225 Mo. 228 | Mo. | 1910
Lead Opinion
This is a suit under section 650 to try and determine title to certain real estate in Pemiscot county. The petition also states matters of equitable cognizance and, in its omnibus form, may be considered a bill in equity to cancel and annul a certain deed in partition, remove a cloud upon plaintiff’s title, submitting conditions to be enforced in a certain contingency as the price of the decree.
It is conceded that one Gowah W. Stewart was the common source of title. Dying be left a widow, Cynthia G. (who intermarried with one Hector, now dead) and three children, B. W., Watson L. and Carrie G.,
Plaintiffs allege in their petition that they own in fee the real estate described; that it is not in possession of anyone; that defendant claims some unknown interest, title and estate' in the premises which cannot be stated unless under a certain deed executed by the sheriff of Pemiscot county in pursuance of a decree in partition which decree ordered the sale of the described land belonging to plaintiffs; that if defendant claims through said proceedings and deed they should be held void because these plaintiffs (defendants in said partition suit) were non-residents of the State of Missouri and were not summoned to appear or in any way notified as the law commands; that they had no knowledge of said proceedings, actual or constructive; that the circuit court of Pemiscot county had no jurisdiction over them, and to so deprive them of their property would not be due process of law; that plaintiff, Watson L. Stewart, at the time was a minor, and the plaintiff, Carrie G. Frazier, a married woman. Alleging they did not knowingly receive any proceeds of the sheriff’s sale in partition, but got a small sum of money, the amount of which they do not remember, from the sheriff, they allege they were not informed of the source from which said money was derived and had no knowledge of any of their lands being sold in partition. They aver themselves willing to submit to equitable terms if the proceeds paid them were derived from a partition sale and ask the coiirt to ascertain the fact, adjudge the amount of money so received and allow them to refund to the party or parties jointly entitled: to it with interest-praying, furthermore, that the court determine their interest and that of the defendant, respectively,
The answer denies plaintiffs’ title and asserts defendant’s. Alleging furthermore that plaintiffs were tenants in common with one William Riley (execution purchaser of B. W. Stewart’s interest); that Riley sued in partition; that such steps were taken in that case that a valid judgment was rendered and the land was sold by the sheriff at a valid and regular sale; that at such sale it was'knocked down to defendant on his bid of $500, and he received a sheriff’s deed conveying all the right, title and interest of plaintiffs in said land; that the bid was all the land was worth at the time of the sale, and that plaintiffs, with full knowledge' of the suit and sale, received from the sheriff the amount bid, knowing it was the consideration paid by defendant; that since the date of that deed defendant has been in actual possession of the land with the knowledge, consent and acquiescence of plaintiffs; has paid the taxes and expended large sums of money since then in good faith under a claim of ownership and made lasting and valuable improvements; that plaintiffs, knowing these things, remained silent and retained their share of the partition money until defendant reclaimed the land from marsh and swamp and made it valuable, wherefore defend'ant invokes estoppel.
For another defense it is alleged that B. W. Stew-' art (prior to the partition) executed to defendant his promissory note for the sum of $275, drawing 8 per cent interest, due January 1, 1897; that in consideration for such loan and to secure the same, plaintiffs executed to one Shead, as trustee, a deed of trust conveying to him the land described in the petition; that the note coming due, said Shead, as trustee, filed an in
On these several pleas, defendant prayed the court to adjudge the title to be in him; that plaintiffs have no title whatever; that if the court found the partition sale void, etc., then, in that event, a decree go making said deed of trust in full force and effect, a lien on the land; that it be sold under such decree foreclosing the .deed of trust; that the proceeds be applied to the payment of the debt evidenced by the note and for such other and further relief as seems meet and proper.
The reply denied the new matter in the answer.
On issues thus outlined the chancellor found for defendant, decreeing him to be the owner of the land and that plaintiffs have no title. From that decree all the plaintiffs prosecute their appeal.
As said, Q-owah W. Stewart was admitted to be the common source of title. The relationship of the plaintiffs severally to him as hereinbefore set forth was shown and that he died in 1879, leaving plaintiffs his only heirs.
Cynthia G. Hector testified by deposition that she was never summoned or in any other way notified in the partition suit; that she had no knowledge of such proceedings until two years after the sale; that, living then in Arkansas, she employed attorneys there to look after her land, and for the first time ascertained through them that parties were claiming through partition proceedings the land descended to plaintiffs from Gowah W.
The -deposition of Watson L. Stewart was read by plaintiffs. At the time of testifying he was twenty-seven years old. His testimony was to the same effect as that of his mother, Mrs. Hector.
To the same effect was another deposition read by plaintiff, to-wit, that of Carrie G. Frazier. Speaking of the money received of the sheriff, she said she “understood it to be money received in some way from the estate of my father, probably from some land sold on account of a mortgage given to David Mann or Mann Brothers. ’ ’
Such was the testimony of plaintiff's in chief.
To sustain his title, defendant offered his original deed in partition from McFarland, sheriff, dated February 21 1898, conveying the land to David and Fred Mann. This offer was objected to “for the reason that judgment in partition proceedings on which said deed is based is void for the reason that the court rendering such judgment had no jurisdiction of the parties de
Defendant next offered an amended deed bearing date during trial of the pending suit and executed by McFarland, ex-sheriff. In the narrations of the original deed the parties to the partition proceedings were set forth as “William Riley, petitioner against Cynthia Gr. Hector et dl., defendants” — the names of the defendants not otherwise appearing. The amended deed corrected that irregularity. To the offer of this deed plaintiffs’ counsel interposed the same objection they offered to the original with this in addition, “and for the further reason that the sheriff at this late date has no right to make the amended deed now offered, the judgment in the partition proceedings being barred by the Statute of Limitations it being more than three years since the rendition of the judgment.” The objection was overruled, the deed admitted and plaintiffs saved the point.
To further sustain issues on his behalf, defendant put on the stand Mr. McFarland, the sheriff at the time of the partition sale, who executed the foregoing deeds, and who testified that he remembered the sale of the land. He described the partition suit as one “wherein William Riley, a brother of Judge Riley, was plaintiff and Cynthia Gr. Hector, Carrie Gr. Frazier and husband and Watson L. Stewart were defendants.” He identified the land as that described in the deed and partition. He paid to Mrs. Hector, Mrs. Frazier, Watson L. Stewart and William Riley, the funds received from the sale and had the receipts now in hand. He paid Mr. Mann
“Office of the Sheriff of Pemiscot County, Missouri, August 18, 1898. Received of J. H. McFarland, ex-officio sheriff of Pemiscot county, Mo., the sum of thirty-one dollars and 85-100 dollars, being amount in full due me from the distribution of funds derived from the sale of certain real estate sold for partition on the 9th day of February, 1897, under an order issued by the circuit court of Pemiscot County, Missouri, in the case of William Riley v. Cynthia G-. Hector et al.” Signed, “Cynthia 0. Hector,” and marked in the left hand corner, ‘‘ original. ’ ’
“Office of the Sheriff of Pemiscot County, Mo., Aug. 19,1898. Received of J. H. McFarland, ex-officio sheriff of Pemiscot county, Mo., the. sum of $172.13, being amount in full due me from the sale of certain real estate sold for partition on the 19th day of February, 1897, under an order issued by the circuit court of Pemiscot County, Mo., in the case of William Riley v. Cynthia Gr. Hector.” Signed “W. L. Stewart;” “original,” in left hand corner.
“Office of the Sheriff of Pemiscot County, Mo., Aug. 19, 1898. Received of J. H. McFarland, ex-officio sheriff of Pemiscot county, Mo.,, the sum of fifty-five and 73-100 dollars, being the amount in full due me from the distribution of funds derived from the sale of real estate sold for partition on the 9th day of February, 1897, under an order issued from the circuit court of Pemiscot county, Mo., in the case of William Riley v. Cynthia G. Hector et al.” Signed, “Carrie Frazier” — “Original” in left hand corner.
“Gayoso, Mov Aug. 19,189...
“Mrs. Carrie Frazier, Pine Bluff, Ark.
“Dear Madam: Herewith I enclose you check for your interest im the Goah Stewart estate less your interest in the ‘Long Field,’ which was decreed to go to Mann Bros. The synopsis of the matter is as follows, to-wit:
Gross proceeds.$768.93
Total expense. 154.13
Net proceeds .$614.80
Mrs. Hector’s dowry deducted. 98.40
Amount to be divided among three heirs... $516.40
One-third of your share of the whole.172.13
Tour interest in Long field which Mann Bros, got. 116.40
Tour interest in balance of the estate.$ 55.73
“I suppose that you understand that this is the proceeds of the balance of the Stewart land which ivas sold in February term of our circuit in ’97, and that Mann Bros, were subrogated to your interest in the Long field on the account of a trust deed signed by you to them. I send you duplicate receipts to sign, as I need one receipt to keep and one to file in court. Please sign and return them as soon as suits your convenience, and oblige, Tours respectfully,
“ J. H. McFaeiaND.
*237 “I just collected this a few days since is the reason it has not been sent ere now. ”
Before introducing that letter it was shown to the sheriff on the stand and he testified in regard to it. Resuming his testimony he said the money mentioned in the receipts was the proceeds of the partition sale after deducting the amount paid Mann on his mortgage. It seems that at the date of the mortgage, Watson L. Stewart was a minor, then shortly to become of ag’e, and that the sheriff on that account was instructed to make no deduction from his share because of the Mann mortgage, and made none; that there were two sales and he also sent plaintiffs their pro rata of the first sale and supposed he received receipts but could not now find them. No complaints were made by the parties at the time. Referring to the letter hereinbefore set forth, he was not prepared to say it was an exact copy, but it was about such a letter as he would have written; that he wrote plaintiffs when he sent the first checks for the first sale, but this letter was written in regard to the proceeds of the last sale.
On cross-examination he said he made two sales of the Stewart land, two reports and' two remittances; that he had the checks he sent for the proceeds of the first sale, they did not relate to the land in question. His recollection was that he sent to each one of the parties a letter with a check and a brief statement showing the amount going to them. His best impression was that the copy of the letter examined by him was a copy of that written to each. It was just such a letter as he would have written and he had no recollection of writing explaining the matter more fully. His recollection was that he furnished each one of them a statement similar to that in the letter put in evidence.
.Plaintiffs objected to the introduction of the aforesaid receipts for the reason there was nothing to show that the money was received with knowledge that it was for this land or lands in which any of the plain
Defendant next introduced an intervening petition filed in the partition suit by Shead, trustee under the Mann deed of trust, having for its purpose to sub-rogate Shead to the rights of defendants in the proceeds, and followed that up by putting in the deed of trust securing the Mann note, signed and executed by Mrs. Hector, Mrs. Frazier and Watson L. Stewart.
Defendant next put in the decree in partition. This decree was objected to for the reason that “no summons had ever been issued directed to the defendants in said suit nor any order of publication made such as the law requires and the defendants in said suit were not in court and the court had no jurisdiction to render the judgment in question.” The objection was not allowed and plaintiffs saved the point.
Defendant next introduced the order subrogating Shead to the rights of defendants in the partition suit to the proceeds derived from the sale of the land conveyed by the deed of trust, to the amount of the secured note, and followed that with various interlocutory orders and judgments in the partition proceeding.
At this point defendant rested.
Plaintiffs offered in rebuttal the original petition in the. partition suit and the affidavit attached upon which an order of publication was based. Among other things in that affidavit was the statement that “the defendants Cynthia G. Hector, Watson L. Stewart, Carrie G. Frazier, James Frazier, are non-residents of the State of Missouri. ”
Plaintiffs next put in an amended petition filed in the same cause. The original petition was filed July 19, 1895' — the amended one on the 4th day of December, 1895'. Neither of these petitions is copied in full in the abstract. The object of introducing them is not apparent further than, as will presently appear, plaintiffs contend the affidavit was not sufficient to sup
Plaintiffs next, for the -purpose of showing that the report of sale was never approved, put in an order found of record in the Circuit Court Record No. 3, page 229, known as the subrogation order, which narrates, under the caption of the case, that “on this day the sheriff files his report of sale herein.” It then goes on to make a renewing order of sale as to a tract of land not in dispute, provides for subrogation as already stated and says'nothing about an approval of the report of sale.
At this point defendant resumed putting in his proof, as follows: a sheriff’s deed conveying the interest of the plaintiff B. W. Stewart to William Riley. No date is given nor is the deed set out. The abstract says: “Said deed is not set out herein as there is no contention but that William Riley is the owner of B. W. Stewart’s interest.”
Defendant next offered the minute book of the circuit court of Pemiscot county, reading:
“No. 553. The regular judge vacates the bench and Special Judge T. R. R. Ely takes the bench. Report of sale filed and approved. Order of sale renewed as to 184.64 southeast quarter 18-20-12, and 80, east half southwest quarter 27-20-12, A. T. Shead subro-gated to rights.”
To the offer of that minute plaintiffs’ counsel objected. The record shows the following objection which was overruled and an exception saved: “To which offering plaintiffs object for the reason that said order does not describe the land in question, and for the further reason that said minute shows that the approval
Defendant nest offered the record entries of the order of publication and proof of publication, alleged to be fair and regular and hence not abstracted. Declarations of law were asked by plaintiff, which, the cause being in equity, are immaterial.
Such is the record.
It will be seen there is no charge or proof of fraud in the concoction of the judgment in partition and none to the effect that the plaintiffs were injured by, or imposed upon, misled or in anywise hoodwinked into, receiving the proceeds of the partition sale. More significant still, there is no charge or proof that the partition sale was for an inadequate consideration — gross or otherwise. Fo,r aught appearing here, the land sold for all it was worth and plaintiffs received all justly their due in a fair partition. The then minor, Watson L. Stewart, long since of age and doing for himself, admits in his petition that he got his pro rata share of the money, whatever amount it was. The case does not proceed on the theory that it turns on the fact of his minority at the time. It is true he testified he got none of the money but he does not deny his receipt nor does he disaffirm his act as a minor or put himself in a situation to be entitled to disaffirm it on that score. He puts” himself in the same boat with his mother and sister. His theory seems to be that if they have a case, he has — otherwise not. In this condition of things the decree cannot be disturbed on the ground of his minority nor do plaintiffs ’ learned counsel make any point on the fact of minority nor on the other fact of Mrs. Frazier being a married woman at the time. It seems Mrs. Hector was discovert, her husband having died.
With which general observations we come to a closer view of the assignments of error.
(a) The main'proposition relied on for reversal is that the affidavit in the partition suit was not sufficient to support the order of publication. It is argued that jurisdiction was never obtained over defendants and there was no due process of law. The vice of the affidavit is said to be that it does not say that defendants “cannot be served with the ordinary process of law.” It will serve no useful purpose to restate the learning on the question. The point has been resolved against appellants in Keaton v. Jorndt, 220 Mo. 117, and in Huiskamp v. Miller, 220 Mo. 135. These cases received diligent attention by our learned brethren in Division Two. They are well reasoned and meet our unqualified approval. The circuit court of Pemiscoti acquired jurisdiction of the persons of the defendants in the suit and the point is disallowed to appellants.
(b) Something is said in appellants’ brief about filing an amended petition in the partition suit. It is argued that it was a departure from the original petition, described different land and stated an essentially different cause of action. But appellants are precluded from making the point that different land was described because they bring here no description of the land set out in either petition. We can see no essential difference in the cause of action stated in the one peti
(c) When Sheriff McFarland was on the stand he threw a side remark into his testimony earmarking the partition suit, not brought out by any question, hut by way of. descriptio personae, viz., “William Riley, a brother of Judge Riley, was plaintiff.” Based on this pin prick of testimony it is argued that William Riley, plaintiff in the partition suit, was a brother of Hon. Henry 0. Riley, who was judge of the Pemiscot Circuit Court at the time that suit was pending and that he sat in that case; hence the decree in the partition suit was null and void. We shall not elaborate the point. No such ground was urged below to invalidate the partition proceedings. To the contrary, in the pleadings and in many objections below the point does not appear. Not only is it too late to spring such theory on appeal, but there is no testimony directed to the point. We shall not take judicial cognizance that “Judge Riley” is one and the same with Judge Henry C. Riley, Judge of the Pemiscot Circuit Court. The exuberance of American life, though developing under a democratic form of government, permits (in the familiarity of homespun talk), titles such as “Judge” this and “Colonel” that to be given willy nitty. Some colonels
(d) It is next argued there was no approval of the report of sale, hence the deed, made without warrant of law, does not operate to vest title. "Whatever may he the rule in execution sales generally, relating to their approval by the court out of which process issued, our statute on partition contemplates that a deed shall remain in abeyance until the court has approved the report of sale. [R. S. 1899, secs. 4410 and 4414.] Indeed, until an amended statute permitted appeals from an interlocutory judgment in partition (R. S. 1899, sec. 806), the approval of the report of sale was the final and only judgment from which an appeal would lie (Buller v. Linzee, 100 Mo. 95), and the statute still permits appeals from a final judgment in partition. [Sec. 806; supra sec. 4424, R. S. 1899.] The statutory theory being that the deed shall not pass until the sale has been judicially affirmed, accordingly it has been point
In this case there is no record entry showing the approval of the report. Defendant introduced a memorandum found in a minute hook in the office of the clerk of the Pemiscot Circuit Court indicating that a report of sale was approved. But this minute was never amplified and dignified into a record entry. Such a minute is in no sense a judgment of the court approving the sale. It may be evidence upon which a nunc fro tunic entry could be based. [See Reed v. Colp, 213 Mo. l. c. 586 et seq., and cases cited.] The objections made below to the introduction of this minute were properly overruled because they did not make the point we are now considering and which appellants press here. But the probative force of the evidence has to be dealt with in an equity case and we cannot very well write the law to the effect that the loose memoranda of a clerk (a mere egg out of which a record entry is to be batched and frequently dealing with abbreviations and other matter intended to refresh the memory), shall stand in the place and stead of a solemn record entry in the proceedings of a court of justice.
If there were nothing more in the case we would reverse the judgment and remand the cause for a new trial in order to permit defendant (if he so elects) to apply for a nunc pro tunc entry and procure the same if the proper data exist to warrant it. But there is something else in the case, viz.:
(e) Conceding that the deed was prematurely made under the present record, yet it does not follow that plaintiffs were entitled to a decree determining and vesting title in them or any of them. They are confronted with the fact .that they received the fruits of a judicial sale and now seek to repudiate the sale. They
But it is argued that in order to operate as an es-toppel the purchaser should have known and relied upon the receipt of the purchase money and changed his situation to his disadvantage because of such reliance. I cannot agree such argument is sound. There are estoppel and estoppels and some forms of them are so defined by law-writers and jurists as to make one element in the estoppel the knowledge and reliance of one party upon the acts and conduct of the other — for instance, estoppel in pais, arising from misrepresentation by word, act, conduct or silence. But there are other forms of estoppel in which knowledge of the fact upon the part of the person invoking the estoppel, and reliance upon the fact and a change of situation based upon that reliance, is not an element. It may be that ‘ ‘ estoppel, ’ ’ speaking with precision, is the wrong designation and that in attempting to classify and give
Says Bigelow: “Many of the cases upon this subject it will be noticed, are simply cases of ratification or acquiescence; and it is a questionable use of terms, as we have seen, to apply the word 'estoppel’ to them. A few more cases will serve to enforce this observation. Thus, if heirs of age join in a deed of quitclaim with a trustee of the ancestor’s real estate, to complete title made by a previous deed executed by the trustee, it is said that they will thereafter be ‘estopped’ from contesting the validity of that earlier deed. So if a man assent with knowledge of the facts to the appropriation by an officer of the law of moneys arising from a judicial sale, he will be estopped thereafter from objecting.”
The same careful writer says (p. 684), under the head of “Quasi-Estoppel: Election” and a subhead, “Inconsistent Positions:” “Thus, a party actively affirming a transaction’ such as a contract or a purchase, by receiving and retaining money upon it, is es-topped thereafter to deny the force of any of its express or implied terms or conditions.” He suggests there is no great objection to the use of the term “es-toppel” in such cases if used as a synonym with “bar” or “preclusion” (p. 694).
Under the subheads of “Acceptance of Benefits” and “Quasi-Estoppel” (16 Cyc., supra), it is said: “Where one having the right to accept or reject a transaction takes and retains benefits thereunder, he becomes bound by the transaction and cannot avoid its obligation or effect by taking a position inconsistent therewith.” But the custom is to include the doctrine
In McClanahan v. West, 100 Mo. l. c. 323, it was said: “And then there are the receipts given by the minors, and by the plaintiff herself, after she attained her majority, when acting in the presence, and under the advice of her counsel for her share of the proceeds of the sale in partition. If she knew from what- source these proceeds came and still receipted for them, and there is good reason to believe she did know, she certainly would not be allowed to repudiate the transaction now, even if the partition proceedings were, in fact, void. She certainly could not have both the money and the land. [Austin v. Loring, 63 Mo. 19, and cases cited.] ”
In Austin v. Loring, 63 Mo. l. c. 22, it was ruled as
In Nanson v. Jacobs, 93 Mo. l. c. 344 et seq., the question was discussed and many cases cited. The substance of them all is that where an election exists between inconsistent remedies the party is confined to the remedy which he first prefers and adopts. The Nanson case related to hops and it was held that: “For the most obvious reasons, then, the plaintiffs could not with one hand gather in the proceeds of the hops, in the assignee’s court, and with the other hand take the hops and their proceeds in the circuit court. ’ ’ To the same effect is Boogher v. Frazier, 99 Mo. 325; also Clyburn v. McLaughlin, 106 Mo. 521. In the last case it was held, in effect, that an owner of land sold for delinquent taxes, who, with knowledge of the facts, accepts a part of the proceeds, thereby recognizes and ratifies its validity and will not afterwards be heard to question it. In Pockman v. Meatt, 49 Mo. 345, the same proposition is resolved. In Fischer v. Siekmann, 125 Mo. 165, the doctrine was applied to the receipt by an heir of his share in a partition sale. In that case the
In a very late case, Proctor v. Nance, 220 Mo. 104, a defendant in a tax judgment and sale (one Hall) subsequently quitclaimed his interest to plaintiff who sued the purchaser. After paying the taxes and costs, defendant’s bid created a surplus of $4.75. Some time afterwards this surplus wa^ deposited in the county treasury. Thereafter Hall gave an order for it, which order was honored. The defendant pleaded this fact as an affirmance of the sale and an estoppel. It nowhere appears that defendant, prior to preparing his defense, knew anything about the appropriation of this small surplus or in aught changed his position because of such acceptance. In considering those facts, GaNtt, J., among other things, said: “To obviate the effect of Hall demanding and receiving the surplus of the purchase money paid by the defendant Nance at the sheriff’s sale plaintiff pleads that Hall at the time he gave the order for said surplus had no knowledge that the sale was void, and that Hall was an uneducated person, and did not intend to ratify said sale by receiving said surplus. But the very character of the transaction of taking the surplus of the sale necessarily advised Hall that his land had been sold, and that this was a part of the purchse money paid by the defendant at the execution sale. It carried notice upon its face, or at least was of that unequivocal nature that it put Hall upon inquiry as to the source of that surplus and why it was there in the treasury for him and it must be held that he had notice that his land had been sold for the taxes under the tax judgment. He had the option to refuse to take down this surplus and bring this action to re
The Cape Girardeau and Thebes Bridge Terminal Railroad Company case, 215 Mo. 286, cited in the Proc-.
The case at bar is a typical case to apply the doctrine we have been discussing. There are features strikingly in common with the Proctor case and which excuse our liberal quotation from so late an opinion.
Apposite is the following significant admission in appellants’ brief: “They [defendants in the partition — -plaintiffs here] received the money in good faith, believing it was the surplus over and above the amount of the debt for which the land was sold under the deed of trust and supposed their interest in that had been sold and made no further claim to that land. ’ ’ Yet in the suit at bar they , are claiming the identical land covered by the Mann deed of trust, discharged of the lien. That is to say, if they had lost it by foreclosure of the mortgage they would rest content with the surplus of that sale in pocket. But as they lost it by partition sale, the receipt of the proceeds does not satisfy or bind them. There is no great amount of equity in that proposition.
But we have pursued the matter far. To sum up, we rule that by receiving the proceeds with knowledge of the source from which they came they elected to treat the report of sale as approved. They substituted their own approval for that of the court and are bound by it.
This cause was assigned to Division One and the foregoing opinion by Lamm, «T., was there handed
The premises considered, the judgment is affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
DISSENTING OPINION.
I concur in all of the opinion of my learned brother Lamm in this case except in the result, and except also what is therein said in paragraph e on the subject of estoppel. Before we render judgment taking a man’s land from him and giving it to another on the ground of estoppel we should have some equities in the case strong enough to ride over and bear down the law. Estoppel is a doctrine of equity and should be applied only when equity demands it. The party to be estopped, must, knowingly, have acted in such a manner .as to mislead his adversary and his adversary must have placed reliance on the action and have acted as he would not otherwise have done. Ratification arises when a party knows that he is not bound by the contract that has been made in his name and is free to repudiate it if he will, but, on being informed that such contract has been made in his name and informed of the essential features of it, chooses to adopt it as his own.
Bnt this case differs from that of Hector v. Warren in this, to-wit: Here the land in question is the land that was conveyed to the trustee to secure the debt of W. B. Stewart to Mann Brothers; the plaintiffs had joined in that conveyance, they knew that Mann Brothers held that deed of trust and they say in their brief: “They received the money in good faith, believing it was the. surplus over and above the amount of debt for which the land sold under the deed and supposed their interest in that had been sold and made no further claim to that land.” It seems that the land was never sold under the deed of trust, but under the partition decrees together with a considerable quantity of other land. The record shows that the court let the mortgagee come in as a party to the partition suit and subrogated him to the rights of the plaintiffs in the proceeds of the sale of the land covered by the deed of trust, and awarded to him the proceeds of the sale of that land. There was nothing in the original petition on which the order of publication was founded that gave notice that any such proceeding was contemplated. So far, therefore, as the land in this case is concerned there is no pretense that these plaintiffs got the proceeds. The parties managing the proceeding seem to have gone on the theory that the plaintiffs having mortgaged the land had no further interest in it, and they treated the mortgagee as the owner of the equity, without takiug the trouble to foreclose the mortgage. As the decree was rendered on default of appearance of the parties brought in by the publication, it is probable that the attention of the trial court was not especially drawn to this peculiar phase of the case, but however that may be it was an illegal
