Thе Nasty Habit Saloon (the “Nasty Habit”), a popular bar operating in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, lost its liquor license after a series of altercations between its employees and its customers requiring police intervention. The Nasty Habit’s license was revoked pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 125.12(2)(ag)(2), which provides that a liquor license can be revoked or suspended if the holder “keeps or maintains a disorderly or riotous, indecent or improper house.” Scott Hegwood, an agent of the Nasty Habit, challenges the “disorderly house” statute arguing that it is unconsti *602 tutionally vague. The district court rejected Hegwood’s arguments.
For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I. Background
This dispute arose out of аction taken by the City of Eau Claire, Wisconsin (the “City”) against the Nasty Habit, a popular bar among the college-aged crowd. Despite its popularity, a number of raucous incidents caused the City concern. Specifically, during 2005, there were repeated disturbances involving drunk patrons and fights between customers and Nasty Habit employees. On September 19, 2005, Hegwood met with City officials to discuss their concerns regarding thе operation of the Nasty Habit. The City’s worries included the Nasty Habit’s failure to have uniformed employees, and its failure to properly train its employees and maintain a customer head-count. After the mеeting, Hegwood agreed to make certain changes.
On November 1, 2005, police were called to intervene in an altercation between an unruly customer and the bar’s staff. Following that incident, on December 21, 2005, the City sent Hegwood a letter concluding that the Nasty Habit was a “disorderly house” as defined by statute, and cataloguing several incidents supporting its conclusion. Pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 125.12(2)(ag)(2), a liquor license holder mаy have its license revoked if the license holder “keeps or maintains a disorderly or riotous, indecent or improper house.” The letter also noted that despite the promise of change, the bаr’s policies had not noticeably improved. The City gave an ultimatum: voluntarily close for three weeks or the City would seek suspension or revocation of the bar’s alcohol license before the City’s Administrаtive Review Board. Hegwood rejected the offer of a temporary suspension.
Unfortunately, the situation at the Nasty Habit did not improve. On January 28, 2006, a customer was sent to the hospital for detoxificatiоn, and soon afterward, on February 11, 2006, another fight broke out at the bar, again involving both staff and patrons.
On March 1, 2006, the City issued a summons and complaint, filed by Chief of Police Jerry Matysik and City Attorney Stephen Nick, seeking revocation or suspension of the Nasty Habit’s Combination Class B Intoxicating Liquor & Fermented Malt Beverage license. The complaint alleged that Nasty Habit employees kept a “disorderly house” as defined by Wis. Stat. § 125.12(2)(ag)(2), and thereby posed a threat to the health, safety, and welfare of the public under Wis. Stat. § 62.11(5). 2 The City’s complaint was based on eight incidents which occurred between November 20, 2003 and February 11, 2006. The majority of thе incidents, however, related to events during the late spring and summer of 2005, all of which required some level of police intervention. The complaint primarily detailed fighting between patrons, bouncers, and othеr Nasty Habit employees. The City Council conducted an administrative hearing on the com *603 plaint, and subsequently revoked the Nasty Habit’s alcohol license, concluding that it kept or maintained a “disorderly housе” in violation of state law. An appeal of the revocation was filed, but dismissed by stipulation so that Nasty Habit, Inc. could sell its bar business.
Following the appeal’s dismissal, Hegwood filed suit in the Western District of Wisconsin allеging retaliation, denial of equal protection, and due process violations. The district court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment in its entirety. Hegwood now appeals, but limits his challenge to his alleged due process violations.
II. Discussion
We review the constitutionality of a statute, a question of law, de novo.
United States v. Moore,
The void for vagueness doctrine rests оn the basic due process principle that a law is unconstitutional if its prohibitions are not clearly defined.
Sherman ex rel. Sherman v. Koch,
A. Vague As-Applied to The Nasty Habit
We begin and end our discussion with Hegwood’s as-applied challenge. As this court has recognized, “it is a prоper exercise of judicial restraint for courts to adjudicate as-applied challenges before facial ones in an effort to decide constitutional attacks on the narrowest pоssible grounds and to avoid reaching unnecessary constitutional issues.”
Doe v. Heck,
The statute at issue, Wis. Stat. § 125.12(2)(ag)(2), delineates revocation provisions regarding liquor licenses, and articulates the state’s regulatory authority to license and monitor those businesses which sell alcohol in Wisconsin. 3 Specifically, the statute states that a liquor license can be revoked or suspended if a liquor license holder “keeps or maintains a disorderly or riotous, indecent or improper house.” These terms are not defined. 4 *604 The statute’s legislative purpose concerns the health and safety of thе public, and its enforcement is aimed at public health. 5
Reviewing the allegations in the City’s complaint against the Nasty Habit, we are confronted with a disturbing pattern of violence and disruptive behavior. In 2003 and 2004, the Nasty Habit saw two troublesome incidents: in one instance, a Nasty Habit employee ushered underage girls into the Nasty Habit’s basement to hide from police officers conducting a bar check; on another night, a Nasty Habit employee repeatedly punched a customer in the face. The following year was more tumultuous. The Nasty Habit saw trouble twice in May 2005. First, a Nasty Habit employee fought with a customer, refused tо respond to police officers at the scene, and was tasered. Later that month, Nasty Habit employees violently ejected a customer using a chokehold, resulting in a fight, and arrests. Then, in July 2005, a Nasty Habit employee, again, punched a customer in the face. Predictably, a fight broke out. November saw more trouble. On November 1, 2005, one employee was involved in a fight with a customer—when police arrivеd, another employee assisted him in hiding in the basement. Soon after, in January 2006, a customer was over-served and taken to the hospital for detoxification. Finally, in February 2006, there was another brawl involving Nasty Habit employees and patrons. One customer was kicked in the face, and there was a large pile-up of employees and patrons; a Nasty Habit employee was arrested.
Considering this background, wе cannot conclude that the disorderly house statute was unconstitutionally applied to the Nasty Habit. As the district court correctly observed, under any interpretation of the statute, the Nasty Habit is “something less than [an] ideal candidate[ ] to challenge the boundaries of Wisconsin’s disorderly house statute.” Indeed, there is no doubt that the conduct described above was disorderly, riotous, indecent or improper: emрloyees fought with patrons; brawls spilled onto the streets; underaged girls hid in the basement to escape police detection; and a patron required detoxification because he was overserved. 6 Such behavior falls squarely within the ambit of the statute, particularly given the public health and safety concerns involved.
B. Facial Vagueness
To succeed on a facial vagueness challenge, a complainant must dеmonstrate that the law is impermissibly vague in all of its applications.
Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.,
*605 III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we Affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the defendants.
Notes
. Pursuant to statute, "[t]he council shall have the management and control of the city property, finances, highways, navigable waters, and the public service, and shall have power to act for the government and good order of the city, for its commercial benefit, and for the health, safety, and welfare of the public, and may cаrry out its powers by license, regulation, suppression, borrowing of money, tax levy, appropriation, fine, imprisonment, confiscation, and other necessary or convenient means. The powers hereby conferred shall be in addition to all other grants, and shall be limited only by express language.” Wis. Stat. § 62.11(5).
. Wisconsin has this authority pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 62.11(5).
. Though we must exercise caution when consulting a dictionary for plain meaning,
United. States v. Costello,
. The "General Provisions” section of Wis. Stat. § 125, "Alcohol Beverages”, states in part, that the legislature intended to provide "regulatory authority ... for the benefit of the public health and welfare.” § 125.01.
. Moreover, Hegwood was put on notice that the City was concerned about the events at the Nasty Habit, yet the fighting continued and the policies that troubled the City remained unchanged.