54 S.W. 755 | Tex. Crim. App. | 1899
Lead Opinion
Appellant was convicted of manslaughter, and his punishment assessed at two years confinement in the penitentiary, hence this appeal.
The killing for which appellant was indicted occurred at Lexington on April 22, 1899. Deceased and appellant had a casual meeting in said town. It appears that E.W. Rowland and appellant were standing on the gallery of Wheatley's saloon, which is on the north side of the public square, and were engaged in conversation. Mundine, the deceased, came up, and also entered into the conversation. Deceased was standing with his left hand on Heffington's shoulder. Something was said by Heffington to Rowland about his staying in town that night to attend a party, appellant insisting that he should remain to attend the party. About that time he asked deceased if he was going to remain in town that night. Deceased replied, why should he remain? and stated in that connection to appellant that there was no love between the Heffingtons and Mundines, to which appellant replied that there were a great many of the Mundines for whom he had great respect, and that he had always respected him (deceased) until now. Some of the witnesses say that Mundine replied to this, "You are a liar." At this juncture appellant knocked deceased's left hand off his shoulder, and immediately began drawing his pistol, and began backing off from deceased, who followed him up; according to the State's theory, catching at him, or striking at him with his hands only. According to the defendant's theory, deceased at the time had his knife in his hand, — partially opened, according to some, and opened, according to others, — striking at appellant. When appellant had backed about fifty or sixty feet past the stores of Womack and Griffith, to the steps that lead up to Ephraim's gallery, appellant began firing at deceased, — fired two or three shots at him in rapid succession. At this point deceased appeared to stumble and fall as he was about going up the steps in pursuit of appellant. After he was down appellant fired at him once or twice more, striking deceased below the right nipple, the ball glancing downward along his ribs, entering his stomach just below his ribs (this being the wound which subsequently, thirty-six hours afterwards, caused the death of deceased). After deceased fell, appellant struck him over the head several times with his pistol, inflicting severe flesh wounds on his head. About this time Chap Mundine, a relative of deceased, *318 ran up with a chair, and either struck, or attempted to strike appellant, who then desisted in his assault on deceased, and pursued Chap Mundine into Griffith's store, where defendant was arrested by Rowland, the constable. The State's theory from this presentation of the case was to the effect that appellant was guilty of murder in the second degree, because there was no self-defense in the case, and there was no adequate cause to produce manslaughter; or, at least, it was manslaughter, if adequate cause was shown, and there being no self-defense in the case. The theory of the defendant, on the other hand, was that deceased, at the time of the homicide, was pursuing him with a deadly weapon, and he had reasonable cause to believe that his life was in danger, or his person in danger of serious bodily injury, and that he had a right to kill deceased in self-defense.
Appellant's first bill of exceptions questions the action of the court in excluding certain testimony, showing as he claims, a threat by deceased against appellant. The bill shows that appellant offered to prove by one Scott Eckman that some two or three hours before the homicide he saw deceased in the town of Lexington, on the opposite side of the square from where the homicide occurred, talking with some one, whom he did not know, and that he heard deceased say, "I am going to cut his God damn guts out;" that he did not hear him say what person he referred to. The State objected to said testimony upon the ground that it did not disclose what person Mundine referred to when he used the expression. This is substantially all that the bill shows in regard to the excluded, testimony. This question was thoroughly discussed in Godwin v. State, 38 Texas Criminal Reports, 466, and Holley v. State, 39 Texas Criminal Reports, 301, and the rule was there laid down, in accordance with the authorities, that general threats, not directed by name to the individual killed, and not shown by other testimony to have been directed to him, or have embraced him, were not admissible. And see Strange v. State,
Defendant offered to prove by August Schneider that in 1885 he was present at Fedor, in Lee County, and saw deceased murder, for the purpose of robbery, two Germans, to wit, Charles Keifel and William Mrosk; and he offered to prove, in that connection, the circumstances indicating an atrocious murder on the part of deceased for the purpose of robbery. Appellant also offered to prove by same witness, and others, that it was currently and generally reported and was generally believed throughout Lee County, and in the community where defendant, Heffington, resides, that William Mundine, deceased, murdered the two unarmed Germans before mentioned while attempting to rob them. All of this testimony was objected to on the part of the State on the ground that the same was irrelevant, and was in nowise connected with the murder for which appellant was on trial. Appellant, in support of his contention that said testimony was admissible, cites us to Childers v. State, 30 Texas Criminal Appeals, 193, and 2 Bishop's New Criminal Procedure, sections 609, 610. The Childers case cites in its support the same sections of Bishop referred to by counsel. But Mr. Bishop is speaking of character, not of individual acts; for, following the articles quoted, he says: "Here, as there, character does not consist of individual acts, and they can not be shown in evidence. While differing from reputation, it is evidenced thereby, so that a witness should testify what others say of it, and not to his own opinion thereof." 2 Bish. New Crim. Proc., sec. 617, and authorities there cited. And see 1 Bish. New Crim. Proc., sec. 1117. The excluded testimony in the Childers case, supra, was that of Walling and Porter. By reference thereto it will be sen that appellant offered to prove the statements of the deceased, Draper, to said witnesses of certain acts of his which impressed them that he was a dangerous and desperate man, and that just before the killing they recounted these acts in detail to defendant, Childers, and informed him that they believed they were true, and that he impressed them that he was a dangerous and desperate man. It will be noted that this conversation of the witnesses with deceased and its impartation to defendant was a short time before the homicide, that defendant was a comparative stranger in the town, and that deceased was unknown to him. In our view, under the circumstances of the case, that part of the testimony with reference to what the witnesses told appellant as to deceased being a desperate and dangerous man was admissible under the following general rule laid down by Mr. Wharton: "It is admissible, both as to defendant and deceased, to prove that statements had been made to each of a character making it prudent for him to go armed. In fine, any facts, hearsay or not, which go to explain the condition of a person's mind, when such condition is at issue, is admissible." Whart. Crim. Ev., p. 23, sec. 254. *320
Again: "Whenever the issue is whether one honestly believes himself attacked, he can put in evidence any fact that would tend to prove the bona fides of his belief." Whart. Hom. sec. 606. All the authorities, so far as we have examined, concur in the proposition that, where the issue is whether the homicide was committed in malice or self-defense, it is proper to admit evidence of the general character of deceased as being a dangerous and quarrelsome person. In some cases it is admissible in order to aid in determining the question as to who was the assailant in the difficulty. But it is not permissible under this rule, to show particular acts, much less to show the commission of other offenses committed by deceased in nowise connected with the charge for which he is being tried. See Whart. Hom., secs. 610-628, inclusive; Rice, Ev., secs. 376-379; Steph. Dig. Crim. Law, art. 56; Underh. Ev., p. 386; 1 McClain, Crim. Law, sec. 607, and a long list of cases cited in said authorities. And see Wright v. State,
Appellant, however, contends that the Childers case, 30 Texas Criminal Appeals, 160, contains a new doctrine, to wit, that evidence of particular acts indicating that deceased was a dangerous man are admissible under the general rule that evidence of the general reputation of deceased as being dangerous is admissible. We do not believe that a fair analysis of the Childers case will sustain the proposition contended for by appellant. In that case the evidence of Walling and Porter, which was communicated to defendant shortly before the homicide, though hearsay in a sense, was admissible because it was a relevant and pertinent fact tending to show that Childers honestly believed himself attacked by Draper at the time he slew him, and that his life was put in danger by his acts and conduct at that time. If the doctrine contended for by appellant be correct, then the introduction of any number of crimes committed by a deceased person, having no bearing or connection with the case on trial, could be introduced in evidence; and thus not only would the prejudice of the jury be excited against the deceased, but they would necessarily have to turn aside to try any number of distinct issues. Mr. Bishop lays down the true doctrine on this *321 subject as follows: "In general terms, prior acts of the deceased, when connected with the transaction in which his life was taken, are competent in explanation of the killing, — as that the day before he had been quarrelsome and violent, had attacked a third person, and, on defendant's interference to separate them, he had threatened him." 2 Bish. Crim. Proc., sec. 618. It can not be claimed here that the acts, — that is, the killing of the two Germans some fourteen years before this homicide occurred, — had any connection whatever with it; but it was proposed to adduce evidence of this transaction in all of its horrid details in lieu of and as a substitute for evidence of the general character of deceased as being a dangerous and quarrelsome man. And it is urged by counsel for appellant that this proof was absolutely necessary in order that the jury might properly weigh the testimony concerning the difficulty in which appellant killed deceased, Mundine, and ascertain whether or not he acted in self-defense; that is, the contention is that the jury must have the full benefit of all the details of a homicide that occurred fourteen years before, in which deceased was engaged, which would involve a trial of that case before the jury, in order to determine whether or not, in the case on trial, appellant acted in self-defense. If this be the rule, then in every case a defendant need not resort to proof of general character, but, in the first instance, he could resort to particular acts of the deceased, and prove them, in order thus, by indirection, to establish his character. We do not understand this to be the rule of law. Such a rule, in our judgment, would be fraught with great confusion, would create interminable delays in the trial of cases, and would be calculated to paralyze the enforcement of law by exciting the prejudices of juries against a dead man. Mundine was not a stranger in that community, nor was the defendant. If deceased was a quarrelsome and dangerous man, he had certainly earned that reputation in that community, and this fact appellant would have been authorized to prove by competent witnesses, in order to aid the jury in determining whether or not, at the time he shot deceased, he acted out of malice or from motives of self-defense.
In addition to what has been said, it would seem that our statute on the subject of threats, in connection with this character of evidence, prescribes the rule. Article 713, Penal Code, after authorizing proof of threats in justification of homicide, proceeds as follows: "In every instance where proof of threats has been made, it shall be competent to introduce evidence of the general character of the deceased. Such proof shall extend only to an inquiry as to whether the deceased was a man of violent or dangerous character, or a man of kind and inoffensive disposition, or whether he was such a person as might reasonably be expected to execute a threat made." This statute, which treats of self-defense in connection with threats, authorizes proof of general character, and would appear to create a limitation on any other character of proof. Certainly it appears to us that it would exclude *322 the substitution of another character of evidence for proving the character. More especially does this occur to us to be true when all the authorities proscribe any other character of proof. So the proposition here of appellant is, not to invoke a rule of evidence outside of the statute, but to create a new rule of evidence in the face of the statute. And see Bingham v. State, 6 Texas Crim. App., 169. It may be true that in any given case every fact that would serve to explain the condition of a man's mind, when such condition is at issue, is admissible; but such facts must be proven in accordance with the known rules of evidence, and not in contravention of such rules; and, if the evidence here excluded had been admitted, it would have been in violation, as we understand it, of the doctrine laid down by all the authorities on this subject; and we do not believe the court erred in this action.
Appellant complains that the court erred in refusing to give his special charge number 1, in presenting appellant's theory with reference to an abandonment of the difficulty by him after having brought it on in the first instance. We think the court's charge on self-defense was applicable to the facts of this case. Moreover, we fail to find in the record any cessation of the difficulty after it once began. If appellant's theory be true, he merely retreated in the face of the attack of deceased, who was rushing upon him with a drawn knife. This phase of the case was given to the jury.
Nor do we believe there was any occasion for the court to give appellant's second requested instructions. The court gave the first part of said charge, but did not instruct the jury with reference to the assault after the shooting. This was not necessary, as there was no pretense that this assault caused the death of the deceased. The jury could only look to the same as part of the res gestae of the difficulty.
Appellant insists that this case should be reversed because the evidence does not sustain the verdict of the jury. We have examined the record carefully, and, under the issues presented by the evidence, which were fairly submitted to the jury, we believe they were authorized to find the verdict they did. The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
I hereby concur in the conclusion reached.
DAVIDSON, Presiding Judge, absent. *323
