143 S.E. 309 | W. Va. | 1928
These four actions resulted in verdicts and judgments in favor of plaintiffs suing as landlords of defendant upon four distress warrants, the first one, for rent reserved by contract, for the months of December 1926, and January and February of 1927, including $100.00 due as a balance for the month of November 1926; and the subsequent ones, for rents claimed for the months of March, April, and May 1927, respectively. The same jury rendered verdicts in each case and from the judgments pronounced thereon, these writs of error were allowed.
The actions are based on a written lease between G. C. Hedrick and Ethel M. Hedrick, his wife, and Alex McNabb of the one part, and defendant Allen Pack, of the other part, wherein the lessors leased a storeroom and basement in a three-story building in the city of Beckley for a term of years, at *542 $400.00 per month payable in advance on the first day of each month following the date of the lease, which is dated the 28th day of January, 1925. The lessors reserved the right to change the front and windows of the building without being responsible for loss or damage to the lessee by reason of the change or alteration or for obstructing the entrance to the storeroom, but it is stipulated that the work be done as speedily as possible so as to cause no unnecessary delay or blocking of traffic. The lessee agreed to keep the room in a good state of repair at his expense, ordinary wear and tear excepted. There are other provisions, usual to be found in such instruments, which are unnecessary to detail. Later the original lessors did remodel the front and doors of the building as they had the right to do, and it is claimed by the lessee in these suits by way of recoupment against the rent that the improvement was not done as speedily as possible, and that he was therefore unnecessarily damaged by reason of the breach of this stipulation.
After this improvement was made, and on October 17, 1926, Alex McNabb died. On February 14, 1927, plaintiff G. C. Hedrick, acting for himself and his wife and as the agent of Marguerite Gulley, Sarah Caple, George, Sam, Will, Alex, Frank and John Love, Katherine Moore, and Florence McNabb, made affidavit before a justice of the peace of Raleigh county as a basis of a distress warrant against defendant Pack for the sum of $1,300.00 with interest, all claimed to be due under the lease contract, and stating therein that the persons named in the affidavit as claimants of the rent reserved, excepting himself and wife, "are the heirs of Alex McNabb, deceased, the agent of all of whom he, the said G. C. Hedrick, is in making this affidavit." Thereupon a distress warrant was issued in favor of the parties named in the affidavit to distrain the goods and chattels of defendant found upon the leased premises which were described, and requiring the officer to make return to the circuit court of Raleigh county on the 25th day of February, 1927, and the sheriff, to whom the warrant was directed, was also commanded to summon the lessee to appear in court on that day to answer the complaint of the parties named in a civil action, as provided by section 10, Chapter 93, Code, as amended by Chapter
In each of the cases defendant craved oyer of the affidavits on which the distress warrants and notices of suit were based and demurred and moved to quash the affidavits and the warrants and notices. The court overruled the demurrers and motions to quash, and this is one of the points of error relied upon for reversal. Defendant pleaded the general issue and filed two special pleas, one of which sets up a claim that plaintiffs neglected and refused to make proper repairs in and about the storeroom and by such failure and refusal defendant was evicted from a portion of the premises, namely, two show windows; and the other is to the effect that the plaintiffs rendered the occupation of the storeroom untenable at the time they made the change of the show windows and front of the said storeroom and did not have the work done as speedily as possible.
Upon the trial of the first case, plaintiff to maintain the issue, examined G. C. Hedrick who produced the lease contract in evidence and stated that the amount claimed, $1,300.00 together with the interest, was due and payable to plaintiffs from the defendant. He gave the date of the death of Alex McNabb, one of his co-lessors, as October 17, 1926, and was asked if Marguerite Gulley, Sarah Caple, the Love boys, Katherine Moore and Florence McNabb were the heirs of Alex McNabb, deceased, and replied that they were, and was asked *544
if there were any other heirs, and replied that, to his knowledge, there were none. Defendant relied upon a motion to strike out the evidence of Hedrick and did not introduce any testimony. The motion to strike was overruled, and the jury returned a verdict in accordance with the sums claimed and proven by Hedrick. Before going into the trial of this, and the subsequent cases, a motion for continuance was made by defendant because of the absence of a witness residing in Bluefield, West Virginia, who had been summoned and whose evidence he claimed to be material, and that the same facts could not be shown by any other witness. The court refused to continue the cases on this ground, and this is one of the errors relied on. Following the result of the first case, the other three cases were tried by the same jury and like steps taken, except that defendant introduced many witnesses to sustain his claim of recoupment, and that he did not owe the rent because the building had been partially destroyed by fire which occurred on February 25, 1926. In these cases error is predicated on the introduction and refusal of evidence, but this error cannot be considered because the particular evidence relied upon is not made a ground for setting aside the verdict nor saved by special bills of exception. Tuggle v. Belcher,
Logically the first error to be considered is the demurrer to and motion to quash the affidavits and distress warrants, for these papers constitute plaintiffs' pleadings by which they assert their right to recover for a specific amount against specific property and the relation which brings about the obligation. With reference to the warrant in the first case, it is said that because it is made returnable to the circuit court on the 25th day of February, which day was not the first day of the term, makes the warrant fatally defective because, it is claimed, that under section 2, Chapter 124, of the Code, that process of this character shall be returnable to the court on the first day of the term, except process awarded in the court. We do not think this section of Chapter 124 applies, for the Act under which the distress warrant is issued, as amended by Chapter
The other point of error on demurrer and motion to quash, which applies to all of the affidavits and warrants, is that they do not show how the plaintiffs, other than the two Hedricks, are heirs of Alex McNabb, deceased. It is argued that the mere statement that they are heirs of Alex McNabb is not sufficient to show the true relationship and their consequent right to recovery of the rent. The remedy of distress for rent is very ancient in origin and is a product of the feudal system. Rent was originally reserved as a part of the military service which was of vital importance to the general safety and public welfare under the feudal system and was considered somewhat as taxes levied for the support of that system; and this drastic measure was instituted for the purpose of getting a quick return of money for military efficiency. Although the reason for this summary and drastic procedure has for many centuries disappeared, it is still retained in favor of the landlord, and the Virginia courts have naively justified the ancient procedure on the theory that it affords the landlords with a safe and speedy remedy for their rents and enables the poorest of the people to obtain homes; but whatever may be the reason and policy the Legislature has not seen fit to abolish this drastic procedure, and it is a very active part of our present law. Prior to 1925 if the tenant desired to contest the right of his landlord to recover rents, he gave a forthcoming bond and forfeited that bond, and interposed his defenses *546
upon a suit on that bond. That procedure is radically changed by Chapter
The procedure is in the nature of an action for the recovery of a debt in which the defendant may make legal and equitable defense and the property is held pending disposition by the court. The affidavit for the distress warrant and the warrant itself form the basis of the landlord's action. They should be considered as the declaration of the plaintiff in the case and governed by the laws of pleading applicable to declarations in debt and assumpsit. It will be noted that the affidavit is made a part of the record by oyer, and the question arises if it is sufficient for those plaintiffs who claimed to have stepped into the shoes of Alex McNabb "as heirs" to have alleged their right to recovery by simply saying they were "heirs of Alex McNabb". Would such allegation be sufficient in a declaration? It is quite generally held that, in the jurisdictions where a proceeding to distrain is regarded as an action at law, it has all the characteristics of any other civil action and is governed by the same general rules of pleading and practice. Vol. 18, Standard Ency. of Proced., page 526, par. 6, title, "Landlord and Tenant." And it is said in Vol. 7, Ency. Pl.
Pr., page 23, that: "The warrant of distress when it stands under the statute for a declaration, must aver all matters which the plaintiff seeks to prove, and the amount to be *547
recovered is limited to the amount fixed in the warrant." At common law, if a person claiming to be an heir sought to recover by virtue of that relationship, it was necessary for him to show how heir. As far back as the first year of the reign of William and Mary, we find in Denham v. Stephenson, 1 Salkeld 355, it was held: "Where H. sues as heir, he must shew his pedigree coment haeres, for it lies in his proper knowledge; but where one is sued as heir, he need not; for the plaintiff is a stranger and it would be hard to compel him to set forth another's pedigree." In this state we follow the procedure at common law unless it is inconsistent with our statutes or policy. The Virginia court in 2 Munf. 88, Waller'sExecutors v. Ellis, et al., approved the ruling in Denham v.Stephenson, supra. Chitty in his great work on pleadings in Vol. 1, 16th Am. ed., page 382 (484), concisely states the rule of pleading in actions of this character as follows: "But when the declaration is by or against a person who was not a party to the original contract, and particularly in actions upon leases, the statement of the derivitive title of the plaintiff or the defendant precedes the breach. And in an action on a lease by a party claiming from the lessor there must be an inducement of the lessor's title as before explained. Thus, when an action is brought by the heir of the lessor, the title and death of his ancestor, and the descent to the plaintiff as heir, is shown; and it must appear how he is heir, viz., whether as son or otherwise, and if he claims by mediate, not immediate, descent, he must show the pedigree; for example, if he claims as nephew, he must show how nephew. And when the plaintiff claims as assignee of the reversion by lease and release or other conveyance, the nature and operative part of the conveyance must be set forth." Many cases could be cited from the decisions of various states which follow the rule of pleading set out by Chitty, but we content ourselves with citing only one case, that of Langston v. Edwards, (Ky.)
It is apparent that these plaintiffs claiming as heirs of Alex McNabb, deceased, would be required to show in their evidence the relationship which existed between them and the deceased in order that the court might determine as a matter of law that they were heirs and therefore entitled to recover the rents. It follows necessarily that if they were required to show these facts, it was necessary for them to allege it in their pleading. For these reasons we think the demurrer and motion to quash should have been sustained. It is quite generally held that the remedy by distress being stringent and summary in its character, all of the statutory requirements should be strictly followed. 7 Ency. Pl. Pr. 26. And the pleadings on which it is based should be clear, unequivocal, and show jurisdictional facts. Because of the defectiveness of the affidavits and warrants as above set out, which we hold is the basic pleading of the plaintiff under the statute, the judgments in each of the cases will be reversed, the verdicts set aside, and new trials awarded.
Under this disposition of the case, it will be unnecessary and improper to pass upon the alleged error of the court in refusing to continue the cases because of the absence of a witness claimed to be material. And perhaps it would be unnecessary or improper to pass upon other alleged errors committed in the trial of the case upon its merits. As before suggested, the errors based on the giving and refusing of testimony cannot be considered. And we have cursorily examined the alleged errors in the giving and refusing instructions and have perceived none which would call for reversal. However, that assignment of error has not been carefully gone into, as the cases must be reversed for the reasons above assigned.
*549Judgments reversed; verdicts set aside; new trials awarded.