Plaintiff appeals as of right from the order of the Court of Claims granting summary disposition in favor of defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). We affirm.
Grace Jones was traveling west on M-82 when her vehicle collided at the intersection of M-37 and M-82 with a pickup truck operated by Marvin Geers, who was traveling south on M-37. Plaintiff, Blake Pannill, Curtis Howard, II, and Jamie Helmus were passengers in the vehicle driven by Jones. Blake Pannill died in the accident and the other passеngers sustained serious injuries. Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit alleging that defendant had a duty to keep the intersection in a condition reasonably safe and convenient for public travel and breached that duty by failing to install аnd maintain an adequate traffic control device. The Court of Claims granted defendant’s motion for summary disposition on the basis that plaintiff failed to show that defendant’s alleged negligence was a proximatе cause of the accident.
We review a grant of summary disposition de novo.
Iovino v
Michigan,
The Court of Claims did not explicitly resolve the issue whether the intersection of M-37 and M-82 was a “point of hazard,” and instead limited its ruling to the issue of proximate cause. However, because a finding that the defendant had a legal duty to the plaintiff is a threshold issue in any negligence action that must be determined before assessing whether there was a breach of the duty and if the breach was a proximate cause of the injury, we first consider whether a duty in fact existed in this case.
Governmental agencies have a duty to provide adequate warning signs or traffic control devices at known points of hazard.
Pick v Szymczak,
We conclude that the intersection of M-37 and M-82 in Newaygo County was not a “point of hazard” as contemplated by the Court in
Pick,
at 623-624. The evidence established that the intersection of M-37 and M-82 was clear of visual obstructions in all directions such that a reasonably prudent driver would be able to tell whether opposing traffic was approaching or whether the intersection was clear for travel. Moreover, the flashing red traffic control signal on M-82 was clearly visiblе to westbound drivers and unmistakably
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directed drivers to stop and wait for cross-traffic to clear before proceeding. There is simply no evidence on the record that this intersection constituted a point оf hazard. The intersection here is readily distinguishable from the unusual situations deemed hazards in
Pick,
at 611-612 (an orchard obstructed the view of cross-traffic at an intersection containing no stop or yield signs),
Iovino, supra
at 129 (a red light before a railroad crossing changed to a flashing yellow light when a train approached), and
McKeen v Tisch (On Remand),
Moreover, while we recognize that a standard three-light traffic control signal (red, yellow, and green) might have made the intersection
safer,
we are not persuaded that it was unreasonably unsafe as it was then maintained. Indeed, the focus of the “point of hazard” inquiry is not whether the intersection could have been made safer by adding a three-light traffic control signal. Defendant is not required to maintain a highway so as to make it “as safe as humanly possible for public travel”; rather, defendant’s legal duty is limited to maintaining the highway
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so that it is reasonably safe and conveniеnt for public travel.
Wechsler v Wayne Co Rd Comm,
We turn now to plaintiffs argument on appeal that the Court of Claims erred in granting summary disposition to defendant because there were genuine issues of material fact regarding whether defendant’s failure to install and maintain an adequate traffic control device was a proximate cause of the accident. We disagree.
Liability for negligence does not attach unless the plaintiff establishes that the injury in question was proximately caused by the defеndant’s actions.
Babula v Robertson,
The cause in fact element generally requires showing that “but for” the defendant’s actions, the plaintiff’s injury would not have occurred. On the other hand, legal cause or “proximate cause” normally involves examining the foreseeаbility of consequences, and whether a defendant should be held legally responsible for such consequences. A plaintiff must adequately establish cause in fact in order for legal cause or *256 “proximate cause” to become a relevant issue. [Id. at 163 (citations omitted).]
Proximate cause is that which operates to produce particular consequences without the intervention of any independent, unforeseen cause, without which the injuries would not have occurred.
Ross v Glaser,
We find that the Court of Claims correctly determined that no record could be developed to establish proximate cause as a matter of law. First, plaintiff failed to show the existence of a factual dispute regarding cause in fact, i.е., that “but for” defendant’s alleged negligence, the accident would not have occurred. Skinner, supra at 163. It is undisputed that the accident occurred when Jones, confronted with a flashing red traffic control signal, drove into thе intersection even though she was unable to clearly see whether cross-traffic, which had the right of way, had cleared. Although Jones claimed that her view was temporarily blocked by another vehicle, that did not give her the right to proceed into the intersection “in violation of statutory right of way rules; rather, both common sense and due care for [her] own safety . . . would have prompted [her] to wait until [her] line of *257 sight cleаred before attempting any maneuver that would require [her] to cross the path of oncoming traffic.” Wechsler, supra at 598. Moreover, although plaintiff’s experts testified that a standard three-light traffic control signal at the intersection in question may have prevented the accident, they acknowledged that such accidents still happen at intersections that are equipped with standard three-light signals. In any event, speculative evidence is insufficient to establish cause in fact. Skinner, supra at 165. Further, the evidence showed that the traffic volume at the time of the accident was “light to medium” so that a three-light signal was not necessary for plaintiff to safely cross M-37. On this record, we find that plaintiff failed to create a factual dispute regarding whether, but for defendant’s failure to place a three-light traffic control signal in the intersection, the accident would not hаve occurred. Id. at 164-165.
Further, plaintiff failed to show the existence of a factual dispute regarding legal cause, i.e., “proximate cause.” The evidence showed that Jones proceeded into the intersection notwithstanding that she could not see whether the intersection was clear. In fact, Jones admitted that she “couldn’t see good enough” because another vehicle was partially blocking her view of the road and that she proceeded onto M-37 because Pannill, a front-seat passenger, stated that it was safe to do so. We do not believe that it was reasonably foreseeable that Jones wоuld violate the flashing red traffic control light and enter the intersection when she did not have a clear view of the road and oncoming traffic. Indeed, the act of violating a flashing red light is no more foreseeable than the act of violating a three-light traffic control signal, *258 both of which, if obeyed, are designed to assign the right of way to drivers to ensure safe travel on public roads. In addition, the evidence disclosed that Jones had been drinking liquor for several hours before the accident and her blood alcohol level was 0.12 percent two hours after the accident. 1 Finally, plaintiffs position that the heavy traffic at the time of the accident contributed to the accident is contrary to the evidence that disclosed that the traffic volume at that time was “light to medium.” The Court of Claims properly found that plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether defendant’s alleged negligence was a proximate cause of the accident. It was the careless manner in which Jones proceeded through the intersеction that ultimately caused this collision, not the absence of a three-light traffic control signal. The Court of Claims did not err in granting defendant’s motion for summary disposition.
Affirmed.
Notes
Notably, Blake Pannill, the passenger who advised Jones that she could proceed into the intersection, was also legally intoxicated with a blood alcohol level of 0.10 percent.