Lewis HERRERA, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. LUFKIN INDUSTRIES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
No. 04-8089
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit
Jan. 4, 2007
474 F.3d 675
Douglas E. Hamel, Vinson & Elkins L.L.P. (Amy S. Farber, Vinson & Elkins L.L.P., Houston Texas, Frank D. Neville and P. Craig Silva, Williams, Porter, Day and Neville, Casper, Wyoming, with him on the briefs), Houston, TX, for Defendant-Appellee Lufkin Industries, Inc.
Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, EBEL, Circuit Judge, and CASSELL,* District Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Lewis Herrera appeals the district court‘s decision granting his employer, Defendant-Appellee Lufkin Industries, Inc. (“Lufkin“) summary judgment on Herrera‘s Title VII claim alleging a racially hostile work environment. Because we conclude that Herrera has presented evidence in support of this claim sufficient to be entitled to have a jury resolve it, we REVERSE the district court‘s summary judgment decision and REMAND this Title VII claim to the district court for further proceedings.
The district court also granted Lufkin summary judgment on his state-law claim alleging Lufkin breached its employment contract with Herrera; granted Lufkin judgment as a matter of law on Herrera‘s state-law claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress; and, during discovery, required Herrera to undergo a psychological examination. We AFFIRM the district court‘s decision on these other matters.
I. BACKGROUND
Lufkin is a publicly held company engaged in manufacturing and selling oilfield equipment. Lufkin‘s headquarters are located in Texas, but the company also maintains a number of service centers throughout the country. In addition to selling its oilfield equipment from these service centers, Lufkin also offers a variety of related machine shop and oilfield services. Lufkin has a service center in Casper, Wyoming, where Lufkin employs between six and ten people. Herrera began working at Lufkin‘s Casper service center in 1990 as a sales representative and later became the center‘s field supervisor. For most of this time, Herrera‘s immediate supervisor was Bruce Cunningham, the Casper service center‘s manager. Cunningham, in turn, reported to Lufkin‘s general manager of service operations, Buddy Moore, who was stationed in Lufkin‘s Texas offices.
Herrera alleged that Moore created a racially hostile work environment for Herrera by frequently referring to him as “the Mexican” or “that fucking Mexican” and by making other derogatory remarks toward Herrera because he was Hispanic. Herrera further alleged that this harassment intensified after Moore sent management trainee Jason Dickerson to the Casper service center.
Cunningham retired as the Casper service center‘s manager in May 2001. According to Herrera, Moore had promised to promote him to the manager‘s position vacated by Cunningham. But in October 2001, Moore instead transferred the manager of another Lufkin service center, Steve Thompson, to be the new manager of the Casper service center. At that same time, Moore removed equipment from the Casper center that Herrera used to provide oilfield services. Believing, as Dickerson had told him, that his days with Lufkin were numbered, Herrera quit on October 10, 2001.
II. ISSUES
A. Whether the district court erred in granting Lufkin summary judgment on Herrera‘s claim that his work environment was racially hostile.
1. Standard of review
This court reviews the district court‘s summary judgment decision
2. Analysis
“Title VII forbids employment discrimination on the basis of race or national origin.” Chavez v. New Mexico, 397 F.3d 826, 831 (10th Cir. 2005) (citing
In this case, Herrera has asserted sufficient evidence from which a jury could find that his work environment was racially hostile. In particular, he has submitted sufficient evidence indicating that his workplace was pervasively discriminatory.
A plaintiff does not make a showing of a pervasively hostile work environment “by demonstrating a few isolated incidents of racial enmity or sporadic racial slurs. Instead, there must be a steady barrage of opprobrious racial comments.” Chavez, 397 F.3d at 832 (quotations, citation omitted). Nevertheless, “the severity and pervasiveness evaluation is particularly unsuited for summary judgment because it is quintessentially a question of fact.”3 McCowan v. All Star Maintenance, Inc., 273 F.3d 917, 923 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotations omitted). In making this determination, we consider the work atmosphere “both objectively and subjectively, ... look[ing] at all the circumstances from the perspective of a reasonable person in the plaintiff‘s position.” Id. (quotations, citation omitted).
Herrera presented evidence of several discrete incidents of racial harassment occurring during the four years that Buddy Moore oversaw Lufkin‘s Casper service center while Herrera worked there. Herrera testified that when he first met Moore, in 1997, Moore refused to shake Herrera‘s hand. And in 1999, Moore sent Cunningham some candy with a note attached indicating it was “Mexican peanut brittle.” Moore directed that Cunningham give this candy to Herrera. Cunningham did so, including Moore‘s note. Herrera was offended. Herrera sought advice from an attorney about these incidents and com-
Also in 1999, Moore told Cunningham to have Herrera talk to a certain customer because that customer was Mexican. Cunningham relayed this message to Herrera. On аnother occasion in 1999, Moore himself told Herrera to go see another customer because that customer “was from San Antonio ... so he likes Mexicans.” In addition, Moore once said directly to Herrera, “Spanish lover, come here.”
On yet another occasion, Moore told Cunningham to tell Herrera not to “Mexicanize” Herrera‘s new company truck. Carolyn Coleman, the Casper service center‘s secretary, translated “Mexicanize” to mean “lots of chrome, you know, dice hanging off the mirror.” Moore also wanted Herrera to remove a cactus from atop the truck‘s antenna. Moore gave this directive several times in late 2000 and again in early 2001. Cunningham relayed these comments to Herrera.
In addition to these discrete incidents, however, Herrera also asserted evidence of other ongoing harassment occurring during this entire four-year time period. Moore would refer to Herrera as “the Mexican” or “the fucking Mexican” whenever Moore wоuld speak to Herrera‘s supervisor, Cunningham, and sometimes when Moore spoke to the Casper service center‘s secretary, Carolyn Coleman, and the warehouse manager, Bill Bryant. This did not happen just once or twice. Rather, there is evidence that Moore made such comments every two to three days.4 Although Cunningham did not tell Herrera about these comments every time Moore made such references to Herrera, both Cunningham and Coleman did occasionally tell Herrera about them.5 Further, in light of Moore‘s racially charged comments, Cunningham specifically warned Herrera to be wary of Moore because he was a bigot.6
Additionally, it was Moore who transferred Jason Dickerson to the Casper
There was also evidence that Dickerson treated Herrera and his son, the Casper service center‘s only Hispanic employees, worse than he treated other employees.8 Dickerson spoke harshly and condescendingly to them. He enforced company policies more strictly against Herrera and his son than against any other Casper service center employee.9 He constantly hounded
The evidence, submitted by Herrera and Lufkin, addressing whether Moore‘s and Dickerson‘s racial harassment of Herrera was pervasive presents a close question. And it may be that a jury, after considering all of the evidence and cross-examination at trial, would find that Moore‘s and Dickerson‘s treatment of Herrera was not sufficiently pervasive to create a racially hostile work environment. But, viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to Herrera, he has established a genuinely disputed issue of fact as to the pervasiveness of the racially-charged hostility in this work environment sufficient to be entitled to have a jury decide the issue.11
B. Whether the district court erred in granting Lufkin summary judgment on Herrera‘s state-law claim alleging Lufkin breached its employment contract with him.12
1. Standard of review
In cases involving state-law claims, a federal court applies the substantive law of the state, but applies federal procedural law. See Ahrens v. Ford Motor Co., 340 F.3d 1142, 1145 (10th Cir. 2003). As noted earlier, this court reviews de novo the district court‘s summary judgment decision, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Herrera. See Pepsico, Inc., 431 F.3d at 1255; Ahrens, 340 F.3d at 1145.
2. Analysis
Although under Wyoming law a contract exists in every employment situation (see Ormsby v. Dana Kepner Co. of Wyo., Inc., 997 P.2d 465, 471 (Wyo. 2000); see also Sierra Trading Post, Inc. v. Hinson (In re Sierra Trading Post, Inc.), 996 P.2d 1144, 1147 (Wyo. 2000)) that contrac-
Herrera argues that Lufkin‘s employee manual created a contract promising him continued employment. We disagree. It is true that, under Wyoming law, “[a]n employment handbook ... may supply terms for an implied-in-fact employment contract which requires termination for cause ...” Finch, 109 P.3d at 542 (quotation, alteration omitted). Nevertheless, before the district court, Herrera relied on only one provision of Lufkin‘s employeе handbook:
Job Security: LUFKIN makes every effort to provide continuous employment. The ability to do so depends largely upon general business conditions, but continuous employment also depends to a great extent upon every LUFKIN employee. The company can remain competitive only by producing more and better products and by providing faster service at the lowest possible cost. When the price is right for quality products like ours we get more orders which means more jobs and greater security for everyone. An individual employee can increase his job security by increasing his knowledge and skills. The more knowledge and skill you acquire, the more productive you are likely to be, and naturally the more productive, the better your chance for stable employment.
This provision, however, does not promise Herrera continued employment.13
For the first time on appeal, Herrera asserts there are other provisions in the Lufkin employee manual that promise сontinued employment. Because he did not rely upon these provisions in the district court, however, he cannot do so now on appeal. See Shell Rocky Mountain Prod. v. Ultra Res., Inc., 415 F.3d 1158, 1164 (10th Cir. 2005) (noting as general rule, appellate court will not review matters raised for the first time on appeal). For these reasons, we affirm the district court‘s decision granting Lufkin summary judgment on this Wyoming state-law breach-of-contract claim.
C. Whether the district court erred in granting Lufkin judgment as a matter of law, under Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(a), on Herrera‘s state-law claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress.
1. Standard of review
As previously mentioned, in cases involving state-law claims, a federal court
[i]f during a trial by jury a party has been fully heard on an issue and there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for that party on that issue, the court may determine the issue against that party and may grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law against that party with respect to a claim or defense that cannot under the controlling law be maintained or defeated without a favorable finding on that issue.
A judgment as a matter of law is warranted “only if the evidence points but one way and is susceptible to no reasonable inferences which may support the opposing party‘s position.” Riske v. King Soopers, 366 F.3d 1085, 1088-89 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted).
The question is not whether there is literally no evidence supporting the non-moving party but whether there is evidence upon which a jury could properly find for that party. For a jury to properly find for a party, the party must present more than a scintilla of evidence supporting its claim. Century 21 Real Estate Corp. v. Meraj Int‘l Inv. Corp., 315 F.3d 1271, 1278 (10th Cir. 2003) (quotation, alterations omitted).
This court reviews the district court‘s Rule 50 decision de novo, see Riske, 366 F.3d at 1088, “reviewing all of the evidence in the record,” Stewart v. Adolph Coors Co., 217 F.3d 1285, 1288 (10th Cir. 2000), in the light most favorable to the non-moving party; in this case, in Herrera‘s favor, see Riske, 366 F.3d at 1087.
2. Analysis
Wyoming recognizes a tort cause of action for the intentional infliction of emotional distress: “[o]ne who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm.” Cook v. Shoshone First Bank, 126 P.3d 886, 891 (Wyo. 2006) (quotation omitted). To recover on such a claim in this case, therefore, Herrera must establish that Lufkin 1) “acted in an extreme and outrageous manner,” and 2) “intentionally or recklessly caused [Herrera] severe emotional harm.” Worley v. Wyo. Bottling Co., 1 P.3d 615, 628 (Wyo. 2000). Because Herrera was unable to assert sufficient evidence at trial from which a jury could have found that Lufkin, on its own or through its supervisors, Moore and Dickerson, acted in an extreme and outrageous manner, we need not address whether Herrera presented the jury with sufficient evidence on the second element, that Lufkin intentionally caused him severe emotional distress.14
When the Wyoming Supreme Court first adopted a cause of action for the intentional infliction of emotional distress, it recognized that
[p]arties opposing the cause of action fоr intentional infliction of emotional distress typically contend that its adoption will flood the courts with fraudulent claims and create potentially unlimited
liability for every type of mental disturbance. While these problems are not to be dismissed lightly, they can certainly be solved without rejecting the action entirely.
Leithead v. Am. Colloid Co., 721 P.2d 1059, 1065 (Wyo. 1986). The Wyoming Supreme Court was satisfied that, by adopting the definition of this tort from Section 46 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, this cause of action‘s application could be sufficiently limited. See id. at 1065-66 (discussing and adopting Section 46; noting that “[t]he limits imposed in § 46 of the Restatement, together with the jury‘s common sense, should prove to be adequate protection against fraudulent or frivolous claims“); see also Hoflund v. Airport Golf Club, 105 P.3d 1079, 1089 (Wyo. 2005) (noting Section 46 “attempts to clarify the parameters of outrageous behavior“). In particular, the Wyoming Supreme Court recognized the limitations on that cause of action provided by comment d to Section 46, which limits actionable “outrageous conduct” to “conduct which goes beyond all possible bounds of decency, is regarded as atrocious, and is utterly intolerable in a civilized community.”15 Leithead, 721 P.2d at 1066.
In a further effort to limit application of this cause of action for the intentional infliction of emotional distress, the Wyoming Supreme Court also adopted § 46‘s comment h, which indicates that “[i]t is for the court to determine in the first instance whether the defendant‘s conduct may reasonably be regarded as so extreme and outrageous as to permit recovery, or whether it is necessarily so.” Leithead, 721 P.2d at 1066 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. h). A claim, then, should only go to the jury if reasonable people could differ as to whether the conduct at issue was extreme and outrageous. See id. (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. h).
[t]hat does not mean, ... that [the Wyoming Supreme] Court wishes to lower the threshold for determining liability whenever the parties are employer and employee. The conduct must still reach the same degree of outrageousness if an employee is to prove that his or her employer has committed this tort; the employment relationship is merely one factor among many to use in analyzing individual cases.
Id. (quotation omitted).
Under Wyoming law generally “liability сlearly does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities. The rough edges of our society are still in need of a good deal of filing down, and in the meantime plaintiffs must necessarily be expected and required to be hardened to a certain amount of rough language, and to occasional acts that are definitely inconsiderate and unkind.” Worley, 1 P.3d at 628 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. d). This is no less true in the employment context. “Indeed, the workplace is not always a tranquil world where civility reigns. Personality conflicts and angst over disciplinary actions can be expected.” Id. at 629 (quotation, alteration omitted). Thus, not all unkind or inappropriate conduct in the workplace is outrageous.
In this case, even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Herrera, see Riske, 366 F.3d at 1087, he did not present sufficient evidence at trial from which jurors could have found that Lufkin and/or its supervisors acted in a sufficiently extreme and outrageous manner. Herrera‘s evidеnce of specific incidents of racial harassment—Moore‘s refusing to shake Herrera‘s hand, directing Herrera to call on particular customers because the customer either was Mexican or liked Mexicans, sending Herrera “Mexican peanut brittle,” and directing that Herrera not “Mexicanize” his Lufkin truck—amounts to no more than the “insults, indignities, ... annoyances, petty oppressions [and] trivialities” that are insufficient to support a claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress. Worley, 1 P.3d at 628 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. d). So, too, are Moore‘s frequent references to Herrera as “the Mexican” or “the fucking Mexican.” Finally, Herrera‘s evidence indicating that Dickerson, at Moore‘s direction, harassed Herrera generally in an attempt to get rid of him, under the circumstances of this case, only amounts to a series of workplace disputes that also cannot support a claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress.
At first glance, our conclusion here—that Hеrrera‘s evidence was insuffi-
In addition, Wyoming specifically makes the court the gatekeeper for claims alleging the intentional infliction of emotional distress, charging the court with preventing claims based upon less than outrageous conduct from even getting to a jury. See Leithead, 721 P.2d at 1066 (adopting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. h). With that in mind, we cannot conclude that the district court in this case erred in granting Lufkin judgment as a matter of law on Herrera‘s claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress. We agree with the district cоurt that, to have done otherwise would be to shirk its gatekeeping responsibilities imposed by Wyoming law and, instead, to conclude that “every time there‘s a case for race discrimination it follows there‘s a claim for intentional infliction” of emotional distress. Wyoming law does not require that result. For these reasons, therefore, the district court did not err in granting Lufkin judgment as a matter of law.
D. Whether the district court abused its discretion in requiring Herrera to undergo a mental examination under Fed.R.Civ.P. 35.
1. Standard of review
This court reviews discovery decisions pertaining to Rule 35 examinations for an abuse of discretion. See Green v. Branson, 108 F.3d 1296, 1304 (10th Cir. 1997). “Under this standard, we will not disturb a trial court‘s decision absent a definite and firm conviction that the [district] court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” Norton v. City of Marietta, 432 F.3d 1145, 1156 (10th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (quotation omitted).
2. Analysis
Rule 35(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that
[w]hen the mental or physical condition ... of a party ... is in controversy, the court in which the action is pending may order the party to submit to a physical or mental examination by a suitably li-
censed or certified examiner ... The order may be made only on motion for good cause shown and upon notice to the person to be examined and to all parties and shall specify the time, place, manner, conditions, and scope of the examination and the person or persons by whom it is to be made.
Unlike other discovery mechanisms, such as interrogatories or depositions, which a party can invoke on his own, Rule 35 requires the party seeking to conduct a medical examination first to obtain the district court‘s permission. See Schlagenhauf v. Holder, 379 U.S. 104, 117-18 (1964). To obtain a court‘s order for an independent medical examination (“IME“), the party seeking the exam must show that “the mental or physical condition” of the party who is to be examined “is in controversy,” and that there is “good cause” for the examination. See id. at 118-19. Notwithstanding Rule 35‘s requirements, however, “physical and mental examinations are usually arranged by stipulation of the attorneys, with the rule standing as a comрulsory sanction that helps to produce stipulations.” 8A Charles Alan Wright, Miller & Marcus, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2234 (2d ed.1994). And “[p]laintiffs who voluntarily submit to an examination by a physician selected by defendant waive their right to insist upon a [Rule 35] motion for an order of examination.” Id.
In this case, the parties agreed to a stipulated discovery schedule which provided that Lufkin could obtain an IME of Herrera, pursuant to Rule 35(a), within a specific twenty-day time period.16 When Lufkin requested dates on which Herrera was available for the IME, however, Herrera failed to respond. Lufkin inquired a second time, after January 20, 2004, but this time Herrera responded that the time to conduct the IME had expired. On February 9, 2004, Lufkin filed a Rule 37 motion seeking to compel discovery of Herrera‘s mental condition.17 The magistrate judge granted that motion, ordering Herrera to submit to an IME. The district court upheld the magistrate judge‘s decision. In doing so, the district court did not abuse its discretion.
On appeal, as before the district court, Herrera argues that, despite the parties’ stipulated discovery schedule, Lufkin still had to file a successful Rule 35 motion before the district court could compel Herrera to undergo an IME. Even assuming for purposes of this appeal that this is true, however, Lufkin sufficiently complied with Rule 35‘s requirements in this case. In its reply addressing the motion to compel the IME, Lufkin did specifically request an order under Rule 35 permitting it to conduct an examination. And both the
For these reasons, we cannot say that the district court, in requiring Herrera to undergo a mental examination, abused its discretion; that is, thе district court did not make “a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances,” Norton, 432 F.3d at 1156 (quotation omitted). Our conclusion is bolstered by the Supreme Court‘s indication that Rule 35 is “to be accorded a broad and liberal treatment, to effectuate [the civil procedure rules‘] purpose that civil trials in the federal courts no longer need be carried on in the dark.” Schlagenhauf, 379 U.S. at 114-15 (citation, quotation omitted).
III. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court‘s discovery ruling requiring Herrera to undergo a psychological examination and the district court‘s decisions addressing the state-law claims. But we REVERSE the district court‘s decision granting Lufkin summary judgment on Herrera‘s Title VII hostile-work-environment claim, and REMAND that claim to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
CASSELL, District Judge (sitting by designation), dissenting in part.
Before trying this case, the district judge pruned it down by granting summary judgment for Lufkin Industries on Herrera‘s three weakest claims—an intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, a breach of contract claim, and a racially hostile wоrk environment claim. The matter was then tried to a jury for eleven days, eight of which were devoted to the plaintiff‘s case. The jury found against Herrera and for Lufkin on all claims presented to it. The majority now sustains the jury verdict and agrees that the district court properly dismissed the emotional distress claims and the breach of contract claim. It nonetheless remands this case for what may end up being another eleven-day trial on one of Herrera‘s marginal claims—the hostile work environment claim.
I dissent from this unnecessary remand. I agree with the district court that the isolated instances of harassment Herrera recites are not sufficient to create a jury question on this claim. I would therefore affirm the district court in all respects.
The District Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment on Herrera‘s Hostile Work Environment Claim.
The majority reverses the district court‘s decision to grant summary judgment on Herrera‘s hostile work environment claim, stipulating that this issue “presents a close question.”1 And the majority recognizes Herrera must present ev-
While I agree with the majority that this issue is a close one, I concur with the district court‘s decision to grant summary judgment. Before describing the instances of alleged harassment Herrera relies upon, it is important to review his working environment. Herrera admits that Lufkin was a rough-and-tumble oil field equipment business that was not the typical office setting. He testified, in response to a question regarding a coworker who said to him “fuck you,”
Q. [I]n the oil patch, people use [vulgar] language, correct?
A. Okay. Yes.
Q. In the shop, people use that kind of language—Lufkin shop, yes?
A. Yes. I—some of them do.4
He also testified:
Q. Have you ever told “Mexican” jokes or anything such as that?
A. That I may have done. I told a lot of jokes, but I don‘t remember saying any Mexican jokes or black jokes, for that matter. . . .
Q. Okay. You would not be extremely surprised that someone said, yes. I heard Lewis, Senior tell a joke with the reference to a Mexican in it, that would not be so out оf the ordinary that you would be shocked?
A. I wouldn‘t be shocked, no. I told a lot of jokes in my day. I don‘t remember them.
Q. Sure. Okay. In fact, that happens in the work place, off color jokes and so forth are told?
A. Not in relation to anybody else. I don‘t do that. Blacks or whites or religious, I don‘t do that.
Q. Okay. But there are others that do that in the work place, don‘t they?
A. Yeah. The oil field is very co[a]rse.
Q. Yeah. The oil patch has people—
A. It‘s own language.5
With this general atmosphere in mind, the instances of alleged race-neutral harassment Herrera invokes are insufficient to justify a remand for a trial on his hostile work environment claim. Herrera worked under Moore for approximately four years. In his deposition, Herrera identified five specific instances of alleged harassment during those four years that unquestionably were linked to his race—on average, about one instance every nine or ten months. Moore once sent him a package of peanut brittle; attached to it was a note that read “Mexican peanut brittle.”6 Herrera was twice asked to call on certain customеrs because they “liked Mexicans” or were themselves Hispanic.7 Moore, who worked out-of-state, would call the Wyoming office and ask for Herrera by calling him “that Mexican” or “that fucking Mexican.”8 Notably, Herrera does not allege that Moore said those things directly to him. Finally, Moore once had other employees tell Herrera not to “Mexican-
The majority seems to agree that these “several discrete incidents” are not sufficient to satisfy the requirements of our precedent for a hostile work environment claim. It finds support for Herrera‘s claims, however, in “evidence of other ongoing harassment occurring during this entire four-year time period.”9 On close examination, however, the evidence of any ongoing harassment is scanty. The majority relies upon Moore‘s references to Herrera as “that Mexican” or sometimes, “that fucking Mexican” to other people. While these derogatory comments may have been ongoing (at least viewing the evidence favorably to Herrera), even the majority concedes that most of the remarks were never heard by Herrera. Instead, the majority agrees that Herrera‘s coworkers passed along these remarks to him only “occasionally.”10 And the record is undisputed that when the remarks were passed along, they were passed along by those trying to help Herrera, not harm him. For example, Cunningham warned Herrera to be wary of Moore because he was a bigot. It is hard to discern “pervasive” harassment when racial remarks were “occasionally” passed along by persons friendly to Herrera. Thus, I do not understand the majority to dispute the district court‘s conclusion that Herrera‘s “friends, knowing of these insults, largely concealed them from him.”11 For example, the majority ventures only so far as to say that Herrera was not “completely un-
To find a basis for reversal, the majority couples these remarks with other race-neutral incidents. Of coursе, our precedent requires us to view an employee‘s work environment as a whole. But given the coarse environment that prevailed at Lufkin, these incidents do not combine to create a viable hostile work environment claim. Herrera alleges Moore refused to shake his hand; coworkers told him to “watch your ass” because Moore was a bigot; he was treated like a kid and yelled at, as was his son, by another Lufkin employee; coworkers swore at him and Lufkin did nothing about it; he was audited and forced to produce receipts before he could be reimbursed for road trip expenses; he was “hindered” from doing his job and made to look incompetent; he had to drive his boss to the airport; and some coworkers started prying into his personal life and accused him of conducting side businesses.13
Given the atmosphere Mr. Herrera testified existed at Lufkin, these incidents (while deplorable, if they happened) cannot be viewed as indicia of pervasive racial discrimination. Vulgarity and other socially-unacceptable behavior that might lead to termination in a typical office setting were commonplace in the oilfields. Since raucous race-neutral behavior permeated Herrera‘s working environment, the conduct he describes above—even when yoked to the five unquestionably race-based inci-
This result is required by our previous cases. For instance, in Bolden v. PRC Inc., 43 F.3d 545 (10th Cir. 1994),14 we affirmed a district court‘s grant of summary judgment where the plaintiff cited two incidents of overtly racial discrimination and twenty instances of race-neutral conduct during the last eighteen months of his employment.15 And in Hicks v. Gates Rubber Co., 833 F.2d 1406 (10th Cir. 1987),16 we found that a district court‘s bench trial ruling of no hostile environment was not clearly erroneous despite evidence of approximately nine incidents of harassment over a period of eight months.17
These cases reveal the continuing import of our prior holding that “Title VII is not a code of workplace cоnduct, nor was it ‘designed to bring about a magical transformation in the social mores of American workers.‘”18 As this court noted in Gross v. Burggraf Construction Co., “[s]peech that might be offensive or unacceptable in a prep school faculty meeting, or on the floor of Congress, is tolerated in other work environments. ... ‘Title VII was not meant to—or can—change this.‘”19
Conclusion
With these points in mind, I would affirm the district court‘s decision to grant summary judgment on Herrera‘s hostile work environment claim. To order an unnecessary remand on this single claim when all the other—and many far stronger—claims have been rejected wastes court and attorney time. I would also, like the majority, affirm the district court‘s grant of judgment as a matter of law on Mr. Herrera‘s intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, his breach of contract claim, and the discovery ruling. I therefore respectfully dissent, in part.
Notes
d. Extreme and outrageous conduct. The cases thus far have found liability only where the defendant‘s conduct has been extreme and outrageous. It has not been enough that the defendant has acted with an intent which is tortious or even criminal, or that he has intended to inflict emotional distress, or even that his conduct has been characterized by “malice,” or a degree of aggravation which would entitle the plaintiff to punitive damages fоr another tort. Liability has been found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Generally, the case is one in which the recitation of facts to an average member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim “Outrageous!”
The liability clearly does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities. The rough edges of our society are still in need of a good deal of filing down, and in the meantime plaintiffs must necessarily be expected and required to be hardened to a certain amount of rough language, and to occasional acts that are definitely inconsiderate and unkind. There is no occasion for the law to intervene in every case where some one‘s feelings are hurt. There must still be freedom tо express an unflattering opinion, and some safety valve must be left through which irascible tempers may blow off relatively harmless steam. It is only where there is a special relation between the parties, as stated in § 48 [addressing special liability of a public utility for the insults of its servants], that there may be recovery for insults not amounting to extreme outrage.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 cmt. d (citation omitted). The Wyoming Supreme Court has relied on comment d in its entirety to define the outrageous conduct necessary to state a claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress. See Hoflund, 105 P.3d at 1089-90; Loya v. Wyo. Partners of Jackson Hole, Inc., 35 P.3d 1246, 1252-53 (Wyo. 2001); Worley, 1 P.3d at 627-28. Id. at 549.Lufkin designated its expert on November 17, 2003, and completed Herrera‘s deposition on December 31, 2003. Lufkin, then, had twenty days from that date, by approximately January 20, 2004, to conduct the IME. 833 F.2d 1406 (10th Cir. 1987).[t]he Defendant may require the Plaintiff to submit to a Rule 35 examination any time before five (5) weeks prior to commencement of trial.
- The Defendant shall designate said expert on or before one week after such examination.
- If the Defendant designates an expert earlier, Defendant must schedule and complete the examination no later than twenty (20) days following the Plaintiff[‘s] Deposition, unless otherwise agreed by counsel.