669 N.W.2d 862 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2003
HERALD COMPANY, INC., d/b/a Grand Rapids Press, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
TAX TRIBUNAL and Tax Tribunal Chairman, Defendant-Appellants, and
City of Grand Rapids, Defendant.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*865 Butzel Long (by Dawn Phillips Hertz), Ann Arbor, for the plaintiff.
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Thomas Quasarano, Assistant Attorney General, for the defendants.
Before: DONOFRIO, P.J., and SAAD and OWENS, JJ. *863
*864 DONOFRIO, P.J.
Defendants[1] the Michigan Tax Tribunal (MTT) and its chairman, appeal as of right an order denying defendants' motion for summary disposition, an order granting a motion by plaintiff, Herald Company, Inc., for summary disposition, and an order denying defendants' motion for reconsideration, and awarding plaintiff attorney fees for a violation of the Open Meetings Act (OMA), M.C.L. § 15.261 et seq. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
In 1996, the Amway Hotel Corporation (Amway) challenged its property tax assessment by the city of Grand Rapids before the MTT. This case arose when plaintiff, the local newspaper, brought an action in the circuit court alleging violations of the OMA through application of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), M.C.L. § 15.231 et seq., involving Amway's tax assessment case before defendants. During the discovery phase of that action, the MTT hearing referee issued a protective order holding Amway's financial information confidential. The protective order covered,
[a]ny and all financial data or information... including but not limited to assets and liabilities, income and expenses, cash-flows, acquisition costs for all or any part of such property, projections and proforma statements, regardless of by whom prepared, room rates and rates or prices for other goods and services rendered by [Amway] on or from the property.
Defendants' hearing referee made no inquiry into the confidential nature of items designated under the protective order, but allowed Amway and the city of Grand Rapids to stipulate and designate as confidential any document on which they agreed. The protective order was self-limiting regarding the admissibility of evidence, and by its own language further provided that its issuance alone was not a consideration in a subsequent confidentiality determination.
At the hearing before defendants, Amway requested that defendants close the hearing when there was testimony identified by the parties as confidential under the protective order. The referee complied with the request when stipulated confidential information was involved, and conducted closed sessions of the tribunal. The referee explained that the information stipulated by the parties as confidential was not required by law, was exempt from the FOIA, and therefore, subject to a closed session hearing by exemption under the OMA.
Because plaintiff was excluded from the tax hearing and was unable to obtain the hearing's exhibits, plaintiff sought declaratory and injunctive relief in the circuit court regarding defendants' alleged violations of the OMA and against the city of Grand Rapids for alleged violations of the FOIA.[2] The facts were not in dispute and *866 the parties brought cross-motions for summary disposition. The trial court denied defendants' motion for summary disposition and granted plaintiff's motion for summary disposition, except for its request for injunctive relief. The court held that the underlying tax case was adjudicatory in nature,[3] and that the information kept confidential was not for use in developing governmental policy. Therefore, the FOIA, M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f), did not exempt the information from disclosure, and there was no basis for holding a closed session under the OMA, M.C.L. § 15.268(h). The trial court further concluded that defendants violated the separation and description section of the FOIA, M.C.L. § 15.244. A successor judge denied defendants' motions for reconsideration and clarification, and awarded fees and costs to plaintiff. This appeal followed.
Defendants first argue that the trial court refused to consider defendants' motion for reconsideration and clarification merely because the court did not want to review an opinion and order issued by a predecessor judge. We disagree. We review a trial court's denial of a motion for reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. In re Beglinger Trust, 221 Mich.App. 273, 279, 561 N.W.2d 130 (1997). The movant must show that the trial court made a palpable error and that a different disposition would result from correction of the error. MCR 2.119(F)(3). Moreover, a motion for reconsideration that merely presents the same issues already ruled on by the court generally will not be granted. Id.
After reviewing the record, we find that defendants' motion for reconsideration did not raise any error that misled the court or the parties, but rather questioned the trial court's reasoning and its decisions on issues of law already decided by the court. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied reconsideration of these issues. In re Beglinger Trust, supra at 279, 561 N.W.2d 130.
Next, defendants argue that they properly closed the tax assessment hearing to protect the confidentiality of information under the protective order. A trial court's grant of summary disposition is reviewed de novo to determine whether the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). Further, because this issue also raises a question of statutory interpretation, we will review it de novo. Yaldo v. North Pointe Ins. Co., 457 Mich. 341, 344, 578 N.W.2d 274 (1998). We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court's decision whether to invalidate a decision made in violation of the OMA. Nicholas v. Meridian Charter Twp. Bd., 239 Mich.App. 525, 533-534, 609 N.W.2d 574 (2000).
"[T]he purpose of the OMA is to promote governmental accountability by facilitating public access to official decision making and to provide a means through which the general public may better understand issues and decisions of public concern." Kitchen v. Ferndale City Council, 253 Mich.App. 115, 125, 654 N.W.2d 918 (2002), citing Booth Newspapers, Inc. v. Univ. of Michigan Bd. of Regents, 444 Mich. 211, 231, 507 N.W.2d 422 (1993). Similarly, with regard to the FOIA, Michigan public policy declares that all persons except prisoners are entitled to complete *867 information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent them so that they may fully participate in the democratic process. M.C.L. § 15.231(2); Herald Co. v. Bay City, 463 Mich. 111, 118, 614 N.W.2d 873 (2000). "[I]t is clear and indisputable that the OMA and the FOIA have a common purpose, manifesting this state's public policy favoring public access to government information...." Kitchen, supra at 125, 654 N.W.2d 918.
On appeal, defendants specifically argue that the application of an FOIA exemption, M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f), discharged them from holding an open meeting under the OMA, M.C.L. § 15.268(h).[4] The OMA provides that a public body may meet in a closed session "[t]o consider material exempt from discussion or disclosure by state or federal statute." M.C.L. § 15.268(h). Defendants assert that the FOIA, specifically M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f), provided the basis for nondisclosure of the financial information at issue because the material was for use by defendants in developing governmental policy, and therefore, they properly closed the meeting pursuant to the OMA. M.C.L. § 15.268(h). M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f) states, in pertinent part:
(1) A public body may exempt from disclosure as a public record under this act any of the following:
* * *
(f) Trade secrets or commercial or financial information voluntarily provided to an agency for use in developing governmental policy if:
(i) The information is submitted upon a promise of confidentiality by the public body.
(ii) The promise of confidentiality is authorized by the chief administrative officer of the public body or by an elected official at the time the promise is made.
(iii) A description of the information is recorded by the public body within a reasonable time after it has been submitted, maintained in a central place within the public body, and made available to a person upon request. This subdivision does not apply to information submitted as required by law or as a condition of receiving a governmental contract, license, or other benefit. [Emphasis added.]
To further the purpose of the OMA, its requirements are interpreted broadly and its exemptions are interpreted narrowly. Booth Newspapers, Inc, supra at 223, 507 N.W.2d 422. With this in mind, we find that the underlying tax assessment challenge was simply a tax determination involving a single taxpayer, lacking the policy-making potential contemplated by the Legislature in drafting this exemption to the FOIA. M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f). Since the individual tax determination did not involve the development of governmental policy, M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f) did not apply. Ultimately, defendants' errant reliance on M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f) of the FOIA as the basis for its refusal to disclose the requested documents also caused defendants to violate the OMA when the MTT closed the hearing on the basis of this exemption. For these reasons, we conclude that summary disposition in favor of the plaintiff was proper.
Significantly, in light of the proceedings before the MTT, we need to bring attention to the interplay of the procedural *868 requirements in the FOIA and the OMA. Section 14 of the FOIA provides:
(1) If a public record contains material which is not exempt under section 13, as well as material which is exempt from disclosure under section 13, the public body shall separate the exempt and nonexempt material and make the nonexempt material available for examination and copying.
(2) When designing a public record, a public body shall, to the extent practicable, facilitate a separation of exempt from nonexempt information. If the separation is readily apparent to a person requesting to inspect or receive copies of the form, the public body shall generally describe the material exempted unless that description would reveal the contents of the exempt information and thus defeat the purpose of the exemption. [M.C.L. § 15.244.]
Section 7 of the OMA provides:
(1) ... the purpose or purposes for calling the closed session shall be entered into the minutes [the record] of the meeting.... [M.C.L. § 15.267.]
Section 9 of the OMA provides:
(1) Each public body shall keep minutes [the record] of each meeting showing... any decisions made at a meeting open to the public, and the purpose or purposes for which a closed session is held. [M.C.L. § 15.269.]
These statutes mandate that the public body separate exempt and nonexempt material, describe where practicable the exempt material, make the nonexempt material available, and state on the record the purpose of the closed session before initiating the closed session. When applied to the MTT, the plain language of these statutes instruct that when faced with FOIA exempt material as applied to the OMA, the MTT must state on the record those documents it deems exempt under the FOIA together with the associated FOIA exemption justifying the document's nondisclosure, describe those documents unless description would defeat the purpose of the nondisclosure, and complete this process on the record in open session before conducting the closed hearing. M.C.L. § 15.244(1)-(2); M.C.L. § 15.267(1); M.C.L. § 15.268(h); M.C.L. § 15.269(1).
The Michigan Chamber of Commerce and the Grand Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce appeared as amici curiae before the trial court, raising the issue of potential loss of confidentiality during an appeal to the MTT after confidentiality is initially granted to the taxpayer at the assessment level. The amici argued that, "[e]ven when no judge is involved, looking over the government's shoulder, the taxing authority must keep confidential the kind of information that is at issue here." M.C.L. § 211.23 contemplates the unlawful use of information supplied to a tax assessor and states specifically:
All the statements herein required to be made and received by the supervisor or assessor shall be filed by him, and shall be presented to the board of review hereinafter provided for, or provided for in any act incorporating any village or city, for the use of said board, and after the assessment is reviewed and completed by such board of review, all of the statements shall be deposited in the office of the township or city clerk, and shall be preserved until after the next assessment is made and completed, after which they may be destroyed upon the order of the township board or city or village council, but no such statement shall be used for any other purpose except the making of an assessment for taxes as herein provided, or for enforcing the provisions of this act, and any officer or person who shall *869 make or allow to be made wilfully or knowingly, any other or unlawful use of any such statement, shall be liable to the person making such statement for all damages resulting from such unauthorized or unlawful use of such statement. All the statements received by the supervisor or assessor shall be made available to the county tax or equalization department mandatorily established under section 34 of this act and use of such statements by such county tax or equalization department shall be deemed a use for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of this act. [Emphasis added.]
We agree that it is disingenuous to grant a taxpayer confidentiality at the assessment level and then to revoke that confidentiality when the taxpayer appeals a tax determination before the MTT. The MTT, by its own rule, is bound by the Michigan Rules of Court, as well as by §§ 71-87 of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), M.C.L. § 24.201 et seq., in all cases and proceedings before it whenever an applicable tax tribunal rule does not exist on the subject. TTR 205.1111. MCR 2.302(C) provides that
[o]n motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery is sought, and on reasonable notice and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending may issue any order that justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including one of the following orders:
* * *
(8) that a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information not be disclosed or be disclosed only in a designated way....
Additionally, M.C.L. § 24.273 of the APA states in pertinent part, that,
[a]n agency authorized by statute to issue subpoenas, when a written request is made by a party in a contested case, shall issue subpoenas forthwith requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence including books, records, correspondence and documents in their possession or under their control. On written request, the agency shall revoke a subpoena if the evidence, the production of which is required, does not relate to a matter in issue, or if the subpoena does not describe with sufficient particularity the evidence the production of which is required, or if for any other reason sufficient in law the subpoena is invalid.... [Emphasis added.]
We believe that these two rules work in concert to provide a party in a matter before the MTT an opportunity to seek a protective order to protect confidential information. We refer to the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, M.C.L. § 445.1901 et seq. to provide us with a workable definition of what might be considered confidential information, i.e., a "trade secret." M.C.L. § 445.1902(d) defines a "trade secret"[5] as
[i]nformation, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process, that is both of the following:
(i) Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being *870 generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use.
(ii) Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
In the case at bar, the parties stipulated and designated as confidential certain documents without any review by defendants' hearing referee. The parties did not request a confidentiality determination before the hearing referee pursuant to MCR 2.302(C)(8) or M.C.L. § 24.273 separate and distinct from the asserted FOIA exemption. Had the MTT been confronted with a confidentiality request, it would have had to determine the scope and breadth of confidentiality when deciding whether to issue a protective order, in much the same manner as an FOIA exemption, before going into closed session.
Defendants next assert that the trial court failed to address defendants' right to reenact a disputed decision in conformity with the OMA. M.C.L. § 15.270(5) authorizes defendants to reenact the disputed decision in conformity with the OMA at defendants' discretion. Thus, a deficiency in the procedure may not render a decision made during a session invalid if the public body duly reenacts and corrects the procedural omission. However, reenactment is unavailable as a remedy when the decision of the public body is not challenged. Reenactment is limited to those situations and cases where "an action has been initiated to invalidate a decision of the public body...." Id. Here, it is the procedure utilized by defendants in arriving at the tax decision that plaintiff challenges and not the decision itself. Defendants do not claim that they reenacted any decision to remedy their nonconformity with the OMA. Defendants neither state how or why the trial court erred, nor do they discuss or provide any supporting authority that the OMA compels the trial court to act. Id. Therefore, we find no error.
Defendants also argue that the trial court confused the OMA and the FOIA in its opinion and order. After reviewing the lower court record, including the trial court's opinion and order, we find no error. The trial court properly held that defendants inappropriately applied M.C.L. § 15.243(1)(f) and failed to follow the procedural requirements of the FOIA, M.C.L. § 15.244, when defendants invoked the FOIA exemption. Because defendants closed a public meeting on the basis of an inapplicable FOIA exemption and also applied inappropriate procedures under the FOIA, each instance of defendants' violation of the FOIA, in turn, created a corresponding violation of the OMA. Admittedly, while there are clerical errors in the trial court's opinion, we find it clear enough that a reasonable person would not have to guess at its meaning. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court's order was correct on the merits and we will not disturb it.
Finally, defendants raise several issues regarding the trial court's imposition of fees and costs on defendants. When the imposition of attorney fees is mandatory upon the finding of a violation of law, this Court reviews for clear error the trial court's finding that the law has been violated. Contel Sys. Corp. v. Gores, 183 Mich.App. 706, 710-711, 455 N.W.2d 398 (1990). A decision is clearly erroneous when the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. In re Costs & Attorney Fees, 250 Mich.App. 89, 94, 645 N.W.2d 697 (2002).
Defendants contend that both proof of injury and a grant of injunctive *871 relief are prerequisites for the recovery of attorney fees under the OMA. The OMA provides that if relief is obtained in an action against a public body for violating the OMA, that relief shall include "court costs and actual attorney fees." M.C.L. § 15.271(4). The plain language of the statute simply states that plaintiff need only "succeed[ ] in obtaining relief in the action" in order to recover court costs and attorney fees. Id. Contrary to defendants' assertions, neither proof of injury nor issuance of an injunction is a prerequisite for the recovery of attorney fees under the OMA. Id.; Nicholas, supra at 534-535, 609 N.W.2d 574. The trial court did not clearly err in awarding fees. Contel Sys Corp, supra at 710-711, 455 N.W.2d 398.
Defendants further contend that they should not have to pay attorney fees associated with plaintiff's dealings with the former codefendants. The trial court's determination regarding the reasonableness of an attorney fee is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Morris v. Detroit, 189 Mich.App. 271, 279, 472 N.W.2d 43 (1991). An abuse of discretion occurs when the result is so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences a perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or the exercise of passion or bias. Dep't of Transportation v. Randolph, 461 Mich. 757, 768, 610 N.W.2d 893 (2000).
Our review of the record, including the initial complaint in this matter, reveals that separate causes of action were pursued against each defendant. The action against the city of Grand Rapids concerned an FOIA violation. This action was later settled and the city of Grand Rapids was dismissed from the action and is not a party to this appeal. The litigation in the matter involving defendants was for a violation of the OMA. The trial court did not hold a hearing to determine reasonable attorney fees and costs, but merely accepted plaintiff's rendition of total fees and costs for the entire litigation. We conclude that this was error. It was incumbent upon the trial court, in its fact-finding role, to conduct a hearing to determine the appropriate amount of attorney fees and costs owed in accordance with the OMA, excluding those fees associated with the FOIA defendant, the city of Grand Rapids.
We are bound by the plain language of the OMA, which explicitly provides for recovery only against the "public body" that failed to comply with the OMA. M.C.L. § 15.271(4). The OMA makes no mention of codefendants that are not public bodies. Because the plain and ordinary language of the statute is clear, judicial construction is neither necessary nor permitted. Sun Valley Foods Co. v. Ward, 460 Mich. 230, 236, 596 N.W.2d 119 (1999). We decline to extend the application of M.C.L. § 15.271(4) to require defendants to pay attorney fees associated with plaintiff's dealings with codefendants who were not sued under the OMA. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding attorney fees related to the other defendant, rather than directing that defendants reimburse plaintiff for those fees and costs incurred directly in conjunction with obtaining relief in the instant case in accordance with M.C.L. § 15.271(4). Morris, supra at 279, 472 N.W.2d 43.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
OWENS, J., concurred.
SAAD, J.
I concur in result only.
NOTES
[1] In the interests of efficiency and clarity, references to "defendants" in this opinion refer to the Michigan Tax Tribunal and the tribunal's chairman unless otherwise specified.
[2] The city of Grand Rapids, an FOIA defendant, and Amway, an intervening defendant, were parties at various times before the trial court. Pursuant to settlements, they were separately dismissed.
[3] The MTT acts under the jurisdiction of the Department of Treasury and does not implicate the judiciary. M.C.L. § 205.721.
[4] There is no dispute that defendant MTT is a public body subject to both the OMA and the FOIA.
[5] We note that in actions specifically brought under the Uniform Trade Secrets Act,
a court shall preserve the secrecy of an alleged trade secret by reasonable means, which may include granting protective orders in connection with discovery proceedings, holding in camera hearings, sealing the records of the action, and ordering any person involved in the litigation not to disclose an alleged trade secret without prior court approval. [M.C.L. § 445.1906.]