58 A.2d 464 | Pa. | 1947
The plaintiff company, Hertz Drivurself Stations, Inc. (Eastern States), was incorporated in 1933 under the laws of the State of Delaware to conduct a business of renting automobiles and trucks, without drivers, to selected lessees on long or short term leases. Since December 8, 1933, the company has been, and still is, authorized to do business in Pennsylvania where it maintains offices in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh for the conduct of its business in this State.
On October 18, 1943, the plaintiff instituted this suit in equity against the Public Utility Commission, represented by its constituent members, and the Attorney General of the Commonwealth in an effort to restrain the defendants from administering and enforcing the Act of June 5, 1943, P. L. 901, 66 P. S. § 1731-1741, which is described by its title as "An Act to regulate persons, partnerships and corporations engaged in the business of renting motor vehicles; authorizing the Public Utility Commission to administer and enforce the provisions of this act; and imposing penalties".
The bill of complaint alleges that the Act violates both the State and the Federal Constitutions and is, therefore, null and void. The defendants answered responsively and, on the issue joined, the matter was proceeded with to hearing. In January 1944, while testimony was being taken, a competitor of the plaintiff, Yellow Rental, Inc. (which leases, in Philadelphia only, trucks without drivers), petitioned for leave to intervene in the proceedings, as an amicus curiæ, in support *29 of the Act and was permitted so to do. In May 1946,1 the court below filed an adjudication sustaining the constitutionality of the Act and entered a decree nisi dismissing the bill. After exceptions had been overruled, the decree was made final and the plaintiff took this appeal. Thereafter, leave was granted by this Court to several other companies, engaged in the same kind of business as the plaintiff-appellant, to intervene in the appeal, as amici curiæ, with permission to present argument attacking the constitutionality of the Act.
The preamble of the Act in controversy recites that both common and contract carriers by motor vehicles (the plaintiff is neither) "are subject to regulation under the Public Utility Law"; that "the renting of motor vehicles to the public competes with the businesses of common carriers and contract carriers by motor vehicle"; that "the public safety and welfare demands that persons engaged in renting motor vehicles to the public should either be insured or should establish their financial responsibility"; and that "it is hereby found as a fact, after due investigation and deliberation, that the service of common carriers by motor vehicle . . ., contract carriers by motor vehicle and lessors of motor vehicles for the safe transportation of passengers or property over the highways are so closely interwoven and interdependent and so directly affect each other that in order effectively to regulate such common and contract carriers by motor vehicle . . ., and to provide a proper and safe highway transportation system in the public interest, it is necessary to regulate the business of leasing motor vehicles to the public for transportation . . . of passengers or property over the highway to the extent herein provided". *30
The learned chancellor found, inter alia, that the plaintiff's long term leases of motor vehicles are for indeterminate periods of a year or more while transient leases are by the hour, day, week or other short periods of time. Under the long term lease arrangements, the plaintiff supplies motor trucks in both small and large groups to selected commercial concerns. In many cases, the trucks are especially designed to fit the lessees' needs, sometimes with distinctive bodies and painting and lettering according to the specifications of the particular lessee, including the lessee's trademarks. While the plaintiff's vehicles are under lease, it has no control over their operation, but it does keep them in repair and good running order and furnishes garage facilities and services, tires, oil and other lubricants. The procedure for leasing a motor vehicle on a transient basis requires that the applicant furnish the plaintiff with identification data on a blank form and make a cash deposit unless he has established a charge account. The proposed lessee must agree that the vehicle will not be used to transport persons or property for hire. If the applicant is turned down for any reason or proves to be an undesirable driver, his application form is marked "N. G.". Such marks usually indicate that the company has had actual experience in renting a vehicle to such person. In particular, the court below found that "the plaintiff does not hold itself out as supplying trucks or passenger cars for short periods to the general public indiscriminately, and in this phase of its business is not acting either as a common or contract carrier, and does not compete substantially with either common or contract carriers by motor vehicles . . .". (Emphasis supplied). At times, it leases trucks to common or contract carriers on long term leases and, in all instances, it carries "fire, theft, public liability, and property damage insurance with respect to [its] leased motor vehicles".
Briefly summarized, the Act requires procurement by one desiring to engage in the business of renting motor *31 vehicles (without drivers) of a certificate of public convenience from the Public Utility Commission; it prescribes the requisites for the issuance of such a certificate, viz., (a) an application on a form, with accompanying fee, both as established by the Commission, (b) a finding by the Commission that the proposed business "is necessary and convenient for the accommodation of the public", (c) proof that applicant (or its corporate officers) is of good character and reputation and financially capable of keeping his (its) motor vehicles in safe operating condition, and (d) insurance of the applicant in an amount sufficient to indemnify others against loss or damage from injury due to operation of his motor vehicles or proof that he is of sufficient financial responsibility to pay such damages without insurance. Further, the Act defines the procedure for obtaining a certificate of public convenience, the causes for which and the manner in which such a certificate may be revoked after issuance, and confers a right of appeal to the Superior Court on any person aggrieved by a Commission order "granting, refusing to grant or revoking a certificate of public convenience"; it requires the filing of tariffs by a lessor of motor vehicles without drivers; it makes unlawful anyone's engaging in the business without a certificate or charging "for the lease of a motor vehicle for less than one year" a rate lower than that shown in the tariffs filed, etc.; it prescribes penalties for violations; and, it puts upon the Public Utility Commission the responsibility of administering and enforcing the Act.
The appellant does not object to the requirement of insurance or proof of financial responsibility as above specified. Its complaint is with the requirement which makes the procurement of a certificate of public convenience a prerequisite to engaging in the business of renting motor vehicles without drivers, the requirement of a finding by the Commission that "the business which the applicant proposes to conduct is necessary and convenient *32 for the accommodation of the public . . .", and the requirement of filing tariffs and the type of tariff-observance called for by the statute. The tariff provisions are contained in Sections 5 and 9 of the Act and, in full, read as follows:
"Section 5. If a certificate of public convenience shall have been granted for the purpose of engaging in the business of renting motor vehicles, the holder thereof shall, under such regulations as the commission may prescribe, immediately file with the commission a tariff and keep copies open to the public for inspection, showing the schedule of rentals which he proposes to charge for the use of motor vehicles not definitely rented to a single lessee for a period of a year or more. Such rentals may be stated exclusive of the charges for insurance. Different rates may be stated for different kinds or types of motor vehicles and for different classes of lessees, butthe rates of rental charged to the public (exclusive of the charges for insurance) shall not be lower than the ratescharged to common carriers and to contract carriers by motorvehicle." (Emphasis supplied).
. . . . . . . .
"Section 9. It shall be unlawful for any person to engage in the business of renting motor vehicles to others, subject to the proviso of section 2, without having obtained a certificate of public convenience under the provisions of this act, or forany person holding such certificate to charge a rental or rate to any person for the lease of a motor vehicle for less than one year, which is lower than the rate or rental shown in the filed tariff, or to charge or accept payment of a rate orrental for the lease for less than one year of any motor vehicle by any other person, which is lower than the rate orrental shown by the filed tariff as the rate or rental (exclusive of the charges for insurance) chargeable to commoncarriers and to contract carriers by motor vehicle." (Emphasis supplied.) *33
The plaintiff contends that the business of leasing motor vehicles without drivers is not affected with a public interest and, consequently, that the provisions of the Act which attempt to subject its property and the use of it to governmental permission, regulation and control do not constitute a valid exercise of the State's police power and, moreover, constitute an illegal exercise of the police power in any view. Accordingly, the plaintiff assails the Act on the grounds (1) that it violates Article I, Section 1, of the Pennsylvania Constitution by interfering with the plaintiff's freedom to use and enjoy its property, (2) that it violates Article I, Section 9, of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States by depriving the plaintiff of its property without due process of law and by denying to it equal protection of the laws, and (3) that it constitutes a special regulation of trade in violation of Article III, Section 7, of the Pennsylvania Constitution.
In considering the constitutional questions, thus raised, we are mindful of the familiar and well-established rule, which the appellees stress, that the presumption of constitutionality attending a legislative enactment endures until it plainly and unquestionably appears that the challenged statute violates the fundamental law: Sharpless v. Mayor of Philadelphia,
There is a further fundamental and pertinent principle of constitutional law to be recognized in connection with the present review, viz., that a valid and proper exercise of a State's police power, even though such exercise limits or impairs the use and enjoyment of private property, does notipso facto violate the due process clause of either the State or Federal Constitutions; and that, speaking generally, the regulation of a private business "affected with a public interest" may, and frequently does, constitute a valid exercise of the police power: Liggett Co. v. Baldridge,
Unfortunately, there is no hard and fast rule for determining arbitrarily and conclusively when a business or property is affected with a public interest. That deficiency has been recurrently recognized in the reported decisions of a number of jurisdictions. But, fundamentally, it still remains essential to constitutional regulation and control of private property that the subject property be affected with a public interest and that a legislative exercise of the police power in such regard be in the public interest. And, while the tests applied are not completely exhaustive in all instances of the existence of such interest, there are certain norms which are helpful in determining whether a business is so "affected". Apart from an intentional and deliberate dedication of private property to public use, which, in general, may be said to subordinate it automatically to legislative regulation and control, from early times the enjoyment of a franchise or privilege for the performance of a service (whether by virtue of "a prescription time out of mind, or a charter from the king"), of which *35
service the public has a real and continuing need and no ready means of obtaining it otherwise, subjects the business to regulation and control in the public interest. In the light of certain more recent expressions by the Supreme Court of the United States (e.g., see Olsen v. Nebraska,
In Munn v. Illinois,
That the de facto monopolistic position of the private warehouses involved in the Munn case was the factor which determined the amenability of the property to public regulation and control clearly appears not only from the majority opinion for the Supreme Court but also from the dissent of Mr. Justice FIELD in which Mr. Justice STRONG joined. The members of the Court were at no misunderstanding as to what was being decided in that case. In the opinion for the Court it is expressly recognized that the warehouses had become (p. 132) "clothed 'with a public interest, and cease[d] to be juris privati only' " because of "the facts", viz. (p. 131), ". . . all the elevating facilities through which these *36
vast [grain] productions 'of seven or eight great States of the West' must pass on the way 'to four or five of the States on the seashore' may be [i.e., had become] a 'virtual' monopoly". (Emphasis supplied). Just two years later, Mr. Justice BRADLEY, who had been of the majority in the Munn case, interpreted that decision to be that ". . . when an employment or business becomes a matter of such public interest and importance as to create a common charge or burden upon the citizen; in other words, when it becomes a practical monopoly, to which the citizen is compelled to resort, and by means of which a tribute can be exacted from the community, it is subject to regulation by the legislative power". (Emphasis supplied.) True enough, the statement just quoted from the learned Justice was contained in a dissenting opinion in the Sinking-Fund Cases,
Nor is the rationale of the Munn case derogated from by the fact alluded to in Nebbia v. New York,
Even if the presence of a monopoly, directly conferred or indirectly implied, for the dispensation of a service, whereof the general public has need, be not the "touchstone" in all circumstances for determining whether the private property so employed is affected with a public interest, it is at least a compelling determinative of that status when such a monopoly does in fact exist. The instances where a private property's "affection" with a public interest does not rest upon its capacity for monopolistic use in the performance of a service to the public in general so as to subject the property to legislative regulation and control are relatively few indeed. The fact of the matter is that confusion seems to have been unnecessarily injected into the concept of public regulation of private property by treating all such regulations as constituting similar exertions of power. It is true that the exerted power (i.e., legislative) is the same in all instances, but, obviously, a different basis of justification for its exercise must be found where the impact is visited upon a legitimate, sanitary *38
and decent private business on the one hand and, on the other where the property so regulated constitutes a fire hazard of public concern (Queenside Hills Realty Co., Inc. v. Saxl,Commissioner, etc.,
On the basis of the comprehensive categories specified by Mr. Chief Justice TAFT in Wolff Packing Company v. Court ofIndustrial Relations, etc.,
Apart from the implications of liability to public regulation and control afforded by the use of private property in the exercise of a monopoly, either de jure or de facto, perhaps the most succinct and at the same time the most inclusive statement of the criteria for determining when a property is affected with a public interest *39 is that contained in the Wolff case, supra, at p. 536, as follows: "The circumstances which clothe a particular kind of business with a public interest, in the sense of Munn v.Illinois and the other cases, must be such as to create a peculiarly close relation between the public and those engaged in it, and raise implications of an affirmative obligation on their part to be reasonable in dealing with the public".
It is beyond dispute that the present appellant's business possesses no governmentally conferred exclusive privilege or franchise. Neither does it enjoy a circumstantially created monopoly either "practically" or "virtually". Its property is not devoted to public use nor has the public acquired an interest therein. The appellant does not lease its motor vehicles to the public indiscriminately. Its customers areselected, as the learned chancellor found and the court en banc confirmed. Indeed, as the findings and the record disclose, in a given period it actually refused a relatively substantial number of lease applications which it had found unsatisfactory according to its own prescribed standards. There is no peculiarly close relationship between the public and the appellant's business; and there are no implications that the public has a right to expect that the leasing service will be available at all times to anyone demanding it. The business of leasing motor vehicles without drivers is just as private as the business of selling automobiles whether the latter be by the manufacturers or by sales agents. In either instance (i.e., lease or sale of a motor vehicle) the transaction is a matter for private negotiation and of private contract.
The public interest, where such is essential, before the legislature may, in an exercise of the State's police power, subject private property to public regulation and control must be "a legal interest" (veritably, "a right") and not merely a desire born of personal concern, convenience or economy covetous of the use of another's property. The idea was well expressed in Tyson and *40 Brother v. Banton,
The recitals of fact in the preamble of the Act are not conclusive of the asserted "public interest". That matter remains one for judicial determination as to its ultimate verity. ". . . [T]he mere declaration by a legislature that a particular kind of property or business is affected with a public interest is not conclusive upon the question of the validity of the regulation. The matter is one which is always open to judicial inquiry.": Tyson and Brother v. Banton, supra; cf. Wolff Packing Company v. Industrial Court, supra, at p. 536. The legislature's "determination as to what is a proper exercise of its police powers is not final or conclusive, but is subject to the supervision of the courts": Lawton v. Steele,
The learned chancellor correctly apprehended the basic inquiry to be, — ". . . whether the plaintiff's business is so affected by a public interest as to justify regulation, and whether the regulations of the statute are reasonable" and then failed to come to grips with those problems at any time. Indeed, the court below was content to conclude that, as the highways are subject to governmental regulation and as the plaintiff's leased motor vehicles use the highways, the plaintiff's business (i.e., its use and enjoyment of its private property) is subject to public regulation and control. By contrast, the learned court below on two former occasions had properly recognized the peculiar quality of the public interest essential to legislative regulation and control of private property in respect of its productive use for the owner's personal benefit. Thus, in Scudder v. Smith, 45 Dauphin 209, it was held that the gasoline and oil industry (as represented by the large producers and distributors) was not affected with a public interest so as to be liable to ancillary legislative investigation. And, in Heinel Motors, Inc. v.Teefy, 46 Dauphin 281, the same court held that the automobile business was not affected with a public interest. So far as the determinative type of "public interest" in a business is concerned, there can be no legally cognizable difference between selling automobiles and leasing them.
What this Act attempts to regulate and control is a private business and it does that simply in the interest of common or contract carriers by motor vehicles and not for any discernible public purpose. It will be recalled that the chancellor expressly found, and it is an established fact in this case, that, in the business of leasing trucks or passenger carsfor short periods of time (the subject business of the Act's concern), the plaintiff ". . . is not acting either as a common or contract carrier, and does not compete substantially witheither *42 common or contract carriers by motor vehicles . . .". (Emphasis supplied.) Yet, the chancellor went on to find that ". . . its [the plaintiff's] business, as a whole, is a competitive business, and prospective customers are solicited, even though they are utilizing contract or common carriers. This solicitation has resulted, to some extent, in diversion of business from regulated contract or common carriers, . . ." The latter finding was undoubtedly made in support of a similar statement formally promulgated by the Act's preamble in justification of the ensuing legislative exertion. Just where, it may be asked, did the regulated common and contract carriers by motor vehicle ever acquire an absolute right to transport all persons and the goods of all persons who wish to travel or ship by motor but do not personally own the automotive equipment necessary for the purpose? It will, of course, be conceded that a property or business affected with a publicinterest may be regulated and controlled simply as an aid to the effective regulation and control of another property or business also affected with a public interest. But, the secondary business must be affected with a public interest before it can be regulated under the police power even in aid of the regulation of the primary business: see Brink's ExpressCompany v. Public Service Commission,
The distinction between hiring out the means of enabling another to transport himself or his property on the one hand and of carrying the persons or property of others for hire on the other was long ago noted by the Supreme Court of the United States in Gracie v. Palmer, 8 Wheat. 605, 632 (1823), upon a question as to whether the owner of a vessel under charter to another had a carrier's lien for freight. And, the distinction has been observed with discriminating effect in numerous decisions of sister States where attempts have been made to subject lessors of vehicles to the liabilities of common carriers. Thus, in State v. Bee Hive Auto Service Co., Inc.,
We believe it is apparent from the foregoing that the correct view is that the business of leasing motor vehicles without drivers to selected customers is not affected with a public interest; and that property so employed is not amenable to legislative regulation and control in an exercise of the State's police power in respect of its productivity for the owner's private uses. It follows, therefore, that the Act's requirement of a certificate of public convenience from the Public Utility Commission in favor of anyone desiring to engage in or continue the business of leasing motor vehicles without drivers and the similarly imposed requirement of an antecedent finding by the Commission that "the business . . . is necessary and convenient for the accommodation of the public", constitute unwarranted infringements of the appellant's freedom to use and enjoy its property, as it sees fit, and, so, violate Article I, Section 1, of the Pennsylvania Constitution. The same requirements furthermore deprive the appellant of its property without due process of law in violation of Article I, Section 9, of the Pennsylvania Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
But, counsel for the appellees argue additionally, and the court below adopted the contention, that the regulation and control provided in the Act attaches by virtue of the State's power to regulate the use of its highways. Being public property, highways are, of course, subject to governmental regulation. The power so to regulate inheres not only in the legislature's right to provide, maintain and control the highways and their use but also *45
in the police power of the State which it is the legislature's province to exercise in appropriate circumstances: seeCommonwealth v. Funk,
While, in part, the Act purports to be a regulation of the use of the highways, save for the one provision requiring insurance or proof of financial responsibility, *47 it effects no reciprocal highway purpose reasonably commensurate with the business regulation which it seeks to impose. It neither prescribes nor authorizes any restrictions or limitations upon the number of motor vehicles that persons engaged in the business may maintain at any one time for leasing; it lays no charge or burden, progressively or otherwise, upon any increase in the number of such vehicles from time to time; and it places no limitation upon the operation of such vehicles on the highway anywhere at any time by the lessees thereof. The highway service which it does provide in a relatively minor way, viz., the requirement of insurance or proof of financial responsibility, is wholly ineffectual to cure or even minimize the manifest unconstitutional features of the Act as hereinabove specified. Primarily and predominantly, the scheme and intent is to subject a purely private business to public regulation. And, the classification by which those, made subject to the Act, are singled out for public regulation in respect of their private businesses is so unreasonable as to impute further constitutional invalidity. In a very real sense, the statute amounts to a special Act regulating trade in violation of Article III, Section 7, of the Pennsylvania Constitution and it denies, moreover, to those engaged in the business of leasing motor vehicles equal protection of the laws in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution.
Apart from the fact that the business of leasing motor vehicles without drivers to selected customers is not affected with a public interest, the Act otherwise represents a legally unjustifiable exertion of the State's police power. In any circumstances, an exercise of such power, if it is to be valid constitutionally, must bear a reasonable relation to a lawful end sought to be attained thereby. In short, the police power can never be exerted legally except it be exercised in the public interest. Consequently, unless a given exercise of the power promotes or tends to promote the public safety, health, morals *48
or welfare, it is without constitutional sanction. For a legitimate exertion of the police power there must be "a reasonable and substantial relation between the thing acted on and the end to be attained, one that promotes health, safety or general welfare, necessary to the common good, and a reasonable demand for regulation, not one that is merely an unnecessary 'experimentation (or interference) with the fundamental rights of the individual': Truax v. Corrigan,
The chief end of permissible public regulation and control of private property, when affected with a public interest, is that such property shall be made to serve adequately the use to which it is devoted and that the rates charged the public for the service shall at all times be fair and reasonable. InBrink's Express Company v. Public Service Commission, supra, the Superior Court succinctly stated the matter at p. 276 as follows: "In so far as the public is concerned, the Commission regulation is designed to secure reasonable rates and adequate service." Here, the Act provides nothing that would require a certificate holder to furnish adequate leasing service at any time or to the public generally. And, the *49 tariffs required by the Act need not be fair or reasonable. Nor do they ever become measurable on such a basis; and neither hearings nor appeals looking to a just determination of fair and reasonable rates are anywhere provided for by the Act. The tariffs so required are to be simply the lessor's own voluntary schedule of the rates at which he chooses to rent out his various types of motor vehicles. And, without liability to anyone, he may arbitrarily and as often as he sees fit file new tariffs with "the sky as the limit" of his rates and, then, charge the public accordingly. The only restraint or control imposed by the Act in regard to rates is that a lessor shall not charge the public "rates of rental . . . lower [sic] than the rates charged to common carriers and to contract carriers by motor vehicle." (Emphasis supplied.) Indeed, so far as the Act is concerned, a lessor of motor vehicles may charge the public "as much as the traffic will bear" if only he does not charge the legislatively favored carrier as much or, at least, no more. And so, without in any way violating the Act, a lessor of motor vehicles may charge a member of the public at any time as much more than the rates of his filed tariffs as the prospective customer will agree to pay. It is only a common or contract carrier by motor vehicle which a lessor may not chargemore than the posted tariffs required by the Act. Just where the public interest is subserved by any such regulation and control, it is impossible to see. The lack of any helpful concern in the Act for anyone but a common or contract carrier, doing a local or short term haul (e.g., taxicab or bus company), is further apparent. Section 6 of the Act expressly allows for the leasing of motor vehicles, without drivers, under written contracts for periods of a year or more without any regard for the rates of rental prescribed in the lessor's filed tariffs, — a plain refutation that highway control was the motive for the Act.
It is quite apparent from the record before us that the enactment of this statute did not result from any *50 public need or demand. In the court below, Yellow Rental, Inc. (exclusively a lessor of trucks in Philadelphia only) sought and was granted leave to appear and be heard as an amicuscuriae in support of the Act. Just why a lessor of motor vehicles should volunteer to have its business put under public regulation and control, which would prevent it from charging a contract or common carrier for a leased motor vehicle any more than it would charge the public, does not appear at first glance. In fact, Yellow Rental, Inc. professedly recognizes that its "views regarding the desirability of partial regulation of this business do not represent the views of the entire industry." But, at bar, counsel for the company confirmed that it is a corporate affiliate of the Yellow Cab Company, a common carrier of the type, inter alia, for whose material benefit the Act would undoubtedly operate. And, in its brief in this court, Yellow Rental, Inc., after observing that lessors of motor vehicles should "either carry insurance or be financially responsible" (which no one disputes), immediately went on to state that "Accordingly, Yellow Rental caused a bill to be prepared and introduced into the legislature which, after some amendments, was enacted. It was signed by the Governor on June 5, 1943." And, that is the Act now before us.
There seems to be a mistaken notion in some quarters, because a monopoly for the service of a public need automatically carries with it liability to regulation and control, that, conversely, subjection to public regulation and control impliedly embraces the grant of a monopoly of the particular service. Nothing could be further from the law's contemplation. The stifling of competition through an exercise of the State's police power is never justifiable except that it be done, and actually be, in the public interest. As the highest attribute of government (Salus populi est suprema lex), the police power must, at all times, be exercised with scrupulous regard for constitutionally guaranteed private rights. It can be properly *51 exercised only in the public welfare; and, if exercised otherwise, the exertion will be stricken down as a perversion of the sovereign power. The unreasonableness, arbitrariness and capriciousness of the tariff provisions of the present Act would operate further to work a deprivation of the appellant's property in violation of Article I, Section 9, of the Pennsylvania Constitution and of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
For the most part, the Act is an unconstitutional exercise of legislative power; and, as a whole, cannot be upheld. It does not contain a severability clause; and, in the circumstances here present, we cannot reasonably infer that the legislature would have enacted the statute had it known that the provision with respect to a lessor's furnishing adequate insurance or proof of his commensurate financial responsibility was the only substantive portion that did not positively offend against both the State and Federal Constitutions. Accordingly, we declare the Act to be null and void, and, therefore, unenforceable. As the Act has not yet been enforced, it seems unlikely that the injunction prayed for will need issue against the defendant State officials.
The decree is reversed at the appellees' costs.
As to classification of users of highways for purposes ofregulation: see Old Dearborn Distributing Co. v. SeagramDistillers Corp.,
In Genusa v. City of Houston,