Herbert v. BillyHerbert v. Billy
- Reporters:
- Before:
- Nelson, Norris, Gwin
R. William Meeks (briefed), Samuel H. Shamansky (argued and briefed), Cassidy & Meeks, Columbus, Ohio, for Petitioners-Appellants in No. 97-4288.
Steven L. Taylor (argued and briefed), Prosecuting Attorney‘s Office for the County of Franklin, Columbus, Ohio, David Q. Wigginton, Office of the County Prosecutor, Newark, Ohio, Donald G. Keyers, Asst. Attorney Gen., Office of the Attorney General, Corrections Litigation Section, Columbus, Ohio, for Respondent-Appellees in No. 97-4287.
Steven L. Taylor (argued and briefed), Prosecuting Attorney‘s Office for the County of Franklin, Columbus, Ohio, Donald G. Keyer, Asst. Attorney Gen., Office of the Attorney General, Corrections Litigation Section, Columbus, Ohio, for Respondent-Appellee Karnes in No. 97-4288.
Steven L. Taylor (argued and briefed), Prosecuting Attorney‘s Office for the County of Franklin, Columbus, Ohio, William Duncan Whitney, Dane A. Gaschen (briefed), Delaware County Prosecuting Attorney‘s Office, Delaware, Ohio, for Respondent-Appellee Myers in No. 97-4288.
Before: NELSON and NORRIS, Circuit Judges; GWIN,* District Judge.
GWIN, District Judge.
In this appeal, Appellants Thomas J. Herbert, Nicole R. Green, Thomas G. Morgan, Thomas L. Magelaner, Denise Nibert, George H. Grosser, John T. Weber, Allison M. Byrne-Nucerino, Jack C. Butler, and Orlando Wilborn appeal from the Judgment of the district court denying their petition for habeas corpus relief pursuant to
Petitioners brought this action for habeas relief under
The petitioners’ claims arise out of procedures following their being stopped for operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol (“OMVI“). After law enforcement officers stopped each petitioner, each submitted to a chemical test for breath-alcohol content. Each failed the test. After the petitioners failed the chemical test for breath-alcohol content, the arresting officers suspended each petitioner‘s driver‘s license pursuant to the Administrative License Suspension provisions of
The law enforcement officers also charged each petitioner with an OMVI offense under
The petitioners appealed their convictions to the appropriate state appellate court.2 Petitioners claimed that an OMVI conviction under
Petitioners subsequently filed Petitions for Writs of Habeas Corpus with the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. Upon agreement of the parties, the district court consolidated all cases except that of Petitioner Herbert. In opinions and orders dated September 25, 1997, and October 7, 1997, respectively, the court dismissed all of the habeas petitions. Each Petitioner filed a timely notice of appeal.
II.
In 1993, the Ohio General Assembly enacted legislation directed to problems associated with drunk driving on Ohio highways.4 State v. Gustafson, 76 Ohio St.3d 425, 431, 668 N.E.2d 435 (1996). In this legislation, the Ohio General Assembly revised Ohio‘s implied consent statute,
Sections
The driver may appeal the suspension at an initial appearance before the criminal court hearing the criminal charge.5 However, any appeal of an administrative license suspension does not, by itself, stay the suspension.
After the period of suspension is over, the driver may request the Bureau of Motor Vehicles to return or reissue the suspended license. The Bureau returns the license upon payment of a $250 reinstatement fee and proof of compliance with Ohio‘s financial responsibility requirements.
On April 24, 1996, President Clinton signed into law the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub.L. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (“AEDPA“). The AEDPA requires heightened respect for state court factual and legal determinations. The AEDPA applies to all habeas cases filed after April 24, 1996.6 Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 2068, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997) (“We hold that ... the new provisions of chapter 153 generally apply only to cases filed after the Act became effective.“); Harpster v. Ohio, 128 F.3d 322, 326 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1112, 118 S.Ct. 1044, 140 L.Ed.2d 109 (1998).
With the AEDPA, Congress limited the source of law for habeas relief to cases decided by the United States Supreme Court. Before a writ may issue under the AEDPA, the federal court must find that the state court‘s adjudication of the claim was “contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court.”
Other circuit courts of appeal have examined the changed standard of review resulting from the AEDPA. In an en banc decision, the Seventh Circuit discussed
Section 2254(d)(1) as we read it does no more than regulate relief. It tells federal courts: Hands off, unless the judgment in place is based on an error grave enough to be called “unreasonable.”
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For current purposes it is enough to say that when the constitutional question is a matter of degree, rather than of concrete entitlements, a “reasonable” decision by the state court must be honored. By posing the question whether the state court‘s treatment was “unreasonable,” § 2254(d)(1) requires federal courts to take into account the care with which the state court considered the subject.
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The Supreme Court of the United States sets the bounds of what is “reasonable“; a state decision within those limits must be respected--not because it is right, or because federal courts must abandon their independent decision making, but because the grave remedy of upsetting a judgment entered by another judicial system after full litigation is reserved for grave occasions. That is the principle change effected by § 2254(d)(1).
Under the AEDPA, the district court could find the state court determinations unreasonable “only when it can be said that reasonable jurists considering the question would be of one view that the state court ruling was incorrect. In other words, we can grant habeas relief only if a state court decision is so clearly incorrect that it would not be debatable among reasonable jurists.” Drinkard v. Johnson, 97 F.3d 751, 769 (5th Cir.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1107, 117 S.Ct. 1114, 137 L.Ed.2d 315 (1997).8
In applying this standard, this court reviews the district court‘s denial of habeas corpus relief de novo. See, e.g., Harpster, 128 F.3d at 325; West v. Seabold, 73 F.3d 81, 84 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1027, 116 S.Ct. 2569, 135 L.Ed.2d 1086 (1996).
The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution provides: “[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” The Fifth Amendment applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 794-95, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 L.Ed.2d 707 (1969).
While the “primary evil” to be prevented by the Double Jeopardy Clause is successive prosecution, Schiro v. Farley, 510 U.S. 222, 230, 114 S.Ct. 783, 127 L.Ed.2d 47 (1994), the Supreme Court has also construed the Clause to bar “successive punishments.” United States v. Ursery, 518 U.S. 267, 273, 116 S.Ct. 2135, 135 L.Ed.2d 549 (1996);9 United States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688, 696, 113 S.Ct. 2849, 125 L.Ed.2d 556 (1993). The protection against multiple punishments prohibits the government from ” ‘punishing twice, or attempting a second time to punish criminally, for the same offense.’ ” Witte v. United States, 515 U.S. 389, 396, 115 S.Ct. 2199, 132 L.Ed.2d 351 (1995) (quoting Helvering v. Mitchell, 303 U.S. 391, 399, 58 S.Ct. 630, 82 L.Ed. 917 (1938)).
Civil proceedings do not place defendants in “jeopardy” within the accepted constitutional meaning of that term. Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 528, 95 S.Ct. 1779, 44 L.Ed.2d 346 (1975). Ordinarily, legislatures may impose both a civil and a criminal sanction for the same conduct. Such cumulative sanctions do not intrinsically violate the defendant‘s Double Jeopardy rights, see Helvering, 303 U.S. at 399, 58 S.Ct. 630, even when the civil sanction has some punitive effect. Ursery, 518 U.S. at 284 n. 2, 116 S.Ct. 2135.
In a “rare case,” a civil sanction may impose “punishment” sufficient to implicate the Double Jeopardy Clause‘s proscription against multiple punishments. United States v. Halper, 490 U.S. 435, 451, 109 S.Ct. 1892, 104 L.Ed.2d 487 (1989); United States v. Beaty, 147 F.3d 522, 524 (6th Cir.1998).
After the district court‘s dismissal of the petitions in the cases at the bar, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Hudson v. United States, 522 U.S. 93, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450 (1997). Like the case before us, Hudson presented a question of whether, after the administrative imposition of sanctions that the public might describe as “punishment,” the Double Jeopardy Clause would bar criminal proceedings that stemmed from essentially the same conduct that had led to the administrative sanctions. Id. at ---- - ----, 118 S.Ct. at 491-93.
The Hudson decision clarified the standard federal courts must apply when deciding whether administrative sanctions rise to the level of criminal punishment, triggering the Double Jeopardy Clause. In Hudson, the Court repeated its longstanding recognition that “the Double Jeopardy Clause does not prohibit the imposition of any additional sanction that could, ‘in common parlance,’ be described as punishment.” Hudson, at ----, 118 S.Ct. at 493 (quoting United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 549, 63 S.Ct. 379, 87 L.Ed. 443 (1943) (quoting Moore v. Illinois, 55 U.S. (14 How.) 13, 19, 14 L.Ed. 306 (1852))). The Clause “protects only against the imposition of multiple criminal punishments for the same offense.” Id. (quoting Helvering, 303 U.S. at 399, 58 S.Ct. 630).10
In determining whether a sanction is punishment, a court must first ask whether the legislature, “in establishing the penalizing mechanism, indicated either expressly or impliedly a preference for one label or the other.” Id. (citing United States v. Ward, 448 U.S. 242, 248, 100 S.Ct. 2636, 65 L.Ed.2d 742 (1980)). Petitioners here concede that “the Ohio legislature intended the Administrative License Suspension to be civil in nature, separate and apart from any subsequent criminal prosecution.”
If a legislature has shown an intention to establish a civil penalty, the court must then decide whether the statutory scheme is so punitive in either purpose or effect as to “transfor[m] what was clearly intended as a civil remedy into a criminal penalty.” Id. (quoting Rex Trailer Co. v. United States, 350 U.S. 148, 154, 76 S.Ct. 219, 100 L.Ed. 149 (1956)). As to this examination, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly declared that “only the clearest proof” can override the intent of the legislature and transform a civil remedy into a criminal penalty. Id.; Ward, 448 U.S. at 249, 100 S.Ct. 2636.
In Hudson, the Court pointed to the seven factors established in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 83 S.Ct. 554, 9 L.Ed.2d 644 (1963), as providing “useful guideposts” in determining whether such proof exists:
(1) “whether the sanction involves an affirmative disability or restraint“; (2) “whether it has historically been regarded as a punishment“; (3) “whether it comes into play only on a finding of scienter“; (4) “whether its operation will promote the traditional aims of punishment--retribution and deterrence“; (5) “whether the behavior to which it applies is already a crime“; (6) “whether an alternative purposes to which it may rationally be connected is assignable for it“; and (7) “whether it appears excessive in relation to the alternative purposes assigned.”
The first Kennedy factor directs a review of “[w]hether the sanction involves an affirmative disability or restraint.” Hudson, at ----, 118 S.Ct. at 493. An “affirmative disability or restraint” generally is some sanction “approaching the ‘infamous punishment’ of imprisonment.” Id. at ----, 118 S.Ct. at 496 (quoting Flemming v. Nestor, 363 U.S. 603, 617, 80 S.Ct. 1367, 4 L.Ed.2d 1435 (1960)). In Hudson, indefinite debarment from participating in the banking industry was insufficient to rise to such “infamous punishment” as imprisonment.
The administrative license suspension here is like--although less severe than--the debarment sanction upheld in Hudson. Debarment prevented Hudson from being employed in his occupation, banking. The Hudson sanction was indefinite, yet the Supreme Court held that occupational debarment was “nothing approaching” criminal punishment. Id. (quoting Flemming, 363 U.S. at 617, 80 S.Ct. 1367). In contrast, the administrative license suspensions here are limited in time.11 Taken as a whole, the administrative license suspension did not involve affirmative disability.
Kennedy next directs this Court to consider whether the sanction “has historically been regarded as punishment.” Hudson, at ----, 118 S.Ct. at 493. The Hudson Court found monetary penalties and occupational debarment were not such an “affirmative disability or restraint” as to rise to punishment: “We have long recognized that ‘revocation of a privilege voluntarily granted,’ such as a debarment, ‘is characteristically free of the punitive criminal element.’ ” Id. at ---- - ----, 118 S.Ct. at 495-96 (quoting Helvering, 303 U.S. at 399 and n. 2, 58 S.Ct. 630). Under Hudson, we cannot regard the suspension of driving privileges as punishment.
Third, the Hudson and Kennedy Courts direct consideration of whether the sanction comes into play “only” upon a finding of scienter. Id. at ----, 118 S.Ct. at 493. The term “scienter” means “knowingly” and is used to signify a defendant‘s guilty knowledge. Women‘s Medical Professional Corp. v. Voinovich, 130 F.3d 187, 203 (6th Cir.1997) (citing BLACK‘S LAW DICTIONARY 1345 (6th ed.1990)), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1036, 118 S.Ct. 1347, 140 L.Ed.2d 496 (1998).
Under
The license suspensions do have a deterrent purpose--relevant under the fourth Kennedy factor--but “the mere presence of this purpose is insufficient to render a sanction criminal, as deterrence may serve civil as well as criminal goals.” Id. (internal quotes and citations omitted).
Applying the fifth Kennedy factor, while the statutory scheme may intertwine the license suspension with the arrest for drunken driving, this is not sufficient to render the suspension criminally punitive in the Double Jeopardy context. To hold otherwise would undermine the state‘s ability to effectively regulate its highways. In similar circumstances, the Hudson Court said that a finding of double jeopardy “would severely undermine the Government‘s ability to engage in effective regulation of institutions such as banks.” Hudson, at ----, 118 S.Ct. at 496.
As to the last two Kennedy factors, the administrative license statute protects other motorists and pedestrians who might be placed at risk if Ohio did not bar the petitioners from the highways for a time. The sanction does not appear excessive in relation to this goal. Under Hudson, the sanctions under
Hudson was not available to the district court at the time of its decision and that court did not expressly apply the Kennedy factors in its analysis. Instead, the district court analogized the license suspensions to the in rem civil forfeitures in Ursery that the Supreme Court found were not criminal punishment. The Hudson Court did not analogize between forfeiture and the civil monetary penalty and debarment at issue there. Nonetheless, the district court‘s analysis is consistent with Hudson and its conclusions are similar to those reached by the First and Fourth Circuits in their consideration of whether administrative license suspensions are punishment that stop subsequent criminal prosecution.
In the case of suspension upon arrest for drunk driving, “the ninety-day license suspension can fairly be viewed as remedial inasmuch as it is rationally related to the apprehended danger and the potential harm. That is, the State could reasonably conclude from the petitioner‘s ... arrest alone that preservation of public safety warranted a breathing spell (in a temporary, ninety-day cancellation of driving privileges).” Id.
Although the sanctions under Ohio‘s statute are potentially longer than ninety days, the First Circuit noted that even longer, “durationally rigid restrictions, although they bear the sting of punishment from the recipient‘s perspective,” plainly serve government‘s interest in preventing future harm. Id. (noting cases involving two- and five-year occupational bans). Similarly, the Fourth Circuit has stated that “if a civil sanction serves a remedial purpose, the duration of the sanction does not necessarily make it punishment.” United States v. Imngren, 98 F.3d 811, 816 (4th Cir.1996).
Both the First and Fourth Circuits determined that the administrative license suspensions at issue were remedial, not punitive, in nature. The decisions of our sister circuits and the district court here are consistent with our conclusions as governed by the Supreme Court‘s decision in Hudson.
Petitioners have not shown by the clearest proof that prosecution under
V.
We conclude that administrative license suspension under