614 N.E.2d 1024 | Mass. App. Ct. | 1993
ANITA C. HEIDER
vs.
JOHN F. HEIDER.
Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Middlesex.
Present: PERRETTA, DREBEN, & KASS, JJ.
A. Clark-Heider, pro se.
Jack N. Sarkisian for John F. Heider.
PERRETTA, J.
In 1988, the former wife (Anita) brought a complaint in the Probate Court seeking to enforce a 1974 child support order against the former husband (John), who had not resided in Massachusetts since, at least, 1973. Anita asserted that Massachusetts had personal jurisdiction over John by reason of G.L.c. 223A, § 3(a) & (g), as well as under G.L.c. 208, § 36A. At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing on John's motion to dismiss, brought under Mass.R.Dom.Rel.P. 12(b)(2) (1975), the judge found that Anita was a Massachusetts resident on the date she commenced the present action, and he denied John's motion *635 without specifying upon which subsection(s) of c. 223A, § 3, his ruling was based. He adjudicated John in contempt and denied counsel fees in the full amount requested by Anita. On the parties' cross appeals, we conclude that there is no basis for the assertion of personal jurisdiction over John, reverse the judgment, and order that Anita's complaint be dismissed.[1]
We do not consider Anita's assertion of jurisdiction under G.L.c. 223A, § 3(a), see, e.g., Ross v. Ross, 371 Mass. 439, 442 § n. 1 (1976), and, instead, look only to § 3(g) and (h). As for the jurisdictional prerequisites of § 3(g), we need say no more than that the parties were divorced in 1960.[2] If there is personal jurisdiction over John, it must be by reason of subparagraph (h) of § 3. As amended by St. 1987, c. 100, the statute provides:
"A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person, who acts directly or by an agent, as to a cause of action in law or equity arising from the person's ... (h) having been subject to the exercise of personal jurisdiction of a court of the commonwealth which has resulted in an order for child support or maintenance, notwithstanding the subsequent departure of the defendant from the commonwealth, where the plaintiff and the child continue to reside within the commonwealth and where such plaintiff is pursuing an action involving modifications of such order or the enforcement thereof."
Any doubt as to whether a Probate Court had continuing personal jurisdiction over a nonresident party to enforce its support orders, see Winternitz v. Winternitz, 19 Mass. App. Ct. 228, 231 n. 3 (1985), was resolved by the enactment of § 3(h). See Packard v. Packard, ante 543, 548 (1993). Continuing jurisdiction is based upon the "unique nature of the *636 ongoing obligations created by valid child support orders and the logic of permitting the court that issued those orders to oversee their modification and enforcement." Ibid.
In the instant case, however, continuing personal jurisdiction over John to enforce the 1974 support order exists only by retrospective application of § 3(h). Both children had attained their majority by sometime in 1980.[3] Although it is established that "G.L.c. 223A is retrospective in operation," Kagan v. United Vacuum Appliance Corp., 357 Mass. 680, 684 (1970), there are limits to the backward reach. The manner in which those limits are determined is stated in Kennedy v. Kennedy, 10 Mass. App. Ct. 113, 116 (1980): "As we observed in Goes v. Feldman, 8 Mass. App. Ct. 84, 88 (1979), ... the essential task is to inquire whether the proceedings have `gone past the procedural stage to which the statute pertains.' Thus, `no "retroactive" procedural statute could apply to a case which has been closed, i.e., has gone to judgment and either been affirmed on appeal or not been appealed within the time allowed for appeal.' City Council of Waltham v. Vinciullo, 364 Mass. 624, 627 (1974)."
Finality in respect to support orders is difficult to attain because of the unique and continuing nature of the obligation. See Kennedy v. Kennedy, 10 Mass. App. Ct. at 117; Packard v. Packard, supra at 548. It can be said, however, that where the legal obligation to support has long ceased by reason of majority, the order has become final. See Larson v. Larson, 30 Mass. App. Ct. 418, 425 (1991) ("a Probate Court judge has no authority under G.L.c. 208, § 28, to make support orders for a child over twenty-one"). Although the obligation to support may end upon the stroke of the clock, it does not follow that the support order will become final with such precision for purposes of enforcement. The continuing nature of the obligation requires that the right to seek its enforcement also continue beyond the attainment of majority for a period reasonable in the circumstances of the *637 particular case. Cf. Bjordahl v. Bjordahl, 308 N.W.2d 817 (Minn. 1981), where the Supreme Court of Minnesota found it unnecessary to consider whether long-arm jurisdiction existed because it concluded that it had continuing jurisdiction to enforce alimony and child support orders even though both children had attained their majority within the preceding two years.[4]
Whatever the outermost limits of a reasonable period may be, they were well exceeded in this case. Some eight years elapsed between the time the children came of age and the date of the filing of the complaint. If such a great passage of time did not work to change the nature of the action from one seeking enforcement of John's child support obligation to an action to collect monies owed by John to Anita, it certainly worked to bring the present proceedings to a stage beyond which § 3(h) reasonably can be said to pertain. See Kennedy v. Kennedy, 10 Mass. App. Ct. at 116.
Even were § 3(h) given the far reaching retroactive application for which Anita contends, our conclusion that her complaint must be dismissed would be no different. "`Facing a motion to dismiss under Mass.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(2), the plaintiff[] bear[s] the burden of establishing facts on which to predicate jurisdiction over the defendant.' Good Hope Indus., Inc. v. Ryder Scott Co., 378 Mass. 1, 3 (1979). See also Balloon Bouquets, Inc. v. Ballon Telegram Delivery, Inc., 18 Mass. App. Ct. 935 (1984). In our review we focus, as we must, on the prior proceedings and record in the trial court at the time the ... motion was denied." Winternitz v. Winternitz, 19 Mass. App. Ct. at 230.
*638 At the hearing on John's motion, the evidence centered mostly on Anita's living arrangements outside of Massachusetts during 1988 and 1989. Even if Anita sustained her burden of showing that she satisfied the residency requirement of § 3(h), as the judge found, she failed to make the requisite showing that the "child continue to reside within the commonwealth" in respect to either of the two children. All we know of both the adult children is that, according to Anita, they resided in New Hampshire. Cf. Morris v. Morris, 403 Mass. 1001 (1988); Tick v. Tick, 403 Mass. 1002 (1988). Because we conclude that our long-arm statute does not afford a basis for exercising jurisdiction over John, we need not consider the sufficiency of his contacts with Massachusetts. See Morrill v. Tong, 390 Mass. 120, 133 (1983).
The judgment of the Probate Court is reversed, and a new judgment is to enter dismissing the action.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] Our conclusion also disposes of Anita's appeal.
[2] Section 3(g), inserted by St. 1976, c. 435, provides for jurisdiction where the marital domicil of both parties was within the Commonwealth for at least one year within the two years immediately preceding the commencement of the action.
[3] One child was born in 1957 and the other in 1959.
[4] Although in the trial court Anita asserted that there was continuing jurisdiction over John under G.L.c. 208, § 36A, on appeal neither party has argued the effect of that statute, which was enacted in 1982. Nonetheless, we observe that there is nothing in the record to suggest that Anita sought to reach any disposable earnings John might have had in Massachusetts. See Packard v. Packard, supra at 548 n. 6. To the extent § 36A might be read as conferring continuing jurisdiction on the Probate Court even where there is no entitlement or property of the obligor in the Commonwealth by which a support obligation may be satisfied, we conclude that c. 223A, § 3(h), limits the assertion of personal jurisdiction under c. 208, § 36A. Cf. Morris v. Morris, 403 Mass. 1001 (1988).