96 So. 698 | Ala. | 1923
The former appeal is reported as Henry et al. v. Ide et al.,
The submission of complainants for decree was on the "motion for the appointment of a receiver pendente lite," and the decree of the lower court thereon, in the appointment of a receiver, is not subject to the objection that final disposition of the rights of the parties had been adjudged other than as provided by law. When we consider the prayer of the bill with the averments of the petition for receiver, the decree thereon "in accordance with the prayer of this petition," and the submission for decree on pleading and proof "as noted by the register," we are of opinion that the appointment of receiver was pendente lite. It will be so treated in reviewing the action of the lower court in rendition of the decree from which the appeal is taken.
The general principles or rules underlying the appointment of, or the denying of an application for, a receiver are stated by Judge Freeman in his notes to Cameron v. Groveland Improvement Company, 72 Am. St. Rep. 26, 33. He declared of the exercise of this power:
"The appointment of a receiver is not a matter of right. The court acts only upon a proper case being made out for the exercise of its jurisdiction, according to well-established principles. It is in that sense only that a receiver can be said to be ex debito justitiæ. The application for this appointment is addressed to the sound discretion of the court, and, while this proposition does not 'teach much,' it is gathered from the authorities that the discretion is not arbitrary or absolute, but is a sound and judicial discretion, taking into account all the circumstances of the case, exercised for the purpose of promoting the ends of justice and of protecting the rights of all the parties interested in the controversy and subject-matter, and based upon the fact that there is no other adequate remedy or means of accomplishing the desired objects of the judicial proceeding. Furthermore, this discretion is to be exercised with great caution and circumspection, and only in cases where there is fraud or spoliation, or *369 imminent danger of the loss of the property, if the immediate possession should not be taken by the court."
Among the many cases cited by this eminent authority is Ft. Payne, etc., Co. v. Ft. Payne Coal Iron Co.,
"We do not announce what would be our ruling, if it were shown that the governing body and management were acting faithlessly, or were wasting or destroying the property of the corporation. The present bill fails to show such is the case."
In this jurisdiction the general rules declared for the appointment of a receiver are: (1) That resort to that remedy can only be had in extreme cases; or (2) "where it appears that without it the plaintiff will sustain irreparable loss;" and (3) "a receiver should not be appointed at any stage of the proceedings if any other remedy will afford adequate protection to the party applying." From such rules came the corollaries that to justify the appointment of a receiver in limine, before the decree upon the merits of the bill, (a) "a reasonable probability" must be shown "that the complainant will succeed ultimately in obtaining the general relief sought," and (b) that without such appointment in limine there is "imminent danger to the property, the subject of the suit." Hayes v. Jasper Land Co.,
In Birmingham Disinfectant Co. v. Smith,
The case of Hayes v. Jasper Land Co., supra, was considered by the court on former appeal, and, after reviewing many authorities, it is declared:
"It is recognized by all the authorities that the appointment of a receiver upon application of the minority stockholders is a power exercised with the greatest caution. Several of the authorities illustrating that this power should be exercised only in the plainest cases are found cited in the recent case of Dixie Lumber Co. v. Hellams,
See Henry v. Ide,
It will be noted of the Hayes Case, supra, that the court was considering the exercise of the lower court's discretion in refusing a receivership, while here it is considering the exercise of discretion by the lower court in granting receivership pendente lite. See, also, 4 Thompson on Corporations (2d Ed.) § 4622; 1 Foster's Federal Practice (4th Ed.) pp. 468, 469; Smith on Receivership, p. 359; Brent v. Brister Sawmill Co.,
In Howze v. Harrison,
"The chancery court will not, as a rule, appoint a receiver to take charge of a corporation and wind up its affairs except in case of insolvency. Edison v. Edison Phonograph Co.,
It is not necessary to again review the several authorities cited by the respective counsel. They were before this court and some of them were discussed on former appeal. However, it should be said that Ashurst v. Lehman, Durr Co.,
In Thompson v. Tower Mfg. Co.,
"It should be a strong case of emergency and peril, well fortified by affidavits, to authorize the appointment of a receiver without notice to the other party."
In Roman v. Woolfolk,
In Bank of Florence v. U.S. Savings Loan Co.,
"* * * A receiver may be appointed without notice to the defendant who is to be dispossessed of his property or assets, but the cases in which notice may be dispensed with, are exceptional. There must be shown a strong case of pressing emergency, rendering immediate interference necessary before there is time to give notice; or it must be shown that notice would jeopardize the delivery of the property over which the receivership is to be extended. Moritz v. Miller,
In the case of Etowah Mining Co. v. Wills Valley Mining
Mfg. Co.,
In Briarfield Iron Works v. Foster,
In the case of Bridgeport Development Co. v. Tritsch,
"Indeed, their attitude in this case is one of positive antagonism to any redress against the demands of the Park Bank. Constituting a majority of the board, as it now appears, and, of course, having the power to control its action, it would be idle for a stockholder to seek relief through them; and so involved as they are in interests adverse to the development company, and such their past management of its affairs, we are now of opinion that the court below properly assumed control of its assets."
And in the case of Ensley Development Co. v. Powell,
The former opinion rendered by Mr. Justice Gardner in the instant case, on appeal from a ruling on demurrer, is not in conflict with the foregoing authorities, which were considered on former appeal. All of them recognized that insolvency of a corporation is not the sole test for granting a receivership; that fraud and mismanagement in many cases will authorize or compel a court of equity, on due application therefor, to take the corporation out of the hands of a guilty directorate, if necessary to protect the properties or the rights of the minority stockholders. As stated in these decisions, a receiver should not be appointed at any stage of the proceedings if any other remedy will afford adequate protection to the party applying therefor. Hayes v. Jasper Land Co., supra. It is, then, a pertinent inquiry: Had the minority stockholders (the complainants) adequate and complete remedy other than by the appointment of the receiver pendente lite, as was done by the lower court after notice, a hearing of the application for the receiver on pleadings and proof, and a submission on the application for appointment of a receiver?
Under the proof, complainants are entitled to an accounting covering a long period, involving large sums of money, for grievous irregularities, mismanagement, and fraud of Greenleaf and Henry as concerned the rights of the minority stockholders. An accounting presupposes ascertainment by the decree of the rights and liabilities of the respective parties, which may be ascertained on bill and answer without the necessity of a cross-bill. Julian v. Woolbert,
It is undisputed that large items of contract, such as the purchase of cotton, have been conducted by the corporation through its managing agents. The facts shown amount to purchasing of or from such agent by the agent acting for the corporation and in an individual capacity. The books show what Greenleaf received from the corporation, but not, as they should, what Greenleaf paid for the cotton, and for what he resold it to the corporation, except in the instance of the W. L. Jones transaction, where it was shown that he had a benefit or beneficial interest in the transaction or in some of the cotton so purchased. An investigation will be necessary to be made as to items of interest, salaries, and the true status of the investments of the corporation in the Calhoun Land Iron Company, the Hillcrest Farm, and credits to Henry in that behalf, and other entries not fully and satisfactorily explained, in the affidavits of respondents. We are of the opinion that such an accounting without a receivership will be inadequate, and that, if the present management and financial policies of the corporation still obtain, complainants' remedy will otherwise be incomplete, and that receivership is necessary to prevent the funds of the corporation from being fraudulently dissipated or commingled with the individual transactions by said agents and respondents here.
The evidence is sufficient to convince us of Greenleaf's financial irresponsibility as against large demands which may be adjudged against him on final accounting. His assessment for taxation, within the county or state, is only a small sum, as compared with the amounts involved in his transactions with the corporation and in his individual capacity, and his holdings with the corporation are not sufficient to guarantee his response to such a personal decree as may be rendered against him.
Would, then, a decree against Mr. Henry be adequate, assuming that he is jointly liable with Greenleaf for the fraudulent conduct of mismanagement of the affairs of the corporation in representative capacity, and the fraudulent commingling and dissipation of its funds in the individual transactions, and the fraudulent conduct or maladministration of those in authority to obtain, at a nominal sum, the stock of the minority? His estate is that of a nonresident. Aside from such property as he owns in Alabama, suits in distant states may be necessary to realize on a money judgment against him. Greenleaf is shown to be the active agent in the direction of the affairs of the corporation, under the influence and direction of Mr. Henry or those interested in that behalf; and, if a receiver is not appointed pending the litigation, he, or some other partial agent, *372
in the light of the evidence, will continue so to act for the personal interests of Mr. Henry. It is not sufficient that there is joint liability between Greenleaf and Henry; and, if there is a decree of accounting, minority interests are not protected in this case by the lien of the corporation against the shares of the stockholder. Mobile Towing Wrecking Co. v. Hartwell,
The averments of the bill are of facts of mismanagement and deceit that amount to fraud when taken and considered as the policy of the Greenleaf and Henry management, and are specific; and the proof supports the same when the whole conduct of that management is taken and considered together. It is evidenced by the fact that, after Henry and Greenleaf had the active management of the corporation and its properties, the board of directors was reduced from nine to three, consisting of Chas. B. and Geo. E. Henry and W. I. Greenleaf, and later Mr. H. V. Weaver (the bookkeeper of the mills) succeeded Geo. E. Henry as director (and since the filing of the original bill it is shown by affidavits that the directorate is further changed to W. I. Greenleaf, vice president, H. V. Weaver, bookkeeper, and G. P. Few, superintendent of the mill); that such management was under the influence of Mr. Chas. B. Henry, and that it would be futile for the minority stockholders to apply to the corporation, or its managing and directing authorities, for relief. They are excused from making other or further effort to that source for relief; and, in resorting to the courts for an accounting and a full ascertainment of the affairs of the corporation as affects a fraudulent disposition and diversion of its properties from the corporate purposes and its mismanagement, the minority stockholders were taking a proper course.
There are averments and proof of large reduction of the amount of the stock, of the contemplated issue of a large amount of bonds of the corporation; the holding of its large assets in the shape of manufactured products (about $1,107,000 of yarns), which, if sold on usual markets would have supplied sufficient funds to discharge most, if not all, of the corporate indebtedness, and it would have not been necessary, to the extent of the value of such yarns, to have borrowed other funds for corporate purposes or to have issued bonds in the amounts contemplated by that directorate; the purchase on credit of large lots of cotton and raw material, the borrowing of large sums of money, and payment of high interest thereon to Henry; the disbursements of large sums to the officers of the corporation, Greenleaf and Henry (the latter holding a large part of the stock), in the form of salaries, without the same being theretofore fixed by authorized action of the board of directors; the credit of sums to the individual accounts of Henry and Greenleaf, and sums in the nature of interest on preferred stock in advance of its issue; the failure to pay dividends when other going corporations similarly situated in that locality of this state, and in other states, were earning and declaring dividends; the effort on the part of some of those having information and control of the affairs of the corporation in its active direction to purchase the stock of the minority shareholders at nominal sums, or at sums greatly less than its true value, and yet their refusal to sell their stock at 75 cents on the dollar; the failure to hold some of the stockholders' meetings at the time indicated, or the adjournment thereof to such dates as would make it impossible, or a great inconvenience, for those representing the minority to be present, or to remain over for such adjourned meetings; the frequent and prolonged absences of said officers, Henry and Greenleaf, from the active direction and conduct of the affairs of the corporation when their immediate presence and supervision thereof were required. All of these things not only show hostility between the interests of the majority and the minority stockholders, but, when taken together, show a unity of action on the part of the majority such as amounts to a fraud on the minority as affecting the value of their holdings in the corporation and the right of a reasonable return thereon to the reasonable value of their stock (Randle v. Winona Coal Co.,
The insistence was made, on former appeal, and it is now urged, that a receiver should not be appointed, since the insolvency of Greenleaf, Henry, and the corporation is not averred or proven, and, for that reason, an adequate remedy remains to the complainants for the recovery of amounts to which they may be entitled. The cases of Hayes v. Jasper Land Co. supra, Bridgeport Development Co. v. Tritsch, supra, and Etowah Mining Co. v. Wills Valley Mining Mfg. Co., supra were considered on former appeal, and the holding was that these authorities did not prevent such receivership (notwithstanding the failure to aver the insolvency of the corporation, or of the respondents) under the facts alleged, and a receivership may properly be granted. After quoting from Bridgeport Development Co. v. Tritsch, supra, in which Roman v. Woolfolk, supra, and Etowah Mining Co. v. Wills Valley Mining Mfg. Co., supra, are cited, it is said:
"Nor is this contention in keeping with the weight of authority, or supported by sound reasoning. The question of solvency, when discussed in this connection, relates, after all, only to the matter of the adequacy of the remedy at law. As to the respondent Greenleaf and Henry, however, Greenleaf is alleged to be insolvent, and he and Henry are nonresidents of the state. The nonresidence of Henry, though solvent, renders any remedy against him inadequate, and thus the contention resolves itself into the proposition that, the corporation being solvent, in no event should a receiver be appointed."
So, also, did this court consider on that appeal, under the second ground of demurrer relating to the feature of the bill seeking appointment of a receiver, that it was based upon the theory that insolvency of these respondents and the corporation was necessary to be averred to justify the appointment of a receiver in any case. Likewise the court had before it on former appeal (in addition to the foregoing authorities last indicated) the cases of Birmingham Disinfectant Co. v. Smith,
It may then be said to be settled by this and other authorities that, though the appointment of a receiver upon application by the minority stockholders is a power to be exercised with the greatest caution, and only in the plainest cases (Dixie Lumber Co. v. Hellams,
One cannot read this record without being impressed with the fact that there were maladministration and fraudulent purposes on the part of holders of the majority of shares in the corporation, and by those who constituted its directorate, to depress the stock and acquire that of the minority shareholders at a sum greatly less than its intrinsic value, and by withholding from them the true status of the corporation and the value of its stock. And, after a careful consideration of the pleading and proof, we agree with the announcement made on former appeal that this is a case for the appointment of a receiver in limine, although the corporation be not insolvent, and some of the nonresident directors and officers in control of the management of the corporation are not insolvent. Having no desire to depart from the announcement of the law on the facts averred in pleading on former appeal, we are of opinion that the evidence submitted supports and sustains the action of the trial court in the appointment of a receiver pendente lite.
It will not be necessary to discuss the evidence in detail, or to say anything that will embarrass a just and true accounting as to each contested item of account, or any act of management that is challenged. Such matters will more properly arise on accounting and final decree.
The appointment of a receiver rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge, subject to review for an abuse of that discretion. It is said that the exercise of this discretion will not be reversed, except in a clear case of abuse, nor when there is evidence which, when fairly considered, supports the judgment of the trial court. Ex parte Walker,
The judgment of the circuit court in equity is affirmed.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, C. J., and McCLELLAN and SOMERVILLE, JJ., concur. *374