COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Record No. 130989 | Record No. 131059
Supreme Court of Virginia
June 5, 2014
JUSTICE LEROY F. MILLETTE, JR.
Present: All the Justices
FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
In these appeals we consider the sufficiency of assignments of error and whether evidence supported the defendant‘s convictions for abduction, attempted murder, and use of a firearm during the course of an attempted felony.
I. Facts and Proceedings
In December 2010, Tony Mark Herring, Jr., lived with his wife Heather Renee Herring and their three children in Greenville, Augusta County, Virginia. Tony‘s father, grandfather to the three children, lived with the family. Although Heather‘s mother also lived with the Herrings, only Tony, Heather, the three children, and the grandfather were present in the house at the time of the incident giving rise to these appeals.
On December 14, 2010, Heather confronted Tony with her suspicions of Tony having an affair, which began a lengthy dispute between Heather and Tony. Although Tony and Heather initially only engaged in a verbal argument, the dispute escalated to the point of physical violence and Tony brandishing two different weapons while verbally threatening Heather‘s life.
Based on these events, Tony was indicted for attempted first degree murder of Heather pursuant to
Tony timely appealed to the Court of Appeals, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions. In an unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeals affirmed Tony‘s convictions for attempted first degree murder of Heather and use of a firearm during the commission of an attempted felony, but reversed Tony‘s convictions for abduction of the grandfather and Tony‘s three children. Herring v. Commonwealth, Record No. 1430-12-3 (April 16, 2013). The Court
Tony and the Commonwealth timely filed petitions for appeal with this Court. We combine these appeals, and address the assignments of error and the arguments of the parties to the extent they direct us to resolve the following:
- Should Tony‘s appeal to the Court of Appeals have been dismissed under
Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii) , and Tony‘s appeal to the Supreme Court of Virginia be dismissed underRule 5:17(c)(1)(iii) , because Tony‘s assignment of error in each court is insufficient? - Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that the evidence was not sufficient to support the circuit court‘s judgment in finding Tony guilty of abduction of the grandfather and Tony‘s three children?
- Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that the evidence was sufficient to support the circuit court‘s judgment in finding Tony guilty of attempted first degree murder of Heather and guilty of use of a firearm during the commission of that attempted felony?
II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
“When reviewing a defendant‘s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a conviction, this Court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the prevailing party at trial, and considers all inferences fairly deducible from that evidence.” Allen v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 68, 72, 752 S.E.2d 856, 858-59 (2014) (alterations omitted). “The lower court will be reversed only if that court‘s judgment is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Id. at 72, 752 S.E.2d at 859 (internal quotation marks omitted).
“To the extent we interpret a statute or the Rules of the Supreme Court, these are questions of law that we review de novo.” Woodard v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 276, 280, 754 S.E.2d 309, 311 (2014).
B. Tony‘s Assignments of Error
The Commonwealth contends that Tony‘s assignments of error contain four separate insufficiencies which require us to reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals reversing Tony‘s abduction convictions, and to dismiss Tony‘s appeal to this Court.
1. Tony‘s Assignment of Error in the Court of Appeals as Set Forth in Tony‘s Petition for Appeal to the Court of Appeals
The Court of Appeals held that Tony‘s assignment of error was sufficient to invoke its appellate jurisdiction.
1. The trial court erred by failing to grant the defendant[‘]s motion to strike the Commonwealth‘s evidence as being insufficient as a matter of law to sustain his convictions for attempted murder, abduction[,] and the use of a firearm in the commission of a felony.
a. The Assignment of Error Addresses the Circuit Court‘s Findings or Rulings
The Commonwealth argues that this assignment of error is insufficient because it “does not address the findings or rulings in the trial court” because Tony never made a motion to strike the evidence.
“In the context of a bench trial, we have previously recognized that a challenge to the sufficiency of [the] evidence may be preserved for appeal when made in closing argument.” Preferred Sys. Solutions, Inc. v. GP Consulting, LLC, 284 Va. 382, 394-95, 732 S.E.2d 676, 682-83 (2012); see also Little v. Cooke, 274 Va. 697, 718, 652 S.E.2d 129, 141-42 (2007). Tony waived his right to a jury and was tried in a bench trial. During closing argument, Tony‘s counsel asserted that
I would make that . . . motion to strike the Commonwealth‘s case with respect to the attempted murder charge as well as all of the abduction charges. With respect to the firearm charge in the commission of a felony, I would say that fails as well, Judge.
(Emphasis added.) It is clear that this was a motion to strike the Commonwealth‘s evidence made during closing argument in a bench trial, which sufficiently preserved Tony‘s insufficiency of the evidence argument. Thus, Tony‘s assignment of error in the Court of Appeals did address the findings or rulings in the trial court.
b. The Assignment of Error Does Not Merely State that the Judgment Is Contrary to the Law and the Evidence
The Commonwealth argues that this assignment of error is insufficient because it “merely states that the judgment is contrary to the law and the evidence.”
We find the holding in Findlay v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 111, 752 S.E.2d 868 (2014), to be dispositive of this issue. In that case, we addressed whether the appellant‘s single assignment of error in the Court of Appeals was sufficient under
Similarly, Tony‘s assignment of error in the Court of Appeals points to the circuit court‘s specific ruling that Tony believes to be in error: the court‘s failure to grant Tony‘s motion to strike. Moreover, this assignment of error connects that alleged error to Tony‘s claim that the Commonwealth failed to prove the elements of specific convictions. Tony‘s assignment of error in the Court of Appeals therefore does not “merely state[] that the judgment or award is contrary to the law and the evidence.”
Seeking to distinguish Findlay, the Commonwealth observes that this case involves an insufficiency of the evidence claim rather than a challenge to the suppression of evidence, and is therefore directly addressed by the plain language of
The plain language of
2. Tony‘s Assignment of Error in This Court as Set Forth in Tony‘s Petition for Appeal to This Court
1. The Court of Appeal[s] erroneously held that the trial court had not erred when it failed to grant Defendant[‘]s motion to strike the Commonwealth‘s evidence as being insufficient as a matter of law to prove that the Defendant formed a specific intent to commit malicious premeditated murder and that subsequently he performed a direct yet ineffectual act toward the commission of that crime, and that therefore the defendant used a firearm in the commission of a felony.
The Commonwealth argues that this assignment of error is insufficient because it is different than the assignment of error contained in Tony‘s petition for appeal to the Court of Appeals.
The Commonwealth cites our prohibition against allowing appellants to alter the substance of an assignment of error, as stated in the appellant‘s petition for appeal to this Court, once this Court grants such an assignment of error. See, e.g., White v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 96, 102-03, 591 S.E.2d 662, 665-66 (2004); Santen v. Tuthill, 265 Va. 492, 497 n.4, 578 S.E.2d 788, 791 n.4 (2003); Cardinal Holding Co. v. Deal, 258 Va. 623, 629, 522 S.E.2d 614, 617-18 (1999); Black v. Eagle, 248 Va. 48, 57-58, 445 S.E.2d 662, 667 (1994); Hamilton Dev. Co. v. Broad Rock Club, Inc., 248 Va. 40, 43-44, 445 S.E.2d 140, 142-43 (1994). We continue to embrace the rule as set forth and exemplified in these cases that, once this Court grants an assignment of error in a petition for appeal, no party may thereafter alter the substance of that assignment of error without the permission of this Court – be it in a brief or at oral argument.
However, this rule cannot be interpreted to prohibit a petitioner from drafting a different assignment of error in a petition for appeal to this Court than that which was stated in the petition for appeal to the Court of Appeals. The rule against altering assignments of error is predicated on the fact that we award appeals “based on assignments of error, a required part of every petition for appeal” to this Court under
Instead, we will continue to assess the sufficiency of assignments of error in this Court under the plain terms of
3. Tony‘s Assignment of Error in This Court as Set Forth in Tony‘s Opening Brief to This Court
Tony‘s single assignment of error in his opening brief to this Court reads:
1. The trial court erred when it failed to grant Defendant‘s Motion to Strike the Commonwealth‘s evidence as being insufficient as a matter of law to prove that the Defendant formed a specific intent to commit malicious premeditated murder and that subsequently he performed a direct yet ineffectual act toward the commission of that crime, and that therefore the Defendant used a firearm in the commission of a felony.
The Commonwealth argues that this assignment of error is insufficient because it assigns error to the trial court instead of to the “tribunal from which [the] appeal is taken,” that is, to the Court of Appeals.
As we have just reaffirmed, once we grant an assignment of error as stated in a petition for appeal to this Court, if a material alteration of that assignment of error is made in subsequent filings or at oral argument without this Court‘s permission, then that alteration is impermissible. See, e.g., White, 267 Va. at 102-03, 591 S.E.2d at 665-66; Santen, 265 Va. at 497 n.4, 578 S.E.2d at 791 n.4; Cardinal Holding, 258 Va. at 629, 522 S.E.2d at 617-18; Black, 248 Va. at 57-58, 445 S.E.2d at 667; Hamilton Dev., 248 Va. at 43-44, 445 S.E.2d at 142-43. That rule applies regardless of whether the post-grant alteration would be either a benefit or a detriment to the appellant. Simply put, we do not recognize any unauthorized substantive alteration to the assignment of error in the petition for appeal which was the basis of this Court‘s order granting the appeal.2 See Hamilton Dev., 248 Va. at 44, 445 S.E.2d at 143. Moreover, because Tony‘s alteration of the assignment of error is without effect, there is no uncertainty as to what the assignment of error is: it is the assignment of error as set forth in Tony‘s petition for appeal to this Court that formed the basis for this appeal.
Tony‘s appeal to this Court will not be dismissed based on the Commonwealth‘s challenge to Tony‘s ineffective modification of the assignment of error subsequent to the granting of his appeal.
C. Tony‘s Convictions for Abduction
1. Whether the Issue of Intent Was Preserved
The Commonwealth argues that Tony failed to preserve the issue of whether the evidence was sufficient to support the intent element of his abduction convictions because Tony‘s counsel, in closing argument, never challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to prove Tony‘s intent to deprive the grandfather and Tony‘s three children of their personal liberty.
During closing argument, Tony‘s counsel stated:
I would make that . . . motion to strike the Commonwealth‘s case with respect to . . . all of the abduction charges. . . . I don‘t think that the Commonwealth has proved that [Tony] had any specific intent based on the two witnesses who were there, that he had any intent to kill anybody, and that he did not . . . abduct anybody according to the statute.
When Tony‘s counsel challenged the Commonwealth‘s evidence by making a motion to strike, Tony‘s counsel argued that the evidence was insufficient to prove abduction “according to the statute,” and therefore challenged all of the elements of the statute. Cf. Washington v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 185, 192, 217 S.E.2d 815, 822 (1975) (holding that a defendant knows, “from the invocation of the statute and its subsection, [of] the essential elements of the case against him“). The statute in question is
2. Whether the Evidence Was Sufficient to Support Tony‘s Abduction Convictions
A person is guilty of abduction if, “by force, intimidation[,] or deception, and without legal justification or excuse, [he or she] seizes, takes, transports, detains[,] or secretes another person with the intent to deprive such other person of his personal liberty or to withhold or conceal him from any person, authority[,] or institution lawfully entitled to his charge.”
On appeal before this Court, the Commonwealth disputes the insufficiency of the evidence to support the elements of detention by intimidation and intent to detain.3 We address both elements and find that, when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the circuit court‘s judgment in convicting Tony of abducting the grandfather and Tony‘s three children was not “without evidence to support it.” Allen, 287 Va. at 72, 752 S.E.2d at 859 (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, we will reverse the Court of Appeals’ judgment as to the abduction convictions, and direct that the circuit court‘s judgment be affirmed.
a. The Evidence Was Sufficient to Prove Detention by Intimidation
For purposes of
In this case, the evidence was sufficient to prove that Tony used intimidation to force the grandfather and Tony‘s three children to remain in the home. Tony had a heated verbal argument with Heather, leading to Tony physically abusing and threatening to kill Heather. Thereafter, Tony armed himself with a shotgun and another firearm. After Heather fled the house, Tony threatened “I will [expletive] kill you Heather Renee,” and fired the shotgun outside. Once back inside, Tony paced throughout the home while still armed. Tony also threatened to kill the police, the grandfather, and Tony‘s children. During Tony‘s rampage, Tony‘s daughters hid in the laundry room until their grandfather put them in his bedroom with their brother and locked the door. After the grandfather struck Tony in order to distract him, the grandfather hustled the children out of the house and out of harm‘s way, telling them to go to his truck in the front yard and to lie on the floorboard.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, this evidence supported the circuit court‘s judgment that Tony detained the grandfather and Tony‘s three children through intimidation as required under
b. The Evidence Was Sufficient to Prove Intent
“Intent is the purpose formed in a person‘s mind and may, like any other fact, be shown by circumstances.” Howard v. Commonwealth, 207 Va. 222, 228, 148 S.E.2d 800, 804 (1966). “Intent is a state of mind which can be evidenced only by the words or conduct of the person who is claimed to have entertained it.” Burkeen v. Commonwealth, 286 Va. 255, 259, 749 S.E.2d 172, 175 (2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).
We reject the Commonwealth‘s argument that simply because the grandfather and children were detained, and because a person can be presumed to intend the natural and probable consequences of his actions, the intent element is therefore satisfied. The General Assembly saw fit to include both a detention and a specific intent element in
In contrast with the facts in Burton, the evidence in this case was independently sufficient to prove that Tony intended to detain the grandfather and Tony‘s three children. In concluding that Tony intended to detain the grandfather and Tony‘s three children by force or intimidation, the circuit court relied upon the evidence establishing that Tony was walking around the house with a shotgun which had already been discharged, that Tony had another firearm either on or near his person, that Tony had told at least one of his daughters that he was going to shoot her, her sister, her brother, her grandfather, and himself, and that Tony declared to the grandfather that he was “going to have to shoot you” as the grandfather was leaving the home. In recounting these facts, the circuit court found “what [it] need[ed] to know about what [Herring‘s] intent was with respect to keeping them there [in the house].” And from these facts, the court “infer[red] that [Herring] intended those people not to leave.” We must “defer to the[se] findings of fact made by [the] trial
Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, this evidence supported the circuit court‘s judgment that Tony
intended to deprive the grandfather and Tony‘s three children of their personal liberty as required under
D. Tony‘s Conviction for Attempted First Degree Murder
“An attempt in criminal law is an apparent unfinished crime, and hence [contains] two elements[:] (1) [t]he intent to commit a crime[,] and (2) [an overt] act done towards its commission, but falling short of the execution of the ultimate design.” Sizemore v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 980, 983, 243 S.E.2d 212, 214 (1978) (quoting Glover v. Commonwealth, 86 Va. 382, 385-86, 10 S.E. 420, 421 (1889)). The overt act “need not . . . be the last proximate act to the consummation of the crime in contemplation, but is sufficient if it be an act apparently adopted to produce the result intended.” Id. The Court of Appeals held that the evidence was sufficient to support both the element that Tony intended to commit first degree murder of Heather, and the element that Tony committed an overt act in furtherance of that crime.
On appeal before this Court, Tony disputes the sufficiency of the evidence to support the elements of intent and an overt act. We address both elements and find that, when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the circuit court‘s judgment in convicting Tony of attempted first degree murder of Heather was not “without evidence to support it.” Allen, 287 Va. at 72, 752 S.E.2d at 859 (internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, we will affirm the Court of Appeals’ judgment as to the attempted murder conviction, which itself affirmed the circuit court‘s judgment.
1. The Evidence Was Sufficient to Prove Intent
First degree murder is “[m]urder, other than capital murder, by poison, lying in wait, imprisonment, starving, or by any willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing, or in the commission of, or attempt to commit, arson, rape, forcible sodomy, inanimate or animate object sexual penetration, robbery, burglary or abduction, except as provided in [Code] § 18.2-31.”
In this case, the evidence was sufficient to show Tony‘s specific intent to kill Heather. Tony and Heather had a lengthy verbal argument. During this dispute, Tony pushed, choked, and physically struck Heather. Tony armed himself with a shotgun and, after Heather had escaped outside, stood on the front porch and yelled a clear threat: “I will [expletive] kill you Heather Renee.” Although the grandfather could not say that Tony was aiming at Heather before the shotgun was fired, the grandfather was sufficiently concerned as to the safety of the family that he pushed the shotgun upwards so that the shotgun would discharge harmlessly in the air.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, this evidence supported the circuit court‘s judgment that Tony intended to kill Heather.
2. The Evidence Was Sufficient to Prove an Overt Act
“An attempt [is] any overt act done with the intent to commit the crime, and which, except for the interference of some cause preventing the carrying out of the intent, would have resulted in the commission of the crime.” Howard, 207 Va. at 228, 148 S.E.2d at 804 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We have long rejected the position that the overt act can only be the “last proximate act to the consummation of the crime in contemplation.” Glover, 86 Va. at 385-86, 10 S.E. at 421. Instead, an overt
In this case, the evidence was sufficient to show that Tony entertained the specific intent to kill Heather and that Tony committed overt acts adopted to produce that intended result that went beyond mere acts of preparation. Tony armed himself with a shotgun, followed his intended victim outside to the front yard, and stood on the front porch while the gun “veer[ed] around” without aiming at any particular target. Tony ceased his pursuit of Heather only after the grandfather pushed the shotgun upwards, causing the shotgun to discharge harmlessly into the air. These actions fall short of the last proximate act of Tony using the shotgun to kill Heather. See Sizemore, 218 Va. at 986, 243 S.E.2d at 216. But the last proximate act is not required to prove an overt act. Instead, we hold that Tony committed an overt act because his actions were more than mere preparation, and those actions were adopted to produce the intended result of killing Heather. Compare id. at 986, 243 S.E.2d at 215-16.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, this evidence supported the circuit court‘s judgment that Tony committed an overt act while he had the specific intent to kill Heather.
E. Tony‘s Conviction for Use of a Firearm During the Commission of an Attempted Felony
It is “unlawful for any person to use . . . any pistol, shotgun, rifle, or other firearm or display such weapon in a threatening manner while committing or attempting to commit [various enumerated felonies, including] murder.”
The evidence that supported Tony‘s conviction of attempted first degree murder also supported the circuit court‘s judgment that Tony was guilty of use of a firearm while attempting to murder Heather.
III. Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, we will reverse that portion of the Court of Appeals’ judgment reversing Tony‘s convictions for abduction of the grandfather and Tony‘s three children, and reinstate the circuit court‘s judgment as to those abduction convictions. We will also affirm that portion of the Court of Appeals’ judgment upholding Tony‘s convictions for attempted first degree murder of Heather and use of a firearm during the commission of an attempted felony.
Record 130989 – Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and final judgment.
Record 131059 – Affirmed.
JUSTICE POWELL, with whom JUSTICE McCLANAHAN joins, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in the judgments of the Court, which uphold all of the defendant‘s convictions. As explained below, however, I disagree with the majority‘s analysis in reaching these judgments because the defendant‘s assignment of error in the Court of Appeals was deficient and, therefore, the Court of Appeals did not have jurisdiction to decide the appeal. As a result, there was no basis for its reversal of the convictions for abduction of the defendant‘s father and his three children, and I would reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals in the Commonwealth‘s appeal, Record No. 130989, on the basis that the Court of Appeals had no power to act. See Findlay v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 111, 115 n.2, 752 S.E.2d 868, 871 n.2 (2014) (recognizing that a litigant‘s failure to comply with the requirements of
The majority believes that Findlay controls these appeals and that Tony‘s assignment of error to the Court of Appeals does not violate
In Findlay, the petitioner/appellant assigned error to “the trial court‘s denial of his Motion to Suppress all of the seized videos that came from the defendant‘s computer, and his computer hard drive, and all derivatives thereof.” Id. at 113, 752 S.E.2d at 870. We held that that assignment of error was sufficient because it did not “merely allege that his convictions are contrary to the law” nor did he “state generally that the evidence is insufficient.” Id. at 116, 752 S.E.2d at 871. Indeed, this Court held that Findlay “point[ed] to a specific preliminary ruling of the trial court — the trial court‘s denial of his motion to suppress — that he believe[d] to be in error” and, therefore, “[s]uch specificity adequately puts the court and opposing counsel on notice as to ‘what points [appellant]‘s counsel intends to [rely upon in asking for] a reversal of the judgment or decree’ and prevents them from having to ‘hunt through the record for every conceivable error which the court below may have committed.‘“. Id. (quoting First Nat‘l Bank of Richmond v. William R. Trigg Co., 106 Va. 327, 341, 56 S.E. 158, 163 (1907)).
Here, Tony‘s assignment of error was
[t]he trial court erred by failing to grant the defendant[‘]s motion to strike the Commonwealth‘s evidence as being insufficient as a matter of law to sustain his convictions for attempted murder, abduction and use of a firearm in the commission of a felony.
[a]n assignment of error which does not address the findings or rulings in the trial court or other tribunal from which an appeal is taken, or which merely states that the judgment or award is contrary to the law and the evidence is not sufficient. If the assignments of error are insufficient or otherwise fail to comply with the requirements of this Rule, the petition for appeal shall be dismissed.
I believe that Tony‘s assignment of error is tantamount to one which merely states that the “award is contrary to the law and the evidence.”
The purpose of assignments of error is to point out the errors with reasonable certainty in order to direct this court and opposing counsel to the points on which [an] appellant intends to ask a reversal of the judgment, and to limit discussion to these points. Without such assignments, [an] appellee would be unable to prepare an effective brief in opposition to the granting of an appeal, to determine the material portions of the record to designate for printing, to assure himself of the correctness of the record while it is in the clerk‘s office, or to file, in civil cases, assignments of cross-error. Harlow v. Commonwealth, 195 Va. 269, 271-72, 77 S.E.2d 851, 853 (1953).
Yeatts v. Murray, 249 Va. 285, 290, 455 S.E.2d 18, 21 (1995).
“To require the appellee or the court to hunt through the record for every conceivable error which the court below may have committed, when none has been pointed out by the party complaining of the judgment, would obviously be unreasonable and oppressive on the party recovering judgment, and most burdensome on this court, unnecessarily impeding the progress of its business; and, by the confusion and uncertainty which it would beget as to the questions on which the case was decided in the court below, destroy its character as an appellate tribunal; and by the multiplicity
of the questions for discussion tend much more to confusion and error in its own decisions than the correction of errors which may in fact have occurred in the [lower court].”
First Nat‘l Bank, 106 Va. at 341-42, 56 S.E. at 163 (quoting Clements v. Hearne, 45 Tex. 415, 416 (1876)).
Consequently, it is the duty of an appellant‘s counsel “to ‘lay his finger on the error’ in his [assignment of error],” Carroll v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 641, 649, 701 S.E.2d 414, 418 (2010) (quoting First Nat‘l Bank, 106 Va. [at] 342, 56 S.E. [at] 163), and not to invite an appellate court “to delve into the record and winnow the chaff from the wheat.” Loughran v. Kincheloe, 160 Va. 292, 298, 168 S.E. 362, 364 (1933).
Findlay, 287 Va. at 115-16, 752 S.E.2d at 871.
In Yeatts, the assignment of error “merely state[d] that the habeas court erred by dismissing the petition ‘without ordering an evidentiary hearing as to his allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.‘” Yeatts, 249 Va. at 290-91, 455 S.E.2d at 21-22. We held that this assignment of error was insufficient because it “only challenge[d] the alleged procedural failure to order an evidentiary hearing; it [did] not challenge, with reasonable certainty, the habeas court‘s substantive ruling on the merits of the ineffective assistance claims.” Id. at 291, 455 S.E.2d at 22. In Harlow v. Commonwealth, 195 Va. 269, 270, 77 S.E.2d 851, 852 (1953), the petitioner/appellant assigned the following errors:
- Because the trial court erred in giving to the jury in writing, improper instructions in the instance of and on motion of the Commonwealth.
- The trial court erred in refusing to give to the jury proper instructions offered and requested by the Defendant, in writing, over the objections and exceptions of the Defendant.
We held that the assignments of error did “not point out the errors relied on nor do they identify the instructions which allegedly were erroneously given and refused. In this situation[,] the assignments of error are insufficient.” Id. at 272-73, 77 S.E.2d at 853. I believe that Tony‘s assignment of error is not unlike the assignments of error in Yeatts and Harlow.
In my opinion, Tony‘s assignment of error is even more nebulous than the above assignments of error, or even the assignment of error in Findlay, which this Court held supplied sufficient specificity because it alleged that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress – a motion containing limited arguments rather than the entirety of the trial. In sharp contrast, Tony‘s assignment of error attacks the sufficiency of each charge brought against him, inviting, indeed requiring, this Court to examine the entire record for sufficient facts supporting every element of each offense. As such, his assignment of error suffers the very flaw addressed in Findlay, where this Court stated that an assignment of error that generally stated that the evidence was insufficient would not comport with the requirements of
Recognizing that the purpose of an assignment of error is to place the opposing party and the Court on notice, with reasonable certainty, of the points on which the petitioner/appellant will seek reversal, the majority attempts to couple Tony‘s inadequate assignment of error with the argument made in the trial court. However, to the extent that Tony‘s motion to strike is itself a shotgun approach attacking each element of each charge, it is insufficient to “lay his finger on the error” as contemplated under Findlay. 287 Va. at 115, 752 S.E.2d at 871. Moreover, the fact that Tony‘s counsel challenged the offenses during his argument does not save his assignment of error as we have never held that an insufficient assignment of error could be saved even by a perfectly preserved
Notes
An assignment of error in an appeal from the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court which recites that “the trial court erred” and specifies the errors in the trial court, will be sufficient so long as the Court of Appeals ruled upon the specific merits of the alleged trial court error and the error assigned in this Court is identical to that assigned in the Court of Appeals.