[¶ 1] Birchwood Properties Limited Partnership, Breezy Shores, LLC, Bram-ley Properties Limited Partnership, Marcy’s, LLC, and O’Grady, LLC, (collectively referred to as “defendants”) appeal from a judgment entered after the district court found they had each breached property management agreements with Hendricks Property Management Corporation and awarded Hendricks Property Management $298,643 in liquidated damages. We conclude the district court did not err in deciding the defendants breached the property management agreements and the court’s findings of fact on the foundational requirements for a valid liquidated damages clause are not clearly erroneous. We affirm the judgment.
I
[¶ 2] In the late 1990s, Melvin Hendricks approached Scott Fridlund and Wynn Juran to sell his government subsidized housing units. Melvin Hendricks’ housing units had been managed by Hendricks Property Management, a management company owned by his son, Chuck Hendricks. Fridlund and Juran eventually purchased Melvin Hendricks’ housing units in 1999, which they subsequently operated as Birchwood Properties.
[¶ 3] Birchwood Properties executed a property management agreement with Hendricks Property Management, which provided for a three-year term beginning
Thirty (30) days after the receipt of notice by either party to the other specifying in detail a material breach of this Agreement, if such breach has not been cured within said thirty (30) day period; or if such breach is of a nature that it cannot be cured within said thirty (30) day period but can be cured within a reasonable time thereafter, if efforts to cure such breach have not commenced or/and such efforts are not proceeding and being continued diligently both during and after such thirty (30) day period prior to the breach being cured. HOWEVER, the breach of any obligation of either party hereunder to pay any monies to the other party under the terms of this Agreement shall be deemed to be curable within thirty (30) days.
The management agreement further provided for “termination compensation” if Birchwood Properties terminated the agreement before the end of the initial term or any subsequent term year, which required Birchwood Properties to pay Hendricks Property Management “as liquidated damages an amount equal to the management fee ... for the calendar month immediately preceding the month in which the notice of termination is given ... multiplied by the number of months and/or portions thereof remaining from the termination date until the end of the initial term or term year in which the termination occurred.”
[¶ 4] In 2001, Fridlund and Juran purchased three additional groups of government subsidized housing units from other individuals, which they operated under separate entities as Bramley, Marcy’s, and O’Grady. Those three entities executed separate property management agreements with Hendricks Property Management to manage the respective properties, and the three management agreements each set a beginning date of July 1, 2001, and an ending date of June 30, 2004. Each of those three management agreements also included language identical to the Birchwood Properties’ agreement for termination and for liquidated damages.
[¶ 5] In April 2002, the initial three-year term for the Birchwood Properties’ management agreement was about to expire without either party providing a 60-day notice of termination. As a result, the language authorizing an automatic year-to-year renewal was triggered, which resulted in a scheduled expiration date of April 30, 2003. At an April 2002, meeting, Chuck Hendricks provided Fridlund and Juran with a copy of a proposed new management agreement. In a May 10, 2002, letter to Chuck Hendricks, Fridlund and Juran, on behalf of Birchwood Properties, “decided to accept an automatic renewal [of the management agreement] for the term of one year” with an expiration date of April 30, 2003, and they requested that before that renewal date, they receive a copy of the new contract for review “NO LATER THAN January 31, 2003” with any changes in the current contract “underlined in red” or “blacklined.” According to Chuck Hendricks, he called Frid-lund on January 16, 2003, with a question, and Hendricks left a message that he thought they were “just auto renewing” and he received “no reply by 1/31/03.”
[¶ 6] By letter dated April 23, 2003, Birchwood Properties informed Hendricks
[¶ 7] Meanwhile, by letters dated April 24, 2003, Bramley, Marcy’s, and O’Grady informed Hendricks Property Management that they were terminating their respective property management agreements at the end of the June 30, 2004, three-year term. In those letters, Bram-ley, Marcy’s, and O’Grady also informed Hendricks Property Management that its failure to “timely deliver reports” constituted a material breach of the management agreements and that the respective letters constituted a 30-day notice to cure the deficiency. By letter dated May 8, 2003, Hendricks Property Management stated it had delivered various reports to the three entities on April 30, 2003, to cure any alleged deficiency. By letter dated August 6, 2003, the defendants gave Hendricks Property Management notice of alleged breaches of the management agreements involving all four properties. Fridlund and Juran assumed management responsibilities for the Bramley, Marcy’s, and O’Grady properties on September 1, 2003.
[¶ 8] Hendricks Property Management sued the defendants for breach of contract, alleging the defendants breached the termination provisions of the agreements by failing to provide a 60-day notice of termination for the Birchwood Properties’ contract and by failing to allow Hendricks Property Management a 30-day period to cure any default in the other three contracts. Hendricks Property Management sought damages under the provision in each agreement which authorized liquidated damages. The district court decided the defendants’ termination of the four property management agreements constituted a breach of contract. The court awarded Hendricks Property Management $298,643 in liquidated damages, finding the foundational requirements for a valid liquidated damages clause had been established and the liquidated damage clause in each management agreement was enforceable.
II
[¶ 9] We initially consider the defendants’ claim that they did not breach the property management agreements. They contend the district court clearly erred in failing to decide their agency argument, because agency law governed the parties’ relationship and there was uncontroverted evidence the defendants’ termination of the property management agreements was caused by Chuck Hendricks’ prior breach of his agency and fiduciary duties. The defendants contend that in May 2002, their agent, Chuck Hendricks, was instructed in writing to present a new property management agreement for Birchwood Properties’ review before January 31, 2003, for the upcoming renewal on April 30, 2003. They claim their breach of the 60-day notice requirement in Birchwood Properties’ management agreement was caused by Hendricks’ failure to follow their instructions and prepare a new management agreement. They assert if Hendricks had presented the requested management agreement to them by January 31, 2003, they could have terminated the contract lawfully. They argue Chuck Hendricks’ failure allowed Hendricks Property Management to retain the benefit of the 60-day notice requirement for terminating the
[¶ 10] “Agency is the relationship which results where one person, called the principal, authorizes another, called the agent, to act for him in dealing with third persons.” N.D.C.C. § 3-01-01. Agency involves both a contractual relationship and a fiduciary relationship.
Burlington Northern & Sante Fe Ry. Co. v. Burlington Res. Oil & Gas Co.,
[¶ 11] In
Burlington Northern,
[¶ 12] Burlington Northern involved the interpretation of an agent’s authority under a management agreement that, in the absence of language specifically eliminating the agent’s fiduciary duties, this Court construed to impose certain fiduciary duties on the agent. This case involves the interpretation of language for terminating a management agreement and the parties’ obligations under those provisions. Under N.D.C.C. § 9-07-02, the language of a contract governs its interpretation if the language is clear and explicit and does not involve an absurdity. A contract is interpreted to give effect to the mutual intentions of the parties at the time of contracting. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-03. When a contract is reduced to writing, the parties’ intentions must be ascertained from the writing alone, if possible. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-04. A contract is interpreted as a whole to give effect to every provision if reasonably practicable and each clause is used to help interpret other clauses. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-06. A contract is interpreted in its ordinary and popular sense. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-09.
[¶ 13] In this case, the parties’ property management agreements explicitly provided a procedure for termination, with an automatic renewal provision and provisions for termination for cause with an opportunity to cure. The agreements also specified that “[n]o change to the Agreement shall be valid unless made by supplemental written agreement executed and approved by Owner and Agent. Except as otherwise provided herein, any and all amendments, additions, or deletions to this Agreement shall be null and void unless approved by Owner and Agent in writ
[¶ 14] Here, the district court found the defendants had breached the termination language of all four property management agreements:
27. In April of 2002, the parties met regarding the annual review of operations. Chuck Hendricks proposed a new two-year contract for the operation of the Birchwood properties. The agreement was never agreed to nor executed.
28. Fridlund and Juran responded to the proposal negatively and were critical of Chuck Hendricks claiming that the changes of compensation in Section 17.1 and Section 17.6 exemplified a kind of “catch me if you can attitude.” They rejected the proposed two-year contract. They wrote in response:
As per our reading of the contract, “extended for one year” means it will expire on April SO, 2003. Prior to that renewal date we request a copy of the new contract be presented for our review NO LATER THAN January 31, 2003. We further request that any changes you will have made to our current contract be underlined in red, or if printed from someplace other than a computer, that it be blacklined. (Emphasis added)
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30. In January, 2003, Chuck Hendricks left messages with Fridlund regarding the Birchwood Agreement but his telephone messages were unreturned. There was no effort by Juran and Frid-lund to contact Chuck Hendricks.
31. The Birchwood contract, pursuant to its automatic one-year extension, was set to terminate on April 30, 2003. Any notice to terminate the contract and stop the automatic renewal pursuant to Section 1.3 had to be sent out sixty (60) days prior to the end of the term. No notice of termination was sent out prior to March 1, 2003.
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39.... The termination date for the Birchwood Management Agreement was April 30, 2002. The contract automatically renewed unless there was sixty (60) days’ written notice prior to the following year term given of a notice to terminate. No sixty (60) day prior notice to April 30, 2002 was ever prepared and sent to [Hendricks Property Management]. There is no credible evidence to support any agreed-upon amendment to the termination date that it was amended to June 30, 2003.
40. The defendants breached the O’Grady, Marcy’s and Bramley contracts. Pursuant to ... the three Management Agreements, the defendants could have terminated [Hendricks Property Management] for cause upon thirty (30) day notice of material breach with time for cure.... Prior to the expiration of the thirty (30) day extension period, the defendants wrongfully announced that they were taking over the properties as of September 1, 2003. The taking over of the three properties on September 1, 2003 was a breach of the agreements.
41. Even if the thirty (30) days’ notice to cure had been given, the defendants failed to meet their burden of proof that there was cause under the contract to terminate the plaintiffs.
[¶ 15] A district court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law must be stated
Ill
[¶ 16] The defendants argue the district court clearly erred in finding Hendricks Property Management proved the foundational facts necessary for a valid liquidated damages provision.
[¶ 17] Section 9-08-03, N.D.C.C, provides that “[penalties imposed by contract for any nonperformance thereof are void.” Under N.D.C.C. § 9-08-04, a contractual provision fixing liquidated damages is void “except that the parties may agree therein upon an amount presumed to be the damage sustained by a breach in cases in which it would be impracticable or extremely difficult to fix the actual damage.” A party seeking to enforce a contractual clause for liquidated damages has the burden of proof under N.D.C.C. § 9-08-04.
Circle B Enterprises, Inc. v. Steinke,
[¶ 18] Under N.D.C.C. § 9-08-04 and case law interpreting that statute, this Court has established three foundational facts for the inquiry about whether a contractual provision is a valid liquidated damages clause or a void penalty: (1) the damages stemming from a breach are impractical or extremely difficult to estimate when the contract was entered; (2) the parties reasonably endeavored to fix their damages; and (3) the amount stipulated bears a reasonable relation to the probable damages and is not disproportionate to any damages reasonably anticipated.
Steinke,
[¶ 19] The foundational requirements in N.D.C.C. § 9-08-04 are not mutually exclusive.
Steinke,
[¶ 20] The foundational requirements for a valid liquidated damages clause under N.D.C.C. § 9-08-04 are questions of fact which are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard in N.D.R.Civ.P. 52(a).
Steinke,
[¶ 21] The defendants argue the uncontested evidence shows there were no negotiations for the written property management agreements or the liquidated damages provisions, and, therefore, the damages from the breach were not impractical or extremely difficult to ascertain when the agreements were executed, the parties did not reasonably try to fix the damages, and the amount of liquidated damages does not bear a reasonable relation to probable damages and is disproportionate to any damages reasonably anticipated. Relying on
Industry Fin. Corp. v. Redman,
[¶ 22] The defendants’ reliance on
Redman
is misplaced. In
Redman,
[¶ 23] Here, although the parties may not have had face-to-face negotiations about the liquidated damages clauses, we
“[the individual], as president of at least one corporation engaged in commercial trade, must be presumed to have executed the agreement with knowledge that he was bound by its terms and it was incumbent upon him to review and acquire at least a working knowledge of the advantages and limitations of the contract. He cannot now be heard to refute its effect or to avoid the consequences by disclaiming knowledge where he had the opportunity to discuss and negotiate terms.”
City of Fargo,
at 533 (quoting
Zurich Ins. Co. v. Kings Indus., Inc.,
[¶24] In
City of Fargo,
[¶ 25] Here, the district court found Fridlund and Juran had multiple attorneys available to them when they purchased the properties, and they were both experienced and knowledgeable business people and knew or should have known the content of the management contracts they signed. The court found that Hendricks Property Management presented the Birchwood Properties’ management agreement to Fridlund and Juran for their review and execution, and they had the opportunity to review the agreement. There is evidence that Fridlund and Juran first executed the Birchwood Properties’ agreement in January 1999 and also initialed the same agreement in April 1999, before it took effect on May 7, 1999. The court found Fridlund and Juran thereafter entered into three new agreements for the subsequently purchased properties, which had language identical to the first agreement except for the rate of compensation for Hendricks Property Management’s services. The court found two of those subsequent agreements included a “bonus attachment” which was negotiated between the parties. The court found Hendricks Property Management had to expand its
a. The court finds that at the time of contracting the type of damages that [Hendricks Property Management] would incur would be difficult to determine. [Hendricks Property Management] is a small company with fixed overhead. It works in a specialized industry. The revenues under these contracts were a substantial portion of its income.
b. The parties executed the identical liquidated damage clause four times. This establishes that the parties did reasonably attempt to fix their damages.
c. A reasonable relationship exists between the damages stipulated to and the amount that would have been reasonably anticipated under the circumstances. The amount of revenue lost by these contracts was substantial to [Hendricks Property Management], a small business in a specialized field. It had specialized trained staff who were cross-trained. From a viewpoint of the time of contracting, the damages stipulated to reasonably anticipate those that would be incurred.
[¶ 26] Under the circumstances of this case, where experienced parties and their attorneys had multiple opportunities to examine the contracts and discuss their terms, including the liquidated damages clauses, we conclude the evidence supports the district court’s finding that the liquidated damages clauses were the result of reasonable endeavor by the parties to fix compensation. We are not persuaded the district court erred in relying on Dr. Sliwo-ski’s testimony about liquidated damages provisions in property management agreements to provide context for property management agreements and to help understand the reason for liquidated damages in what the district court termed a “specialized field.” There is evidence in this record that supports the district court’s findings, and we are not left with a definite and firm conviction the court made a mistake in finding the foundational facts for valid liquidated damages clauses. We conclude the district court’s findings on the foundational facts for these liquidated damages provisions are not clearly erroneous.
IV
[¶ 27] We affirm the judgment.