The plaintiffs next claim is that the court abused its discretion by finding her in contempt because it should have concluded that her noncompliance with the court’s visitation orders was justified under the circumstances. The court found that the plaintiff failed to deliver their daughter for parenting time with the defendant on May 18,19, 21 and 22,2011, which were court-ordered visitation dates. The plaintiff testified at the hearing that her refusal to comply was justified by a reasonable fear for the safety of their daughter. The court concluded that she failed to establish any justification for her unilateral suspension of those visits and found her in contempt of the prior court orders.
“A finding of contempt is a question of fact, and our standard of review is to determine whether the court
With these principles in mind, we turn to the trial court’s decision in the present case. Following the hearing on the parties’ motions, the court issued a comprehensive twenty page memorandum of decision in which it set forth the history of the case, the prior modifications of visitation orders, the evidence submitted by the parties with respect to the pending motions and the court’s factual findings and conclusions. At the outset, the court noted that it was familiar with the parties and their prior disputes because it had entered the last two orders in the file that addressed visitation with the minor child. The court also expressly stated, as we previously have discussed, that it had observed the demeanor and attitude of all of the witnesses and had assessed their credibility.
At the hearing, the plaintiff did not deny that she failed to deliver their minor child for visitation with the defendant on May 18, 19, 21 and 22, 2011, and that the
The court found that the plaintiffs stated concern did not justify her unilateral suspension of their daughter’s visits with the defendant. The court gave the following reasons for that determination: (1) the plaintiff had made prior allegations, which were unsubstantiated, claiming that the defendant slapped their daughter in the face and placed her in physical danger; (2) the plaintiff previously sought and was granted restrictions on visitation when she claimed another friend of the defendant upset the child by taking pictures of her during one of the scheduled visits; (3) the plaintiffs repeated allegations that the child was afraid of the defendant and refused to visit with him were contradicted by the child’s therapist, the investigative social worker from the department, a worker at the child’s day care facility, Walker, and the credible testimony of the defendant;
“The trial court’s findings are binding upon this court unless they are clearly erroneous in light of the evidence and the pleadings in the record as a whole. . . . We cannot retry the facts or pass on the credibility of the witnesses.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Gina M. G. v. William C., supra, 77 Conn. App. 592. On the basis of the evidence presented at the hearing, and the court’s assessment of the credibility of the parties, the court found that the plaintiffs expressed fear did not justify her wilful noncompliance with the court’s visitation orders. “It is axiomatic that a person may not pick and choose which court orders he will obey. ... A party’s opinion concerning the necessity for a particular order does not excuse his disobedience. . . . There is no privilege to disobey a court’s order because the alleged contemnor believes that it is invalid . . . [or] should not be obeyed.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. For these reasons, we conclude that the corut did not abuse its discretion by holding the plaintiff in contempt of the visitation orders.
The plaintiffs final claim is that the court abused its discretion by modifying the custody order and awarding sole custody of the minor child to the defendant. Specifically, she argues that the court improperly modified the order without finding a substantial change in circumstances and that it erroneously determined that the modification was in the best interests of the child. We disagree.
Section 46b-56 (a) provides the court with authority to make or modify any proper order regarding the custody, care, education, visitation and support of minor children in dissolution actions. Section 46b-56 (b) provides in relevant part that in making or modifying any such order, “the rights and responsibilities of both parents shall be considered and the court shall enter orders accordingly that serve the best interests of the child and provide the child with the active and consistent involvement of both parents commensurate with their abilities and interests. . . .” In considering the best interests of- the child, the court may consider one or more of the factors set forth in § 46b-56 (c). Those factors include, inter alia, “the willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage such continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent as is appropriate, including compliance with any court orders”; General Statutes § 46b-56 (c) (6); and “any manipulation by or coercive behavior of the parents in an effort to involve the child in the parents’ dispute . . . .” General Statutes § 46b-56 (c) (7). That statute also provides that “[t]he court is not required to assign any weight to any of the factors that it considers.” General Statutes § 46b-56 (c).
“The well settled standard of review in domestic relations cases is that this court will not disturb trial court orders unless the trial court has abused its legal discretion or its findings have no reasonable basis in the facts. ... As has often been explained, the foundation for this standard is that the trial court is in a clearly advantageous position to assess the personal factors significant to a domestic relations case .... [W]hether the best interests of the [child] dictate [s] a change ... is left to the broad discretion of the trial court. ... A mere difference of opinion or judgment cannot justify the intervention of this court. Nothing short of a conviction that the action of the trial court is one which discloses a clear abuse of discretion can warrant our interference. . . . When the factual basis of the trial court’s decision is challenged on appeal, the role of this court is to determine whether the facts set out in . . . the decision . . . are clearly erroneous. ... A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when there is no evidence in the record to support it ... or when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction
We apply these principles to the present case in our review of the trial court’s findings and conclusions with respect to its modification of the custody order that resulted in an award of sole custody of the minor child to the defendant. We begin with the plaintiffs claim that the court modified custody without making a finding of a substantial change in circumstances. She argues that the court considered only the best interests of the child in reaching its determination and failed to make the requisite finding that there had been a material change in circumstances since the prior custody order. See Kelly v. Kelly, 54 Conn. App. 50, 56, 732 A.2d 808 (1999).
In the court’s June 27,2011 memorandum of decision, it found that “the enduring and passionate battle between the parents renders the original joint custody arrangement no longer workable . . . .” This determination was made following the court’s summary of the history of the case, its statement that it had reviewed all of the pleadings and orders in the file, and its factual findings regarding the plaintiffs efforts to thwart the defendant’s visitation with their daughter in connection with the motion for contempt. The joint custody order as agreed to at the time of dissolution was premised on the assumption that the defendant would enjoy certain visitation rights with their daughter. Unfortunately, as time passed, disputes over visitation became more frequent and more contentious, as evidenced by the numerous postjudgment motions for contempt and modification filed by the parties in this case.
Although the court did not expressly state that changed circumstances warranted the modification of the custody order, it did expressly state that the original joint custody order was unworkable. The court also
We conclude that the plaintiffs claim fails for the reasons set forth in Lambert v. Donahue, 78 Conn. App. 493, 827 A.2d 729 (2003). In Lambert, the plaintiff claimed that the court improperly modified custody without making a finding of changed circumstances. This court held: “Upon our review of the court’s memorandum of decision, however, we find that the corat specifically stated that its orders were made in consideration of the evidence . . . [and] § 46b-56 concerning custody .... Furthermore, the memorandum of decision is replete with references to evidence that demonstrates a change in circumstances by the parties’ complete inability to communicate concerning their child. . . . Finding that a coparenting situation was not working for these parties, the court properly awarded sole custody to the parent that it found, on the basis of the evidence, best suited to assume that very important responsibility.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 506; see also Payton v. Payton, 103 Conn. App. 825, 835, 930 A.2d 802, cert. denied, 284 Conn. 934, 935 A.2d 151 (2007).
The plaintiff next argues that the court improperly found that awarding sole custody to the defendant was
The court was not unmindful of these considerations. In its memorandum of decision, the court stated: “Because the child has lived with [the] plaintiff since birth, the court does not take lightly the prospect of changing her primary residence at this point.” Nevertheless, the corut determined that such a modification to the custody order was in the best interests of the child because “[c]learly, in light of the above discussion regarding contempt, [the] plaintiff demonstrates a real deficiency in her ‘willingness and ability ... to facilitate and encourage such continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent as is appropriate, including compliance with any corut orders,’ to quote § 46b-56 (c).” The court referenced the plaintiffs “strategy of pursuing the elimination of [the] defendant from their daughter’s life” and concluded that the result of leaving the child with the plaintiff would be “the eventual loss to the child of her father.”
As a consequence of this situation, the court noted that the minor child was beginning to evidence a pattern of expressing complaints of pain, which led to an unusual number of visits to her physician’s office or a hospital emergency room. The child also manifested signs of distress and guilt when preparing for visitations: “[S]he indicated that she will sometimes say that she does not wish to visit her father, as that makes her mother happy.” The court expressed the concern, as was voiced by the child’s therapist, that the plaintiff had a propensity to remove their daughter from a setting
There is support in our case law for transferring custody of a minor child when the custodial parent has engaged in conduct designed to alienate the child from the noncustodial parent. In Eisenlohr v. Eisenlohr, supra, 135 Conn. App. 340, 345, this court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in modifying the custody award to transfer sole physical custody of the minor child from the defendant mother to the plaintiff father. The trial court made its ruling after finding that the defendant was not truthful and had caused the initiation of baseless department investigations. Id., 341. Further, “the plaintiff presented an abundance of evidence pertaining to specific acts of coercion and manipulation on the part of the defendant that the court, as the finder of fact, credited.” Id., 348. We concluded that such considerations were expressly authorized by § 46b-56 (c) (7). Id.
As this court repeatedly has emphasized, we defer to the trial court’s assessment of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to afford their testimony. See Malave v. Ortiz, 114 Conn. App. 414, 425, 970 A.2d 743 (2009). The record supports the court’s findings that the plaintiffs activities were designed to alienate their daughter from her father and that they were having an adverse impact on the child. The court’s concern was clearly apparent: it feared that the child eventually would be left with a relationship with one, but not both, of her parents.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The plaintiff is now known as Lori J. Bielecki.
The court appointed a guardian ad litem for the minor child on August 6, 2009.
The defendant filed a motion for contempt on May 23, 2011, which was essentially identical to the motion filed on May 26, 2011. The May 23, 2011 motion subsequently was withdrawn.
The May 26, 2011 motion alleged that, in addition to the four days in May, 2011, the plaintiff further failed to deliver the minor child for scheduled visitation on thirty previous occasions. During the hearing on the motion, however, the parties indicated that only the four days in May were at issue before the court. Accordingly, the court addressed only those four days in its memorandum of decision.
The court considered the second motion to be an exact copy of the first motion and, therefore, “redundant.”
A fortiori, the court denied the plaintiffs motions to modify the judgment to suspend unsupervised visitation with the defendant.
The plaintiffs attorney did cross-examine Walker at the hearing.
The court concluded that “[the plaintiffs] premise that the child is afraid of [the defendant] and does not desire contact with him is baseless.”
The plaintiff takes issue with the court’s statement that it found her account of the alleged touching to be doubtful because she failed to notify the defendant directly about the incident. According to the court, it would have been logical and appropriate for the plaintiff to telephone the defendant about the alleged touching so that he could take immediate measures to protect their daughter. The plaintiff claims that this finding is clearly erroneous because it was undisputed that she did contact the defendant by way of a text message. This one inaccuracy does not undermine our confidence in the court’s fact-finding process and we are not persuaded that it was
The defendant testified that if he was awarded physical custody of their daughter, he faithfully would deliver their child for visitation or allow the plaintiff to pick up the child for visitation in accordance with any visitation schedule ordered by the court.