185 N.W.2d 383 | Mich. | 1971
HENSON
v.
VETERANS CAB CO. OF FLINT
Supreme Court of Michigan.
Leitson, Dean, Dean, Segar & Hart, P.C., for plaintiffs.
Howard C. Fisher, for defendant Veterans Cab Co. of Flint.
T.E. BRENNAN, J.
In this automobile negligence case, plaintiffs recovered a verdict in the amount of $12,500, and defendant Cab Company sought judgment notwithstanding the verdict or a new trial, both of which were denied. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed and remanded for a new trial on the ground that the trial judge had improperly restricted defendant's cross-examination of plaintiff. The pertinent portion of the trial transcript is as follows:
"Q. Now, when you entered the hospital, you were asked a number of questions by the personnel of the hospital, were you not?
"A. Yes, yes.
"Q. And in answer to the questions, did you explain to the hospital attendants that you had suffered *490 from chronic back pains ever since you were a child, and that this pain radiated up and down your spine?
"Mr. Abram: All right. Okay, your Honor. I am going to ask that the jury be excused. I'm sorry.
"The Court: Ladies and gentlemen, I think it's about time for a recess anyhow. Remember, don't talk about the case amongst yourselves or anyone. We haven't heard all the evidence yet. So take a short recess, please.
"(Whereupon the jury retired to its quarters, and the following proceedings were held outside its presence and hearing.)
"Mr. Abram: Your Honor, at this time, and despite the efforts and time that we have spent on this case, I'm going to move for a mistrial. I'm going to move for a mistrial for this reason: Mr. Fisher has a record there that he's been trying to get into the evidence, and improperly, during this whole trial. Dr. Gutow was on the stand and he asked Dr. Gutow if he made an entry if he ever entered that. He said no. He could have shown it to him and then he could have explained it. He didn't do it. Now Mr. Fisher picks that record up and is reading from it like it was in evidence in front of the jury. I think that is improper evidence. The jury thinks it's part of the evidence.
"The Court: No, they don't, Mr. Abram. I can understand, and I do.
"And, Mr. Fisher, I am really surprised at you. Throughout this whole trial you have been pulling some grandstand plays. You have been in every way attempting to put in things where I have repeatedly told you not to.
"However, this is the fourth day of the trial, and I'm going to take your motion under advisement.
"Mr Abram: Thank you.
"The Court: I think this is a terrible, terrible waste of the jury's time, of the lawyer's time and of this Court's to not permit this to go to the jury.
*491 "But, Mr. Fisher, this is the last time, and the last time that I intend to permit you to do what you have been doing.
"Mr. Fisher: If the Court please, I submit that this is cross-examination and I contend it's proper. I have asked a question
"The Court: She doesn't know who wrote that or what they put down.
"Let me just ask you one question, Mrs. Henson. Was that paper ever shown to you by the person who took it down
"The Witness: No.
"The Court: All right. so that you could make any corrections or additions?
"The Witness: No.
"The Court: All right.
"Mr. Fisher: Well, if the Court please, naturally this paper couldn't be shown to her. This was
"The Court: All right, Mr. Fisher, you get the person who took that down in here as a witness so that they can be properly cross-examined. Then you might be able to start cross-examining Mrs. Henson on it. Now, that's the proper way of doing it. You get the person who actually wrote that down there so that it gives your opposition an opportunity to cross-examine that particular person. And then, when you have laid that foundation, then and only then can you then question Mrs. Henson on it.
"We will take a short recess.
"(Short recess.)
"(Whereupon the following proceedings were resumed within the presence and hearing of the jury.)
"The Court: May I just inquire. You have one more witness, Mr. Henson; is that right, or how many?
"Mr. Abram: Two more witnesses, your Honor.
"The Court: Oh, two more.
"Mr. Fisher: No other questions.
"The Court: You may proceed, Mr.
"Mr. Fisher: No other questions, your Honor.
*492 "Mrs. McKenna: I want to question.
"The Court: You may.
"Mrs. McKenna: Thank you.
"The Court: You are through cross-examining, Mr. Fisher?
"Mr. Fisher: Yes.
"The Court: All right." (Emphasis added.)
Plaintiffs-appellants urge in this Court that the action of the trial judge in preventing defendant's counsel from cross-examining plaintiff in the manner attempted, if error, was not prejudicial, and that defendant had the obligation to seek and to make a separate record of the matter sought to be proven by the excluded cross-examination. Defendant points to GCR 1963, 604, which provides as follows:
"If an objection to a question propounded to a witness is sustained by the court, the examining attorney may make a specific offer of what he expects to prove by the answer of the witness, or by leave of court, may examine the witness in relation thereto. The court may require the offer to be made or the testimony taken out of the hearing of the jury. The court may add such other or further statement as clearly shows the character of the evidence, the form in which it was offered, the objection made and the ruling thereon."
Defendant-appellee contends that Rule 604 does not apply to cross-examination, pointing out that the cross-examiner often does not know what the answer to his question will be, and it is, therefore, unreasonable to expect a cross-examiner to make a specific offer of what he expects to prove by the answer of the witness.
At common law, the party complaining of any ruling of the court on a matter of law or procedure during the process of the trial must take an exception *493 thereto in order to secure the right to have the propriety of such ruling reviewed on appeal or writ of error. 3 Am Jur, Appeal and Error, § 272, pp 47, 48. In Michigan, the need for formal exception to a court ruling was abolished by statute, CL 1948, § 618.60 (Stat Ann § 27.1040), which read as follows:
"Sec. 60. It shall not be necessary in the trial of any action or proceeding in any court of record, to except to any ruling or action of the court, if an objection thereto was duly made, but an exception shall be deemed to follow as a matter of course, and it shall not be necessary to except in any case to the charge of the court to the jury, or to the refusal of the court to charge as requested; but any party considering himself aggrieved by any such ruling, action, charge or refusal to charge, may assign errors the same as if exception had been made according to the practice heretofore in use."
This statutory provision was repealed at the time of the adoption of the Revised Judicature Act in 1963. In its place, this Court adopted GCR 1963, 507.5, providing as follows:
".5 Exceptions Unnecessary. Formal exceptions to rulings or orders of the court are unnecessary. It is sufficient that a party, at the time of [sic] the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which he desires the court to take or his objection to the action of the court and his grounds therefor; and, if a party has no opportunity to object to a ruling or order at the time it is made, the absence of the objection does not thereafter prejudice him."
Also bearing on the question is GCR 1963, 529.1. It provides:
".1 Harmless Error. No error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and no error or *494 defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the court or by any of the parties is ground for granting a new trial or for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modifying, or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice. The court at every stage of the proceeding shall construe these rules to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action so as to avoid the consequences of any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties."
Reading these three rules together,[*] we conclude that a party seeking reversal of the trial court's order denying a new trial has the burden in the appellate court of showing (1) that the ruling was erroneous, (2) that he opposed the ruling and contended for a proper ruling, and (3) that the erroneous ruling was prejudicial, so that the denial of his request for a new trial would be inconsistent with substantial justice.
In the discharge of this responsibility, counsel are aided by the permissive provisions of Rule 604. Whether on direct or cross-examination, an offer of proof or a request to make a separate record will serve to show that counsel opposed the court's ruling and contended for a proper ruling. Where the record does not show that the error was prejudicial, the reviewing court will not presume prejudice. The burden is on the appellant to show prejudice.
The principles thus stated are not so easily applied to the case at hand. The question which defendant's attorney asked and which he claims he was not permitted to pursue was as follows:
"Q. [By Mr. Fisher] And in answer to the questions, did you explain to the hospital attendants that *495 you had suffered from chronic back pains ever since you were a child, and that this pain radiated up and down your spine?"
Plaintiff had alleged as damages that she suffered an injury to her back. The nature and extent of her pre-existing back problems, if any, were certainly in issue, and there could be no question of counsel's right to inquire into her prior history or back pain. Moreover, there would be no doubt of counsel's right to inquire whether on a previous occasion the plaintiff had made an extrajudicial admission on the subject of her back condition.
If we were dealing with a simple objection to the question propounded, and a ruling of the trial court sustaining that objection, it may well be argued that, the question being proper and relevant, prejudice in its exclusion is apparent on the record.
The Court of Appeals treated the matter in precisely that way.
But this is not such a case. Plaintiffs' counsel did not object to the question. Rather, he asked that the jury be excused, and in their absence moved for a mistrial.
Plaintiffs' counsel claimed that defendant's counsel was while asking the cited question reading from a hospital record. That hospital record had been admitted in evidence at a pre-trial conference, but not in its entirety. Excluded from the jury's consideration, were those portions of the hospital record which were inadmissible as not being within the purview of the business entries exception to the hearsay rule. Valenti v. Mayer (1942), 301 Mich 551, Case v. Vearrindy (1954), 339 Mich 579, and other Michigan decisions hold this to be the proper procedure when hospital records are admitted in evidence under MCLA § 600.2146 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.2146).
*496 The substance of plaintiffs' request for a mistrial was therefore, that irrespective of the propriety of defendant's question, the manner in which he asked the question was calculated to convey to the jury the impression that the hospital record contained evidence that Mrs. Henson had in fact made the statement contained in counsel's leading question.
As a general rule, a witness may not be cross-examined as to the contents of a written document which is not produced, or which, although marked for identification, has not been offered in evidence. 58 Am Jur, Witnesses, § 643, p 356.
Certainly, the rule would apply with greater force where the subject of the cross-examination is a specially excluded portion of a documentary exhibit.
The trial judge denied plaintiffs' motion for mistrial. In doing so, she made clear to the defendant's attorney that further effort to cross-examine Mrs. Henson upon the excluded portions of the hospital record, would not be permitted.
When the jury reconvened, defendant's counsel might well have laid the offending exhibit aside and restated his last question to Mrs. Henson. That question was never objected to, and it cannot be supposed that the trial court would have prevented counsel from pursuing proper cross-examination in the absence of improper display of the hospital record.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the order of the trial court, denying defendant's motion for a new trial, is affirmed. Costs to plaintiffs-appellants.
T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., and ADAMS, SWAINSON and WILLIAMS, JJ., concurred with T.E. BRENNAN, J.
BLACK, J. (concurring in result).
Two questions posed by the defending cross-examiner caused all *497 these trial and appellate misadventures.[1] The dual questions, and the direct examiner's response which led to the summary hearing at chambers, follow:
"Q. Now, when you entered the hospital, you were asked a number of questions by the personnel of the hospital, were you not?
"A. Yes, yes.
"Q. And in answer to the questions, did you explain to the hospital attendants that you had suffered from chronic back pains ever since you were a child, and that this pain radiated up and down your spine?
"Mr. Abram: All right. Okay, your Honor. I am going to ask that the jury be excused. I'm sorry."
Then came the at-chambers motion by plaintiffs' counsel for an order of mistrial, and the rather abrupt and admonitory proceedings Justice BRENNAN has recorded. The appellate difficulty is that the record fails to disclose that counsel asked leave to make, either a separate record of whatever cross-examination he had in mind or an offer of proof. And it fails to disclose any objection to the trial judge's manifestly arbitrary take-over of whatever cross-interrogation of the witness-plaintiff as was then rightly due, after the judge told her what to say.
Returning now to the courtroom, when the jury was present and the quoted questions were put to the witness-plaintiff: If as alleged the cross-examiner had in flourishing hand some document he proposed to employ, his second question was quite out of order. The record does not disclose that the document in hand had been marked for identification. It fails to show that the document had been *498 signed or otherwise attested by the witness.[2] It fails to reveal that the document had been shown to the witness, prior to the two beginning questions, and fails to inform that counsel was aiming other than at the making up of a foundation for the introduction of impeaching testimony (by some hospital attendant or attendants).
First: We should not forget that the rule laid down in People v. Dellabonda (1933), 265 Mich 486, 508, is still the law; also that it appears high time that a few counsel and perhaps a few trial judges be apprised of that fact. The rule (Dellabonda at 508):
"This court is firmly committed to the doctrine of Queen's Case [1820], 2 Brod. & Bing. 284, 286 (129 Eng. Repr. 976), which case is the basis of the rule stated in 1 Greenleaf on Evidence (16th Ed.), § 463, that it would be unfair to cross-examine a witness as to the contents of a writing made by him until the jury were informed of the precise contents of the writing, and thus warned against assuming contradictions that do not really exist and which would also be unfair to the witness because he may have explanations which would not occur to him until his memory had been refreshed by hearing the paper read. Lightfoot v. People [1868], 16 Mich. 507; Hamilton v. People [1874], 29 Mich. 195; Toohey v. Plummer [1888], 69 Mich. 345; DeMay v. Roberts [1881], 46 Mich. 160 (41 Am. Rep. 154)."
Second: As suggested above, counsel's second question was objectionable for another reason. The question failed to comply or hint at beginning compliance *499 with that rule which, as far back as 1875, was laid down in De Armond v. Neasmith, 32 Mich 231, 232 and expounded later sua sponte in Rice v. Rice (1895), 104 Mich 371. To quote Rice at 378, 379:
"In view of a new trial, we deem it proper to remark that the proper method of impeachment by proving contradictory statements was not pursued in this case. Time, place, and person must be fixed by the impeaching question. The language which it is claimed the witness used must be given, and he asked if he used it. The same question, so far as the language is concerned, must then be asked of the impeaching witness. De Armond v. Neasmith [1875], 32 Mich. 231. In this case Mrs. Owens was asked to state the conversation she had with Mrs. Rice at the time and place fixed in the impeaching question. As already shown, she introduced other matter, about which no inquiry had been made of Mrs. Rice. In De Armond v. Neasmith it is said:
"`When an attempt is made to impeach a witness, there should be no reasonable doubt but that the questions asked the impeaching witness and the witness sought to be impeached are one and the same. It is so easy for witnesses to misunderstand each other, or to forget what was really said, that there should be no chance for dispute in this respect. Fairness to both requires this.'
"The unfairness of the opposite course is well illustrated in this case. It is fair to remark that no objection to the course pursued was made."[3]
I would reverse and remand for entry of judgment affirming the judgment of the trial court, and for an award of costs to plaintiff.
*500 Although it will amount to mere dicta supported by but one Justice, I too "deem it proper to remark" a bit concerning this at-chambers hearing.
It may be that counsel was intimidated by the trial judge, and thus prevented from making a record of his complaints for possible review thereof. Such at least was the conveyed sense of his oral argument, in response to questions presented from the bench. Accepting the fact as alleged for discussional purposes, it was nonetheless the duty of counsel to insist courteously on his absolute right to make in our courts of record whatever record he conceives necessary to protect the rights of his client and, if that should be denied, then to make the desired record by putting it in writing and, having attested it with the effect provided by GCR 1963, 114.2, by filing it (or tendering it for filing) in the clerk's office as a part of the court's record of the action in trial. That was not done here, hence this reluctant vote to reverse and remand.
T.G. KAVANAGH, J., did not sit in this case.
NOTES
[*] GCR 1963, 604, 507.5, 529.1.
[1] See the opinion of Division 2 (16 Mich App 219), holding that defense counsel was unduly restricted in his right of cross-examination. I find that no such question was raised and saved for review.
[2] See Justice COOLEY, writing in the Van Steinburg case (1868) 17 Mich 99, 108, 109:
"The circuit judge, I think, was right in ruling out the question put to the plaintiff, on cross-examination, as to what he knew about a statement of some sort, which counsel held in his hand, and which was in no manner brought home, either to the plaintiff, or to anybody else."
[3] For former Attorney General and later Justice Potter's detail of this rule, see Potter, Michigan Evidence Civil and Criminal (1920), § 318, "Laying the Foundation for Proof of Inconsistent Statements.", pp 528-530.