Herrmann Holdings, Ltd., AnnEm Investments, Ltd., and Herrmann Technology Trust (collectively, “the Herrmanns”) appeal the district court’s dismissal, for failure to comply with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b) and 12(b)(6), of their claims against Lucent Technologies Inc. (“Lucent”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
First we will summarize the facts alleged in the Herrmanns’ second amended complaint, which for purposes of Lucent’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) and 9(b) are accepted as true and construed in the light most favorable to the Herrmanns. 1
The Herrmanns owned all 1,000,000 of the outstanding shares of common stock of Herrmann Technology, Inc. (“HTI”), which designed and developed passive thin film filters for use in telecommunications optical networking. On June 16, 2000, Lucеnt and the Herrmanns signed an Agreement and Plan of Merger (“Agreement”), whereby Lucent acquired HTI for 6,770,200 shares of Lucent stock, worth approximately $438 million based on the closing stock price of $60 that day.
The Herrmanns could not sell any of their Lucent stock in a public transaction on the open market until Lucent filed, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) declared effective, a Form S-3 registration statement (“S-3”). The Herr-manns insisted that this happen as soon as practicable. To that end, section 5.1 of the Agreement provides that
Lucent shall use its reasonable best efforts to prepare, file and cause to become effective, as promptly as practicable after Lucent shall have received all relevant information to be provided by thе Company or the Shareholders in connection with such filing, the Registration Statement covering the public resale of such shares of Lucent Common Stock to be issued in connection with the Merger....
Agreement (emphasis added). The Herr-manns provided Lucent with all of the “relevant information” for Lucent’s preparation of the S-3 prior to the June 16th closing. Section 5.8 of the Agreement similarly obligated Lucent to *557 Id. (emphasis added). Section 14(q) of the Agreement defined “reasonable best efforts” as “prompt, substantial and persistent efforts as a prudent Person desirous of achieving a result would use in similar circumstances; provided that the Company, the Shareholders, Lucent or Acquisition, as applicable, shall be required to expend only such resources as are cоmmercially reasonable in the applicable circumstances.” Id. Lucent was obligated to pay all costs, expenses, and fees in connection with the registration of the S-3.
*556 use its reasonable best efforts to take or cause to be taken all actions, and to do, or cause to be done, all things necessary, proper or advisable under applicable Law to consummate and make effective in the most expeditious manner practicable, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement including (i) ... the making of all necessary registrations and filings and the taking of all reasonable steps as may be necessary to obtain an approval or waiver from, or to avoid an action or proceeding by any governmental or regulatory authority.
*557 On June 20, the Herrmanns called Lu-cent’s counsel to check on the status of Lucent’s filing of the S-3. On June 27, 2000, eleven days after the HTI acquisition, Lucent acquired Chromatis Networks (“Chromatis”), a much larger optical networking company, for approximately $4.3 billion in Lucent stock based on the closing stock price of $57.70. That day, Lucent’s counsel reported to HTI that Lucent was “preparing the S-3 filing” and asked whether it was okay to “delay filing the [HTI] S-3 for a week or two to build in the [HTI] S-3 into our Chromatis S-3.” The next day, the Herrmanns responded that they did not want delay, did not want Lucent to combine the HTI S-3 with the Chromatis S-3, and instructed Lucent to “please proceed with the preparation of the S-3 for [HTI] only.”
On June 30, 2000, Lucent sent the Herr-manns questionnaires seeking information for preparing the S-3. Although the Herrmanns had given this information to Lucent before closing, the Herrmanns completed and sent back the questionnaires on July 3, 2000. On July 13, 2000, the Herrmanns contacted Lucent’s counsel about the status of the S-3. Lucent’s counsel said that he did not understand the cause for the delay and would check on it. When the Herrmanns called Lucent’s counsel again, he reported that Lucent expected to file the S-3 sometime during the following week.
On July 20, 2000, Lucent reported disappointing third quarter results, a net loss of $301 million compared with the net income of $763 million a year earlier, and lowered its fourth quarter estimates. Lucent’s stock price fell that day from $64.50 to $54.31. The following day, Lucent sent the Herrmanns a draft S-3, which combined the HTI S-3 and the Chromatis S-3.
Lucent filed the combined HTI/Chroma-tis S-3 on July 28, 2000, six weeks after the HTI acquisition. The SEC declared the S-3 effective on August 7, 2000. Lu-cent’s stock closed that day at $42.06 per share and continued to decline, due in part to disappointments in its optical networking business.
On March 30, 2001, the Herrmanns brought suit against Lucent. In their second amended complaint, the Herrmanns alleged claims for breach of contract and violations of article 581-33 of the Texas Securities Act and section 27.01 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code. On May 14, 2001, Lucent filed a motion to dismiss the Herrmanns’ claims pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 9(b). On October 5, 2001, the district court granted the motion, refused the Herrmanns’ request for leave to amend their complaint, and entered final judgment in favor of Lucent. The Herrmanns now appeal.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
We review
de novo
dismissals pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or pursuant "to Rule 9(b) for failure to plead fraud with particularity. As
kanase v. Fatjo,
We review the denial of leave to amend the complaint for abuse of discretion. Le
wis v. Fresne,
II. Breach of Contract
The Herrmanns complain first that the district court erred in dismissing their breach of contract claim. The resolution of this issue turns on whether, under Texas law, the Herrmanns’ allegations that Lucent failed to use its “reasonable best efforts” to file and cause tо become effective a S-3 covering the shares of Lucent stock, as required by § 5.1 and § 5.8 of the Agreement, give rise to a claim against Lucent for breach of contract. As our jurisdiction in this case is based on diversity of citizenship, we have a duty to apply Texas law.
See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins,
The district court found an intermediate appellate Texas court ruling on the enforceability of best efforts clauses in breach of contract actions to be instructive.
See CKB & Assocs., Inc. v. Moore McCormack Petroleum, Inc.,
to be enforceable, a best efforts contract must set some kind of goal or guideline against which best efforts may be measured. A contracting party that performs within the guidelines fulfills the contract regardless of the quality of its efforts. When a party misses the guidelines, courts measure the quality of its efforts by the circumstances of the case and by comparing the party’s performance with that of an average, prudent, comparable operator.
*559 Id. at 581-82 (internаl citations omitted). The goal set by the best efforts clause of the contract was the production of a specified volume of refined crude oil. Id. at 578. CKB failed to meet this specific contractual goal, thus "miss[ing] the guideline[ ]." Id. Consequently, in determining whether the best efforts clause had been violated, the court considered evidence of the circumstances surrounding CKB's performance. Id. at 582. The court found, as a matter of law, that CKB breached its contractual obligation to use its best efforts to produce the volumes specified in the contract, and affirmed summary judgment for Moore McCormack Petroleum on its breach of contract claim. Id.
Relying on CKB, the district court dismissed the Herrmanns' claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) after concluding that they had no claim for breach of contract. The district court determined that, in the absence of any specific date in the contract by which filing or registration was to be accomplished, the only objective goal or guideline established in the Agreement was for Lucent to file and cause to become effective a S-3 covering the Herrmanns' shares. The court held that because Lu-cent met that goal when the S-3 was filed on July 28, 2001 and became effective on August 7, 2001, Lucent satisfied its contractual obligations, regardless of the quality of its efforts. The district court reasoned "that the law of Texas does not contemplate that in considering whether the goal has been accomplished in the first instance, a court should have to look to the circumstances of the cаse or to comparable performances."
Being Erie-bound, the district court was correct in relying on the analysis in ~KB to determine whether the Herr-manns stated a claim against Lucent for breach of its obligation to use best efforts. According to CKS, it must initially be determined whether the best efforts contract set "some kind of goal or guideline"-i.e., the objective to be accomplished by a party's best efforts-against which the party's best efforts may be measured.
We must part company, however, with the district court's application of this framework to the Herrmanns' claim. Specifically, the district court's error lies in its narrow reading of the "some kind of goal or guideline" that is required to enforce a best efforts clause under CKB. The district court held that as long as Lucent filed the S-3 and caused the S-3 to become effective, it met the only objective goal or guideline established in the Agreement. In doing so, the court found that without any specific date in the Agreement, by which Lucent's registration tasks were to be accomplished, the "as promptly as practicable" and "in the most expeditious manner practicable" language of the Agreement was not a suitably objective goal against which Lucent's efforts could be measured. We find that this reading is problematic for the following reasons. To begin with, placing no limit on how long Lucent could wait to file the S-3 renders the timeliness language in § 5.1, § 5.8, and § 14(q) of the Agreement meaningless in an action seeking damages for breach of contract. As a general rule of contract interpretation, courts should attempt to
*560
give meaning to each clause in a contract.
Balandran v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am.,
Moreover, neither CKB nor any other Texas case supports the position that in a case where the best efforts clause relates to timeliness or the time that a task must be completed, the “some kind of goal or guideline” must be date specific. Indeed, CKB was a quantity case, as opposed to a time case. Although the goal set by the best efforts clause that was enforced in CKB was the production of a specified volume of refined crude oil, CKB doеs not stand for the proposition that only goals which set forth a definite quantity are enforceable. Requiring contracting parties to fix a date certain in order to set a temporal guideline in which to complete a certain task demands more definiteness than Texas law requires.
Finally, the possibility that compliance with a goal or guideline would have to be decided at the summary judgment stage or later does not justify refusing to enforce it. Here, the district court could not address whether or not Lucent accomplished the goal of filing and causing the S-3 to become effective “as promptly as practicable” and “in the most expeditious manner practicable” without looking beyond the complaint to some sort of evidence, such аs the time involved in any of Lucent’s prior S-3 filings. The district court concluded that because this analysis would involve considering the circumstances of the case or comparable performances, which, under CKB, does not come into play until a failure to meet the goal has been established, the timeliness language could not be included in the goal or guideline of the Agreement. Again, we do not agree with this restrictive application of CKB. While CKB held that in the final stage of the analysis, courts determine whether a party used its “best efforts” by looking to the circumstances of the case and comparable performances, CKB did not suggest that courts cannot consider such evidence in the previous stage of the analysis to determine whether a party met thе “goal or guideline” against which a party’s best efforts are measured.
Case law from other jurisdictions supports factoring the “as promptly as practicable” and “in the most expeditious manner practicable” language into discerning the goal or guideline of the Agreement. In
Kers & Co. v. ATC Communications Group, Inc.,
the contract obligated ATC Communications Group, Inc. (“ATC”) to “as soon as practicable, use its best efforts to effect the registration of [register shares subject to a purchase option]” after KERS & Company (“KERS”) made a demand for registration.
*561
In
Thomas De La Rue Ag v. United States Banknote Corp.,
the United States Banknote Corporation (“Banknote”) acquired a company, transferring Banknote stock to Thomas de la Rue AG (“TDLR”) as part of the consideration for the sale, and agreed that, upon the TDLR’s written request that Banknote register the shares, it “would prepare and file the registration statement ‘as expeditiously as possible’ and would thereafter use its ‘best efforts’ to cause the registration statement to become effective.”
Thus, we conclude that the goal or guideline established by the best efforts provision in the Agreement was for Lucent to file and cause to become effective, “as promptly as practicable” and “in the most expeditious manner practicable,” a registration statement covering the Herrmanns’ shares. Here, by alleging that the parties had a contract, that it contained two “best efforts” provisions that required Lucent to file and cause the S-3 to become effective “as promptly as practicable” and “in the most expeditious manner practicable,” that Lucent breached that contractual obligation, and that the Herrmanns suffered damages as a result of that breach, the Herrmanns sucсessfully state a claim for breach of contract.
See, e.g., In re Absolute Res. Corp.,
III. Texas Securities Act
The Herrmanns next argue that the district court erred in dismissing their claim under article 581-33 of the Texas Securities Act (“TSA”). The TSA imposes liability on those who offer or sell securities “by means of an untrue statement of a material fact or an omission to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading.” Tex.Rev.Civ. Stat. AnN. art. 581-33 (Vernon Supp.2001).
In Count 2 of their complaint, the Herr-manns allege that “Lucent offered and sold a security by means of an untrue statement of a material fact, and by means of an omission to state a material fact.” Specifically, the Herrmanns allege that Lu-cent’s failure to perform its contractual obligations to use its “reasonable best efforts” makes its representations in § 5.1 and § 5.8 of the Agreement-i.e., that it would “use its reasonable best efforts to prepare, file and cause to become effective” the S-3 and would “use its reasonable *562 best efforts to take or cause to be taken all actions, and to do or cause to be done, all things necessary in the most expeditious manner practicable” to file the S-3 and make it effective-untrue statements of a material fact. The Herrmanns also allege that “Lucent omitted to tell the Herr-manns that Lucent intended to and would delay filing the HTI Form S-3, and more particularly that it would delay filing the HTI S-3 until it could be combined with the Chromatis S-3.” Further, for purposes of the TSA claim only, the Herr-manns expressly “disavow[ed] and dis-elaim[ed] an allegation of fraud.”
The district court concluded that, in representing that it would use its “best efforts” to file the S-3, Lucent was making a promise of future performance, as opposed to a statement of past or existing material fact. Recognizing that, “[u]nder Texas law, [the Herrmanns] can only state a cognizable claim for misrepresentation of a ‘future promise’ by establishing a lack of intent to perform at the time of the promise,” the district court dismissed the Herrmanns’ TSA claim because they expressly rejected the notion that Lucent never intended to use its “reasonable best efforts” to file the S-3. The Herrmanns, however, argue that fraudulent intent or scienter is not an element of a claim under article 581-33, and that they alleged that Lucent made untrue statements of an existing material fact in the Agreement, as well as untrue promises of future performance. 2
We first address the contention that the Herrmanns “expressly and by reasonable inference alleged that Lucent made ‘untrue statements’ of a ‘present and existing fact.’ ” The Herrmanns identify § 5.1 as the source of the alleged untrue statements of existing material fact. Specifically, they point to allegations that at the time Lucent agreed to use “its reasonable best efforts to prepare, file and cause [the S-3] to become effective, as promptly as practicable after Lucent shall have received all relevant information,” Lucent had already received “all relevant information.” Thus, they contend that Lucent had an “existing obligation” in addition to its “future obligation.” We reject this argument. Whether Lucent could begin the process of preparing the S-3 immediately, having received “all relevant information,” or one month after the signing of the Agreement, the statements on which the Herrmanns rely concern future actions. Accordingly, the district court correctly concluded that the Herrmanns are stating a claim under article 581-33 for an untrue promise to do a future act, as opposed to *563 an untrue statement of existing material fact.
The Herrmanns claim, thus, raises the question of whether article 581-33’s “untrue statement of material fact” language encompasses an untrue promise of future action. The Texas Supreme Court has not аddressed this issue. The only case cited by either the parties or the district court as to whether article 581-33 creates liability for a false promise of future performance in connection with securities does not bode favorably. In
Ferguson v. Williams,
the Austin Court of Appeals held that the rule that a promise of future performance will constitute fraud if it is made without intent to perform and with the intent, design, and purpose of deceiving is applicable to common law fraud and, thus, would not be applicable to a ease dealing solely with article 581-33.
Even if we assume, as the district court appears to do, that a claim for an untrue promise of future action is cognizable under article 581-33, the district court’s dismissal of the Herrmanns’ claim was proper because such a сlaim would require proof of fraudulent intent, and the Herrmanns expressly disavowed this essential element in their complaint. This Court has previously recognized that unlike a common law fraud cause of action,
3
an article 581-33 claim does not require scienter — i.e., proof that the speaker knew that the representation was false, or made it without regard to its truth or falsity.
Wood v. Combustion Eng’g, Inc.,
[W]hen necessary, courts have readily concedеd that predictions may be regarded as “facts” within the meaning of the antifraud provisions of the securities laws.... Most often, whether liability is imposed depends on whether the predictive statement was “false” when made. The answer to this inquiry, however, does not turn on whether the prediction in fact proved to be *564 wrong; instead, falsity is determined by examining the nature of the prediction' — with emphasis on whether the prediction suggested reliability, bespoke caution, was made in good faith, or had a sound factual or historical basis.
IV. Texas Business and Commerce Code
The Herrmanns also maintain that the district court erred in dismissing their statutory fraud claim under section 27.01 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code (“TBCC”). The TBCC provides, in pertinent part:
(a) Fraud in a transaction involving ... stock in a corporation ... consists of a
(1) false representation of a past or existing material fact, when the false representation is
(A) made to a person for thе purpose of inducing that person to enter into a contract; and
(B) relied on by that person in entering into that contract; or
(2) false promise to do an act, when the false promise is
(A) material;
(B) made with the intention of not fulfilling it;
(C) made to a person for the purpose of inducing that person to enter into a contract; and
(D) relied on by that person in entering into that contract.
Tex. Bus. & Comm.Code Ann. § 27.01(a) (Vernon Supp.2001).
In Count 3 of their complaint, the Herr-manns plead that Lucent was liable under both prongs of section 27.01(a). First, the Herrmanns allege that “Lucent made a false representation of a past or existing material fact to the Herrmanns for the purpose of inducing them to enter into a contract, and the Herrmanns did rely on the false representation in entering into that contract.” Second, the Herrmanns allege that “Lucent also falsely promised to do an act аnd this promise was material, made with the intention of not fulfilling it, made to the Herrmanns for the purpose of inducing them to enter into a contract, and relied on by the Herrmanns in entering into that contract.”
The first of these assertions, the claim that Lucent was liable under section 27.01(a)(1), was dismissed under Rule 9(b) by the district court because the “Herrmann[s] completely fail[ed] to identify the necessary particulars.” The Herrmanns, however, argue that they plead fraud with particularity as required under Rule 9(b).
Rule 9(b) imposes certain pleading requirements on securities fraud and other fraud claims: “In all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). This Court interprets Rule 9(b) strictly, requiring a plaintiff pleading fraud “ ‘to specify the statements contend
*565
ed to be fraudulent, identify the speaker, state when and where the statements were made, and explain why the statements were fraudulent.’ ”
Nathenson v. Zonagen Inc.,
With regal’d to the Herrmanns’ second assertion, the claim based on section 27.01(a)(2), the district court acknowledged that the Herrmanns specified alleged false promises concerning acts to be taken after the June 16th closing. Nevertheless, the district court dismissed the claim under Rule 9(b), concluding that although the Herrmanns made “bare allegations that Lucent made these representations with no intention of fulfilling them,” the complaint did not contain any “well pleaded allegations which, if proved, would allow a fact finder to infer that Lucent acted with requisite fraudulent intent.” The Herrmanns argue, however, that their factual allegations show that Lucent’s alleged representations were made with an intention of not fulfilling them.
In order to adequately plead fraudulent intent, “a plaintiff must set forth specific facts to support an inference of fraud.”
Lovelace v. Software Spectrum Inc.,
In their briefs before this Court, as well as during oral arguments, the Herrmanns elaborated on Lucent’s possible motives to commit securities fraud. First, they allege that Lucent’s delay was motivated by a desire to combine the HTI S-3 with the Chromatis S-3 in order to avoid the distraction and expense of filing separate registration statements. For essentially the reasons set forth by the district court, this alleged motive is insignificant and fails to raise an inference of fraud. Second, the Herrmanns assert that Lucent’s delay was motivated by a desire to avoid repeatedly updating its negative disclosures in registration statements. The facts alleged in the complaint, however, do not show such motive. Thus, this Court will not consider whether this motive is sufficient to raise an inference of fraud. Third, the Herrmanns suggest that Lucent’s delay was motivated by a desire to not disclose its bad financial news until after it acquired HTI and Chro-matis. The Herrmanns contend that this *566 third motive was alleged in the complaint, pointing to allegations that Lucent “intentionally delayed filing the S-3 until after Lucent announced disappointed earnings [on July 20, 2000] and its stock price dropped like a rock”; that two weeks before Lucent acquired HTI, it announced that it soon would acquire Chromatis; that Lucent acquired HTI on June 16, 2000 for stock then worth approximately $438 million; and that Lucent acquired Chromatis on June 27, 2000, eleven days after the HTI acquisition, for stock then worth over $4 billion. Even assuming that the this third motive is sufficient, we find that these factual allegations fail to show such a motive on the part of Lucent.
Because Lucent’s motive to commit securities fraud is not readily apparent, the Herrmanns face the more stringent burden of pleading fraudulent intent by “identifying circumstances that indicate conscious behavior on the part of the defendant ].”
Melder v. Morris,
V. Leave to Amend
The Herrmanns’ argue in the alternative that the district court abused its discretion in denying them leave to amend their complaint to correct any deficiency. The sum of the Herrmanns’ request for leave to amend was the following footnote at the end of their response to the motion to dismiss: “The Herrmanns’ pleadings are more than sufficient to withstand Lucent’s motion to dismiss. If the Court disagrees, the Herrmanns respectfully request that the Court treat Lucent’s motion as a motion for a more definite statement and give the Herrmanns an opportunity to replead.”
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend “shall be freely granted when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). Rule 15(a) “evinces a bias in favor of granting leave to amend.”
Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv. Corp.,
The district court denied the Herrmanns’ request for leave to amend, concluding that “[although plaintiffs should ordinarily be offered an opportunity to amend if it appears that a more carefully drafted complaint might state claims upon which relief could be granted, that course need not be followed here since plaintiffs have already twice amended their complaint.” (internal citations omitted). We perceive no abuse of discretion in this reasoning.
Cf Price v. Pinnacle Brands Inc.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, we REVERSE the district court’s 12(b)(6) dismissal of the Herrmanns’ breach of contract claim, and REMAND for further proceedings. In all other respects, we AFFIRM the district court’s rulings.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Notes
. Our summary also includes the contents of the Agreement and Plan of Merger attached to Lucent's motion to dismiss, which the district court included in its review.
See Collins v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter,
. The Herrmanns also contend that they alleged that Lucent sold a security by means of an omission to state a material fact that is necessary to make the statement not misleading. This was not urged, however, until their reply brief, which stated, in a conclusory fashion, that "[t]he Herrmanns expressly and by reasonable inference alleged ... misleading omissions.” Indeed, in the Herrmanns' original brief, they request permission to replead their article 581-33 claim to specify Lucent’s omission to state the material fact that existing circumstances made it probable that Lu-cent would delay registration until after disclosing disappointing earnings and acquiring Chromatis, which was necessary to make Lu-cent's promise of expeditious registration not misleading. We do not generally сonsider points presented for the first time in a reply brief.
Whitehead v. Food Max of Miss., Inc.
. Under Texas law, the elements of a fraud cause of action are: (1) a material representation was made; (2) it was false when made; (3) the speaker either knew it was false, or made it without knowledge of its truth; (4) the speaker made it with the intent that it should be acted upon; (5) the party acted in reliance; and (6) the party was injured as a result.
E.g., Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc.,
. The Herrmanns point to allegations that Lucent promised (1) to "use its reasonable best efforts to prepare, file and cause [the S-3] to become effective, as promptly as practicable" and "to take or cause to be taken all actions, and to do, or cause to be done, all things necessary, proper or advisable under applicable Law to consummate and make effective in the most expeditious manner practicable, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement including (i) [registering the stock for public resale]” and (2) that its best efforts would be "prompt, substantial and persistent efforts as a prudent Person desirous of achieving a result would use in similar circumstances.”