Heery v. Roberts

186 Iowa 61 | Iowa | 1919

Lead Opinion

Salinger, J.

I. The appellants have constructed a fence across both ends of what they -contend is a road or highway that has been duly vacated. The appellees constitute the board of township trustees of the township in which said alleged vacated road lies, and. propose to deal with said fence as an unlawful obstruction of a highway, taking the position that the order to vacate said road is null and void. The trial court held the vacation was a nullity. The plaintiffs seek to restrain the defendant trustees from interfering with said fences or any other obstruction placed by appellants upon or over the alleged vacated highway, and defendants, by counterclaim, pray that plaintiffs be restrained from obstructing said highway, and that the road which plaintiffs claim has been vacated be declared a legally established highway.

i. townships: trustees. It is somewhat difficult to gather what is the precise position taken by the appellees. Their brief has language which greatly limits the controversy, but this limitation is often disregarded, and the dispute greatly enlarged. Thus we are compelled to consider some matters which, perhaps, are.not seriously relied upon by the appellees. It may be understood from th'eir brief that they complain, not only of the vacation of one road, but complain also of the new road that was established in its stead. We think this appeal is not concerned with the establishment of the substitute road. The board of township trustees may not complain of the establishment of the new highway. It certainly may not complain because appellants are willing to donate a road over their own lands, and the existence of such a road cannot concern the trustees. The appellants go beyond what we are now saying, and insist that the counterclaim and resistance of the trustees is impertinent, and that the board of trustees has no standing to ask that plaintiffs be restrained from maintaining the fences in question or other obstructions. It is the duty of this board, and it has power, to remove all obstructions in the highways under their jurisdiction. Sections 1527-sl7 and 1560, Code Supplement, 1913. Having this duty and power, of necessity it has standing to respond to a suit which alleges that they have no right to remove an alleged obstruction, by maintaining, if they can, that the obstruction is an unlawful one. And if to maintain that position it is necessary to settle whether a roadway has or has not been duly vacated, they have standing to make a contest on that question.

2. jddqment: judgment. Belated is the contention of the appellants that, because the legality of the vacation is but collaterally involved in this suit, the defendants must fail because, if the vacation was an act beyond authority of the board of supervisors, the sole remedy is an appeal from the action of the board of supervisors. Now, while it is true that we held, in Sullivan v. Robbins, 109 Iowa 235, that mandamus will not lie to correct illegality in the vacation of a highway, because certiorari affords an adequate remedy at law, we think this does not overthrow the'elementary doctrine that, though want of jurisdiction may be raised on direct attack, it may also be asserted collaterally. While it is true that, when a tribunal whose action may be reviewed on appeal acts without jurisdiction, it may be asserted on appeal that the lower tribunal erred because it acted without jurisdiction, it is as true that that course need not be pursued, and that the validity of an act charged to be without jurisdiction may be raised whenever and wherever any right is asserted upon such action. A familiar instance is found in several of our decisions wherein it is held that, if a school board acts without jurisdiction, appeal to the county superintendent is not the exclusive remedy.

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We are of opinion that the following contentions, respectively made, cannot be sustained:

a. It avails the appellants nothing that the auditor notified the township clerk of the establishment of the road substituted for the one alleged to be vacated.

b. It avails appellants nothing in this suit that they have filed a remonstrance with the board of supervisors against re-opening the highway claimed to be vacated, and giving reasons why it should not be re-opened.

c. Meeting the argument of appellees that there was no power to act because.certain notices prescribed by statute were not given, appellant, at one point, asserts that these notices were given. We are of opinion this claim is not sustained by the record, and that appellants must stand or fall upon their position, elsewhere taken, that no statute notice was necessary.

d. If we shall find that the highway in question has been duly vacated, it avails the appellees nothing if they have shown that the vacated highway was either .formally and duly established, or, if not, had become such highway by long public use and maintenance. If, though confessedly a public highway, there has been a lawful vacation thereof, obstructions thereon after such vacation are not unlawful, and the board of trustees cannot remove them.

II. Because appellees have not made clear just what they limit the dispute to, we proceed to consider their brief seriatim.

It may be gathered from the citation of the statute governing the matter that appellees contend no petition was filed. The record shows the contrary.

non-iurisdictiona) matters. It may be gathered that the legality of the proceedings is challenged because no bond was filed with the auditor, such as is required by Section 1485 of the Code. This provision is simply directory. State v. Barlow, 61 Iowa 572; Woolsey v. Board of Supervisors, 32 Iowa 130; Sullivan v. Robbins, 109 Iowa 235.

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4. Highways : refused vacation followed by subsequent petition. In May, 1915, appellants petitioned for the’ vacation of said alleged highway and the establishing, of a new road in place thereof. A commissioner was appointed. Section 1488 of the Code requires him to make report, and he reported against the expediency of the proposal. We agree with appellees that this put an end to the proceedings initiated by this petition, and that, upon the coming in of such adverse report, the application in question could no longer be considered as pending. See Cook v. Trigg, 52 Iowa 709; Morgan v. Miller, 59 Iowa 481; DeVoe v. Smeltzer, 86 Iowa 385. But that is the only effect; and from such adverse report, discontinuance and nothing more results.

5. Highways : non-iurisdictional matters. We held, in Lawrence, v. Williams, 146 Iowa 671, that, if it be conceded the board is without jurisdiction to proceed after an adverse report by the commissioner, nevertheless it will not be without jurisdiction to entertain an entirely new proceeding, by the filing of a new petition on the same line or route contemplated by the first petition. The board of supervisors is given express and exclusive jurisdiction to vacate highways. We should not by construction strain to oust it of that jurisdiction. As seen, the adverse report of the commissioner on the first petition did not affect the jurisdiction to act upon the second; and, while it is settled that any proceeding wherein the commissioner does make an adverse report is abated and discontinued, it does not follow that the jurisdiction to entertain a new petition is terminated though no adverse report be filed, and merely because of failure to appoint a commissioner at all, thus making it impossible to have an adverse report. No- . where does the statute prescribe in terms that jurisdiction ceases because no report of commissioner is filed. Nowhere is the jurisdiction in terms made to depend upon the appointment of a. commissioner. That the action must stop when an authorized investigation finds that the-proposal is inexpedient is one thing; that the action of the hoard of supervisors is void because the auditor appoints no commissioner, and the board uses its own judgment as to expediency, is quite a different thing. We are of opinion that the appointment of the commissioner is largely for the purpose of determining whether wha.t is proposed is justified, in view of the expense that must be incurred. As will appear later, both the vacated highway and its substitute were wholly on the land of the «appellants, and that they relinquished all claims for damages! From this it results that there was little real need of appointing a commissioner, and thus it is to quite an extent explained why none was appointed. We think that Sullivan v. Robbins, 109 Iowa 235, in principle settles that failure to appoint the commissioner in the matter at bar does not invalidate the proceedings, for it is therein held to be immaterial that no commissioner was appointed to pass upon the expediency of the proposed vacation, because the plaintiff and all parties in interest signed the petition, and were, therefore, in no position to complain of the vacation. And it bears on the effect of failure to appoint a commissioner where nothing can be accomplished by appointing him, that we held in McKinney v. Baker, 100 Iowa 362, that it was immaterial that appraisers were not appointed at the time required by statute, because no damages are allowable for vacating a highway. We hold now that, whatever may be the effect of an adverse report, the proceedings are not void because, through failure to appoint the commissioner, there was no report, either favorable or adverse.

In Home T. & T. Co. v. City of Los Angeles, 211 U. S. 265, at 273, the Supreme Court of the United States declares it to be thoroughly settled law that, whenever it is claimed that something done or omitted has the effect of extinguishing pro tanto an undoubted power of government, every doubt will be resolved in favor of continuance of the power, and the legislative intent to have the doing or omitting some particular thing suspend the power expressly conferred, must clearly and unmistakably appear. The strain will be to hold the power has not been lost, not to reach a decision that clearly delegated power has been suspended or lost.

6. highways: omission ot aii notice. III. Section 1495 of the Code requires that, as to some persons named, a prescribed notice shall be served as original notices are, and that in all cases there shall be a prescribed notice by publication. Neither notice was given. Upon the whole record, as dealt with in the written opinion by the trial judge, it seems clear the decision below turned on the conclusion of the judge that, without these notices, plaintiffs have not more than a consent vacation; that there cannot be such vacation; and that, therefore, the board of supervisors have no jurisdiction to act unless such notices are first given. In support of this holding, appellees rely upon cases of which Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. v. Ellithorpe, 78 Iowa 415, and, Moffitt v. Brainard, 92 Iowa 122, are types. In Ross v. Board of Supervisors, 128 Iowa 427, 484, cases of this class are held to do no more than apply the fundamental rule that the property of no one may be taken from him by any tribunal “without notice and an opportunity to be heard.” Of course, that is so. But does it rule this case ? i The notice which is to be personally served is to be served on no one except owners of land who reside in the county, and own land “lying in the proposed road or abutting thereon, as shown by the transfer books in the auditor’s office.” The appellants are the only owners within this statute requirement. Now, as they instituted the vacation proceedings, and appeared in them, and relinquished all claims for damages, if any they-had, it is manifest that the notice to be personally served was, in this case, utterly unnecessary. No matter how mandatorily a notice may, in terms, be required, the serving such notice is not more vital than it was in any of the eases wherein it was held that, without the service of notice, there was no jurisdiction. At the foundation of all jurisprudence lies that all proceedings are void as to any who have no notice and are not heard. There are some statute provisions that notice shall not be required if appearance be made; but without the aid of such statutes, we think it must be held that, no matter how necessary notice may be to jurisdiction, jurisdiction is always obtained where, by appearance, the party to be served effects all that giving the required notice could do; and we see no reason why this should not be so in the matter at bar. It seems to us it may not in reason be claimed that this vacation of a highway should be held to be a nullity because parties who moved for the vacation, appeared to promote it, and relinquished all claims for damages, were not served with a notice advising them that the vacation was under consideration, and that the road would be vacated unless objections were filed by a stated time, and claim for damages made within such time. That, in such circumstances, the notice was needless is, in principle, fully sustained by Ross v. Board of Supervisors, 128 Iowa 427, at 435; Chrisman v. Brandes, 137 Iowa 433; Howard v. Emmet County, 140 Iowa 527, at 533; and Goeppinger v. Board of Supervisors, 172 Iowa 30, at 42, 43. If the landowners upon whom the notice is to be served were not entitled to notice, or may not complain that none was given, others may not urge that the proceedings were invalid for lack of this notice See Lightner v. Greene County, 145 Iowa 95, at 105, and the Chrisman and Ross cases, supra. It is a fair paraphrasing to say that, when the only person entitled to the notice has waived it, no one is in position to assail the validity of the proceedings for want of notice. The cases cited by appellee at this point hold.nothing to the contrary. All that State v. Weimer, 64 Iowa 243, holds, is that, where one is indicted for obstructing an alleged highway over his own land, and the record fails to show that any notice was served upon him of the proceedings for the establishment, or that ho had in any way waived such notice, the proceedings were without jurisdiction, and defendant could not be convicted. To the same effect is State v. Anderson, 39 Iowa 274, and the cases that it follows and the cases that follow it.' And all we can find in McCarl v. Clarke County, 167 Iowa 14, is that a vacation cannot be had merely at the pleasure of the officers who may discontinue a highway, but that there is no jurisdiction izo act until a petition for vacation has been filed.

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If, then, the decree below can be sustained, it must be because of disregard of that provision of the statute which requires that, in any case', a notice by publication shall be given. Under that statute, this notice may be in the following form:

“To-all whom it may concern: The commissioner appointed to vacate the road [describing it, and giving the names of owners of the land through which the proposed road passes, as they appear upon the transfer books of the auditor’s office] has reported in favor of the vacation, and all objections thereto or claim for damages must, be filed in the auditor’s office • by a time stated in the notice, or such road will be vacated without reference thereto.”

• So far as a claim for damages is concerned, that is not a factor in the vacation of a highway. For such vacation affords no basis for a claim of damages; and, if it does, notice is still needless as to any who have waived damages. Grove v. Allen, 92 Iowa 519; McKinney v. Baker, 100 Iowa 362; Sullivan v. Robbins, 109 Iowa 235; Ross v. Board of Supervisors, 128 Iowa 427, at 435; McCarl v. Clarke County, 167 Iowa 14. Clearly, then, the failure to give a notice by publication in order to enable claims for damages to be filed cannot be fatal, because, if such notice were given, it could not produce a valid claim for damages. So far, then, as this-case is concerned, the only purpose that giving said notice by publication could serve would be to give opportunity for filing objections to the vacation of the road. It is true that, though the statute provides personal service for certain landowners only, there might be those who, though not such owners, still had the right to object to the vacation. The trouble is that neither in plea nor proof does it appear that any such persons exist. In Sullivan v. Robbins, 109 Iowa 285, it is decided that a road supervisor may not be compelled by mandamus to remove obstructions from an alleged highway and to open the same to its full width. One ground for asking such relief was the claim that the alleged vacation of the road was void, because “no notice of the hearing was given to any person whatever.” While, as said, the ultimate decision is that mandamus will not lie, it was legitimately within the scope of that decision to say, as it was said, that no relief could be had, because “there is no such showing in the petition' [as to which a demurrer was sustained] as would require the giving of notice.” • For this pronouncement, the case cites McKinney v. Baker, 100 Iowa 362. This last case construes-this very statute, and as to both forms of notice. It finds that the published notice was in proper form, except it did not contain the names of the owners of the land, and rules that, since it ivas not pleaded “that any of the names of such landowners appeared in the transfer books, it cannot be said that the notice was defective.” The least that may fairly be claimed for these decisions is that failure to serve with notice is not material, unless it appears that someone was entitled to such notice as was not given. Whatever the form of the action, and whether the point be raised by the petition or answer, the order to vacate a highway is presumed to be valid, and whosoever asserts it to be invalid has the burden of proving that charge. So, if the failure to give notice be relied on as constituting the invalidity asserted, he who asserts it must show conditions that made it necessary to give the notice by publication that was not given. As before said, it is nowhere made to appear in this record that anyone other than the landowners' who initiated the vacation proceedings had any interest in.whether the road should or should not be vacated. This, puts the appellees in the position of claiming that the vacation is a nullity, though the only persons appearing to have any interest had made all notice needless, without a showing that a notice was due to anyone who had not waived it, or made it needless.

We conclude it was error to dismiss the petition because of the failure to give notice.

IY. It is said that, in the two petitions filed by them, appellants admit that the road in question was a public highway prior to the time at which the order attempting public highway. We have, in effect, already disposed of this contention, by holding that, if the vacation was valid, it cannot matter that, prior to such vacation, the road was a public highway. The case of Gilcrest & Co. v. City of Des Moines, 157 Iowa 525, at 529, and that of Miller v. Schenck, 78 Iowa 372, are types of holdings that a landowner may estop himself to question whether a highway was duly established, or a finding that there was a waiver of a notice. We cannot see what relevancy these have. Certainly, these appellants might estop themselves to deny that the highway sought to be vacated had been established as, or was, in fact, a public highway. It may be assumed, for the sake of argument, that they have so estopped themselves. But the most binding acknowledgment that a public highway the vacation was made; that, in the past, they have claimed an exemption from taxation of the land occupied by said, road; and thereupon, it is urged that these things estop and bar the plaintiffs from denying that said road was a existed at one time is not a bar to an application to have the same vacated, nor a bar to having such petition granted.

It follows from what we have said that the decree and order appealed from must be — Reversed.

Ladd, C. J., Evans and Preston, JJ., concur.

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Rehearing

Supplemental Opinion on Kehearing.

Per.Curiam.

The opinion has the statement following: “So far as a claim for damages is concerned, that is not a factor in the vacation of a highway. For such vacation affords no basis for a claimed damage. Clearly, then, the failure to give a notice by publication in order to enable claims for damages to be filed cannot be fatal, because, if such notice were given, it could not produce a valid claim for damages. The only purpose that giving said notice by publication could serve in this case would be to give opportunity for filing objections to the vacation of the road.”

8. Highways : vacation: damages: access to land: inter-meddler. In this connection, several decisions in this court are cited. It is now urged that these cases have been overruled by McCann v. Clarke County, 149 Iowa 13. On examination of the McCann case, it is apparent that, in strictness, it does not overrule the cases in question, but modifies their effect in this rea spect: Under the cases cited in the opinion, no one could claim damages because of the vacation of a road. The underlying thought was that no one suffers from a vacation, as distinct from the general public. Under the McCann case, there may be a claim for damages on account of the vacation of a highway, if that highway be adjacent to a tract of land to which the owner has no other convenient means of access; because, in such case, the owner of the land suffers a special damage, separate and distinct from that suffered by the general public. The utmost the McCami case'does for appellees is to hold that notice by publication must be given if there be some person to whom the vacation causes a direct damage, personal to himself. That does not touch the cases which hold that the absence of such a notice may not be urged where i.t is .not made to appear that any person exists who may so,be injured. We have not held that notice by publication need not be given. What is ruled is that where, for all that appeal's, the complainant is a mere intenneddler, without interest, he may not litigate the validity of the vacation, and hence may not urge, in support of contending for invalidity, that the notice prescribed by statute was not given. This rule has been applied time and again against attempts to assert the unconstitutionality of a legislative enactment. In the last analysis, we have but held that no other than the real party in interest may maintain a suit. So far as appears, the appellants are the only persons wjiose interest could be affected by the vacation of this particular highway. For all that appears, no one but themselves has the slightest concern in the fact that an angling road running through the land of appellants was closed, and a straight road running through the same land substituted therefor.

We do not intend to hold that, if the landowners through whose lands the vacated highway runs are not entitled to notice, no. others may urge that the proceedings were invalid for lack of this notice. What we do decide is that while, on the authority of the McGcmn case, others may urge that lack of notice, they must make it appear that they are concerned in the matter. The McCann case gives no rights to mex*e intexuueddlers, nor does it create a presumption that whosoever makes an attack upon a vacation of a highway will suffer special damage from the vacation, nor a presumption that someone not in court has an interest which entitled him to notice. As well say that parties before the court may deny jurisdiction on the ground that, by possibility, someone in the world might complain later that he, too, should have been notified.

This does not violate tbe numerous decisions which declare that the board of supervisors and like bodies are tribunals possessing but limited and special jurisdiction, and that, ordinarily, no presumption will be indulged that the acts of that tribunal were done upon observance of jurisdictional essentials. But even as courts of general jurisdiction may, as to some functions, be a special tribunal, with limited and special jurisdiction, so may the legislature give to tribunals that do not possess the standing of courts of general jurisdiction, general powers over a certain subject-matter. We think that vacating highways is an illustra-tion of this. This is strongly indicated by McLachlan v. Incorporated Town of Gray, 105 Iowa 259.

In our opinion, no other points made by the petition for rehearing require any additions to what has been said in the opinion. We adhere to the opinion, as herein explained.

Petition overruled.

Ladd, C. J., Evans and Preston, JJ., concur.