64 P. 576 | Cal. | 1901
This appeal is taken from an order granting plaintiff a new trial. The case has once been before the court. (Hearne v. DeYoung,
While it may be conceded that if the lower court had denied the motion for a new trial, based upon the ground that the damages awarded were not enough, then this court would have sustained the order, still it does not follow but that this court will affirm an order granting a new trial upon the ground of the inadequacy of the verdict. After the jury, by its verdict, has once placed the amount of damages, it will be an exceptional case where this court will interfere with the action of the trial court in reviewing an order, either approving or rejecting that amount. In some cases this court has very properly held that the trial court should have granted a new trial by reason of the verdict being excessive in amount, still it has very rarely reversed an order of the trial court declaring the verdict too small. It is insisted that, as matter of law, the trial court declared the verdict inadequate. As far as we know from the record, the claim is not *360
well founded, and it would seem that the verdict was declared too small as matter of fact. As to cases similar to the one at bar, it is said in Childers v. Mercury Co.,
The soundness of the law evidenced by the following instructions is at issue upon this appeal. Those instructions have been numbered for the convenience of the court.
1. "You are instructed that if you find the defendant De Young did not publish the article in question in this case with actual malice or ill will towards the plaintiff, and that the publication was made in the Chronicle in the usual course of his business as a public journalist, you will, in estimating the damages, if you should find for plaintiff, confine yourselves to the actual damages sustained by plaintiff because of the publication of that portion of the article complained of, as shown by the evidence; and if you find that the plaintiff has not shown by the evidence that he sustained any actual damages on account of that portion of said article, you will, in case you find for plaintiff, fix the damages at a nominal sum only."
2. "The jury are instructed that by the term, `actual or express malice,' when used in these instructions, is meant a spiteful or rancorous disposition which causes the act to be done for mischief."
3. "You are instructed that if you find the defendant De Young did not publish the article in question in this case with actual malice, and if you further believe that the defendant *361 De Young had no actual malice or ill will towards the plaintiff, and made the publication in the usual course of his business as a public journalist, you will, in estimating damages (if you should find for plaintiff), confine yourselves to the actual damages sustained by plaintiff because of the publication of that portion of the article which relates to the murder of Amos J. Stillwell, as shown by the evidence."
4. "If you find from the evidence that the alleged libelous article consisted wholly, or in part, of the repetition of current reports of long standing, by which plaintiff's reputation had already become and was then impaired, you may take such fact into consideration in estimating damages, should you find for the plaintiff."
5. "And if you should find for plaintiff, but find De Young did not have actual malice as aforesaid, then, in estimating damages, you will be confined to the actual pecuniary loss or damage shown by the evidence to have been sustained by the plaintiff because of the publication of that portion of the article which is complained of."
It may be said as to instruction numbered 1, that there must be malice in fact before exemplary damages may be allowed. (Childersv. Mercury Co., supra.) The term, "actual damages," as here used, is broad enough to include damages for loss of reputation, shame, feelings, etc. Again, if there was no malice in fact established by the evidence against defendants, thus eliminating the question of exemplary damages from the case, and the jury thought plaintiff had suffered no actual damages, a verdict for nominal damages was perfectly proper. It was said in the Childers case, "general damages may be recovered in the absence of actual proof." If the instruction here means that direct evidence must be offered, establishing actual damages, before a verdict may be given the plaintiff for such damages, then it is opposed to the doctrine declared in that case. It would seem that the instruction in this regard is too narrow in its statement of the law.
As to instruction numbered 2, it may be said that while the definition of actual or express malice there found is probably not sufficiently broad to cover the full meaning of the term, still, a complete and satisfactory definition was given in another portion of the charge. It is there said: "Actual malice, in this connection, means personal hatred or ill will towards *362 the plaintiff, or wanton disregard of the civil obligations of the defendants toward the plaintiff." It is unnecessary to decide whether or not these two instructions are contradictory.
There is no legal objection to instruction numbered 3; but instruction numbered 4 is wrong. If plaintiff's reputation was to any degree bad before the article here in question was published, that fact may be taken into consideration by the jury in fixing the amount of actual damages suffered. While defendant Blunt, as decided upon the previous appeal, had the right to explain in detail the reasons which actuated him in publishing the article, and the sources of information upon which he acted in framing the article for publication, for the purpose of showing his good faith, still, the admission in evidence of the Missouri papers containing articles of the same general character as that here under consideration was error. If this article was libelous, evidence that other papers also libeled the plaintiff in the same manner is inadmissible. (Wilson v. Fitch,
Instruction numbered 5 is unsound. Conceding there was no malice in fact upon the part of defendants in this case, still, plaintiff in his recovery was not confined to an amount which would compensate him for his actual pecuniary loss or damage shown by the evidence. He was entitled to actual damages above and beyond any question of actual pecuniary loss, for he was entitled to damages for loss of reputation, etc. (Childers v.Mercury Co., supra.)
For the foregoing reasons the order is affirmed.
Harrison, J., and Van Dyke, J., concurred.