146 N.W. 722 | N.D. | 1914
In April, 1911, one John D. Gray died testate, leaving certain real and personal property in Barnes county. The provisions of his will, so far as material to the questions presented, are as follows:
“II. Hnto my wife, Julia Ann Gray, I will and bequeath all of the personal property in my possession at the time of my death and a life interest in and to my real estate, more particularly described as the north one-half of section twenty-eight, and the southeast one-fourth of section twenty-one, all in township one hundred forty of rang'' sixty in Barnes county, North Dakota (N.-J 28, and S.E.-£ 21-140-60), it being my wish and direction that she retain full possession and enjoy the income from said real estate during the period of her natural life, but this interest and title shall terminate promptly at her death.
“III. Subject to the aforésaid life interest of my wife, Julia Ann Gray, and the following further provisions: (a) That within two years 'next succeeding the death of my wife, Julia Ann Gray, he pay or cause to be paid unto my daughter, Buth Beleal, or her heirs, the sum of fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500) ; (b) that he pay or cause to be paid unto*421 my daughter, Myra Pieldman, or her heirs, within two years next succeeding the death of my wife, Julia Ann Gray, the sum of fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500), I will and bequeath unto my son, Arthur Pierce Gray, or his heirs, the north one-half of section twenty-eight, township one hundred forty, range sixty, (N.¿ 28-140-60).
“IV. Subject to fhe aforementioned life» interest of my wife, Julia Ann Gray, and the further provision that within the two years next succeeding the death of my wife, Julia Ann Gray, he pay or cause to be paid unto my son, James Burley Gray, or his heirs, the sum of five hundred dollars ($500), I will and bequeath unto by son, George H. Gray, the southeast quarter of section twenty-one, in township one hundred forty, of range sixty (S.E.J 21-140-60).”
Thereafter a petition in due form was presented to the county court for the probate of such will, and one Rachel M. Zellers, a daughter of the deceased, opposed the allowance of such probate upon the ground, among others, “that said alleged will is void, as the intent of the testator to give the remainder in fee to heirs of Julia Ann Gray is legally impossible, as the intention of the testator would put the freehold in abeyance; that no provision is made for any disposition of the decedent’s real estate in case Arthur Pierce Gray and George H. Gray, or either of them, fail to pay certain money to other heirs at law; and that there is an attempt to suspend alienation longer than the continuance of the lives in being at the testator’s death. Eor a period of two years after the death of Julia Ann Gray, the real estate attempted to be devised might belong to no one, there being no devisee who has not attained his majority, as appears by the petition for proof and probate of the alleged will.”
The county court overruled such objection and allowed the probate of the will, from which decision Rachel M. Zellers appealed to the district court, which court reversed the decision of the county court, holding such will of no validity in so far as the testator attempted to devise the real property therein described. Erom such decision this appeal is prosecuted.
Counsel, in their original briefs and orally, argued the case mainly upon the assumption that the devises to Arthur Pierce Gray and to George IT. Gray were subject to conditions precedent, and that as a consequence the decision must turn upon the question of law as to
“Sec. 4744. The absolute power of alienation cannot be suspended by any limitation or condition whatever for a longer period than during the continuance of the lives of persons in being at the creation of the limitation or condition, except in the single case mentioned in § 4772.”
“Sec. 4745. Every future interest is void in its creation, which by any possibility may suspend the absolute power of alienation for a longer period than is prescribed in this chapter. Such power of alienation is suspended when there are no persons in being by whom an absolute interest in possession can be conveyed.”
Appellants’ counsel earnestly contend that under the paragraphs of the will aforesaid the power of alienation is not unduly suspended contrary to § 4745. Numerous authorities are cited and relied upon in support of their contention, but their chief reliance is upon the case of Torpy v. Betts, 123 Mich. 239, 81 N. W. 1094, decided under a statute in all respects like the statutes of North Dakota above quoted.
We shall not take the time nor the space necessary to enable us to analyze such case, nor any of the cases cited in the original briefs, for we do not deem them in point, nor in any respect controlling in the ease at bar. We merely remark, in passing, that upon the law point argued we would have no difficulty in reaching a conclusion favorable to the respondent.
After careful consideration of the case we become impressed with a belief that counsel had overlooked and failed to brief and argue what we were inclined to deem the controlling rule of construction; viz., that the devises to Arthur Pierce Gray and to Geo. H. Gray were not upon condition either precedent or subsequent, but that the same were unconditional and made subject merely to a charge in favor of the legatees, Ruth Beleal, Myra Pieldman, and James Burley Gray. Thereupon we requested counsel to furnish supplemental briefs upon this phase of the case, which request has been complied with. A careful consideration of such supplemental briefs has served to confirm the correctness of our first impressions. As we construe the will, the premise upon which both counsel first argued the case in this court, to wit, that such
Page on Wills, § 461, announces a correct rule of .construction as follows: “The sole object and intention of the rules upon the subject of construction is to ascertain the intention of the testator. As was said by Chief Justice Marshall: ‘The intent of the testator is the cardinal rule in the construction of wills, and if that intent can be clearly conceived, and is not contrary to some positive rule of law, it must prevail.’
“The purpose of the court in construing a will is solely to ascertain the intention of the testator as the same appears from a full and complete consideration of the entire will.
“The intention of testator is said, in a recent Virginia case, to be the ‘life and soul of a will,’ and if this intention is clear, and is not in violation of any rule of law, it must govern with absolute sway.”
In § 465 this author also says: “Testator will be presumed to know the limits imposed by law upon his testamentary power, and to strive to comply with those limits. Thus, if one construction of the will will cause it to violate the rule against perpetuities, and another construction will make it comply with this rule, the construction which makes it comply with this rule will be preferred.” And in § 466 we quote: “It will be presumed that a person when he makes and publishes a will intends to dispose of his whole estate, unless the presumption is rebutted by its provisions or evidence to the contrary.” And in § 752 we quote the following: “Devises are often made to one with the direction that he pay a certain sum to another. Whether the sum thus to be paid is made a charge upon the land by such gift is a question involving some difference of judicial opinion; but it can, in general, be determined by the same principles as those which determine whether a direction to support is a charge upon property devised or not. A gift to one, subject to the payment of a specified amount to another, is held to make the payment of such amount a charge upon the land devised.
See also Rood, Wills, § 623.
In 40 Cyc. 1683, we find the following accurate statement relative to how a condition in a will can be created: "To create a condition in the case of a devise or bequest, apt words to that end must be used. It is not necessary, however, that any particular form of words shall be employed, but whenever it clearly appears from the language used, aided, it may be, in a proper case, by extrinsic evidence, that it was the intention of the testator to impose a condition precedent or subsequent, such intention will be given effect. On the other hand, even the use of the words ‘upon condition,’ although they are of course most appropriate, will not create a condition if a contrary intent appears from the will. The intention to create a condition must clearly appear, for the courts will not construe a testator’s words as importing a condition of a different meaning can be fairly given to them,” — citing numerous authorities in support of the text.
, At page 1697 of the same treatise the author distinguishes a condition from a charge or trust in the following terse language: ‘‘The doctrine has been announced in many cases that a condition for the benefit of a person, particularly where it is a mere direction enjoining some act upon a devisee or legatee, without any expressed or clearly implied intention that its breach shall work a forfeiture of the estate, should be regarded as creating a charge or trust upon the land or fund in such person’s favor, to be enforced as other charges and trusts, and not as a limitation upon the estate or interest devised, even though the words used may indicate a condition.”
The adjudicated cases are very numerous in support of the rules of construction above quoted. We will review briefly some of these cases.
A very similar case to the one at bar arose in Vermont, and is reported in 55 Vt. 518. Taft, J., in speaking for the court, said: “The right of the plaintiff to maintain this action depends upon whether he took under his father’s will the legal estate in the premises sued for. His father devised the premises to the plaintiff for life, with remainder
The supreme court of Michigan in McCarty v. Fish, 87 Mich. 48, 49 N. W. 513, in speaking to the point, said: "The fact that the testator makes no provision in regard to the disposition of the estate, providing the event named for a devisee or a legatee coming into full pos
“In Eldridge v. Eldridge, 9 Cush. 516, Shaw, Ch. J., defines the rule of construction upon this subject thus: ‘When, therefore, words are equivocal, leaving it in some doubt whether words of contingency or condition apply to the gift itself or to the time of payment, courts are inclined to construe them rather as applying to the time of payment, and to hold the gift rather as vested than contingent.’
“In Dingley v. Dingley, 5 Mass. 537, Parsons, Ch. J., states the rule as follows: “For it is a rule of law that a remainder is not to be considered as contingent when it may be construed, consistently with the testator’s intention, to be vested.’
“In Smith’s Appeal, 23 Pa. 9, it was said: ‘The law favors an absolute, rather than a defeasible, estate; a vested, rather than a contingent, one; a primary, rather than a secondary, intent.’
“In Letchworth’s Appeal, 30 Pa. 175, it was held that the law always inclines to hold the whole interest in property as vested, rather than contingent; and therefore, in case of doubt, it declares the interest vested.”
The following language from the supreme court of West Virginia is strikingly applicable to the case at bar: “He made no provision for their payment out of personalty, if there was any besides that given his wife, and it seems he owned no land besides that given his sons; and as he surely expected all these legacies, amounting to $12,300, besides the annual legacy of $500 to his wife, to be paid, we may ask, how could he expect them to be paid, except out of the land?” Hogg v. Browning, 47 W. Va. 22, 34 S. E. 754.
The Iowa court in the very recent case of Schrader v. Schrader, — Iowa, —, 139 N. W. 160, speaking through Mr. Justice Weaver, announces a like rule as follows: “That the testator regarded it as a lien or charge, and not a condition precedent, is made evident by the fact that he did not attempt to devise the fee to anyone else, in case of George’s failure to make the payment. . . . The fact that the will does not provide for a devise over to another on failure of the first-named devisee to perform the condition attached to the gift is by all authorities considered a circumstance of much weight, indicating that the condition is not precedent to the vesting of an estate.” Citing
The provisions of the will in the Iowa case were not materially different from those in the will before us.
A very similar will was before the Wisconsin. court in the recent case, Korn’s Will, 128 Wis. 428, 107 N. W. 659. The will in that ease gave the testator’s widow the use and income of all his real estate during her life, and “after the death of my said wife I dispose of my property as follows, to wit: “Third. I will, devise, and bequeath to my son William Korn my farm [description] upon the express condition, however, that he shall pay to my daughter, Phillipina Steele, the sum of five thousand ($5,000) dollars within one year after the death of my said wife.” Mr. Justice Dodge in speaking for the court said: “This naturally brings us to a consideration of the intent with refei’ence to-this legacy. The will does not, in terms, provide that the same should be a charge, but uses the expression that the devise to William is upon the condition that he shall, within one year after the widow’s death, pay this amount to Phillipina. The expression 'upon condition,’ if not otherwise qualified, might be construed as a condition precedent so that William could not take the land at all without making such payment, but since he was to take in possession immediately upon his mother’s death, and was not required to make the payment until after-wards, namely, within a year, of course no condition precedent was intended. If, then, it is a condition at all, it is a condition subsequent; but there is no suggestion that his title is to be devested upon breach of that condition, and no provision is made for anyone else to take the land upon such breach. Hence, it seems necessary to deduce some other practical meaning and purpose from this language. We are persuaded that the trial court reached substantially the right conclusion on this subject. We think it plain that this $5,000 provision for the daughter —all that she receives under the will — was a very dominant purpose in the mind of the testator, and that his wishes, as evidenced by the will, would not be satisfied unless she receives it; hence, that he intended to declare his will that out of this farm, constituting nearly half of his estate, should be paid, in any event, $5,000 to the daughter Phillipina;
We are in entire accord with the reasoning and conclusion of the Wisconsin court in the above ease, and adopt such reasoning in the case at bar.
See also McNally v. McNally, 23 R. I. 180, 49 Atl. 699, which is directly in point in support of our holding. The language in the opinion is so pertinexxt to the case at bar that we cannot refrain from quoting therefrom: “The will of Mary McNally gave to her daughter Catherine Bell The upper tenexnent in house on lot No. 1, including lot, conditioned upon said Catherine paying to my daughter Armie Whalan the sum of 400.’ Also to Trank McNally the lower tenement in above said house, forever, conditioned upon said Franh paying to my son James E. and daughter Eliza the sum of ($300.00 Cash) three hundred dollars.’ The two tenements in house on lot No. 2 were devised in similar terms, tlxe lower to James E. and Eliza, including lot, and the upper to Bridget McNally. Then followed these two clauses: ‘The above sums to be paid within three years from the time of my decease. Also said James E. and Eliza are required to provide suitable provisions for
See also Spangler v. Newman, 239 Ill. 616, 88 N. E. 202; Perry v. Hale, 44 N. H. 363. In the latter case the facts were that the testator devised a life estate in his farm to his wife and then to his son “on condition that he pay testator’s daughter Susan $100, and his daughter Mary Ann $800,” and it was held that the bequests were a mere charge upon the farm.
We might cite many more authorities holding to the same effect, but we deem it -unnecessary. We are entirely clear that by the will in question the testator did not intend that the devises to his sons should be upon any condition, either precedent or subsequent, but, rather, his intent was to vest in them at the date of their mother’s death an unconditional estate, impressed, however, with a charge or trust in favor of the legatees aforesaid for the payment of such legacies. Not only the weight of authority, but we believe all authorities, support this conclusion.
In his supplemental brief respondent’s counsel asserts that the foregoing authorities are not in point because of a distinction in the statutes
The judgment of the District Court is accordingly reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings.