81 Mo. 610 | Mo. | 1884
—A. J.Heard was the owner of certain real estate in Johnson county, which was sold under judgment of the circuit court of said county, for unpaid taxes. The defendants became the purchasers at said sale of said lands and received a deed therefor. In the tax suit personal service was had on said Heard, and the judgment is admitted by this suit to have been regular on the face of the record. This suit is brought by Heard, through his guardian, to set aside said deed and to restore to him his land, for the reason alleged, that at the time of the accruing of said taxes, as well as the time of service on him, and the rendition of said judgment, and the making of said sale, he was of unsound mind and incapable of transacting such business, etc. Since the sale Heard has, upon due inquest had, been adjudged insane by the probate court of said county. Tender is made in the petition, by plaintiff to defendants of the amount paid by them in said purchase, together with the interest thereon and all costs, etc.
The answer tendered the general issue, as to the allegations of the insanity at the time of the proceedings in the tax suit.
The court submitted issues to a jury touching the insanity, etc. The jury found that the said Heard was insane. Thereupon, the court found the issues for the plaintiff, and rendered judgment as prayed in the petition. From that judgment the defendants prosecute this appeal.
II. On a careful reading of the evidence, we are satisfied that the court was justified in its conclusion, as to the insanity of Heard. It is a great misapprehension of the law to suppose that, in order to maintain the allegation of the petition, it was necessary to establish either the idiocy or general want of sanity on the part of Heard. The subject may exhibit perfect rationality and mental competency in many particulars, or on general subjects, yet be madly and even irrevocably insane touching some given matter. As Lord Hale says : “ There is a partial insanity of mind and a total insanity. Some persons that have a competent use of reason in respect of some subjects, are yet under a particular delusion in respect of some particular discourse, subject, or application, or else it is partial in respect of degrees.” Persons laboring under such delusions or insanity, touching some particular subject, Often possess a degree of subtlety and acuteness on general subjects, and sometimes on the subject of their dementia, calculated to baffle the skill of the wisest in discovering their infirmity. Lord Erskine aptly expressed this idea in the celebrated Hatfield trial: “ Such patients are victims to delusions, which so overpower the faculties, and usurp so firmly the place of realities, as not to be dislodged or shaken by the organs of perceptions and sense. Another class, branching out into almost infinite sub-divisions, under which, indeed, the former and every class of insanity may be classed, is, where the delusions are not of the frightful character, but infinitely vai’ious and often extremely circumscribed, yet where imagination (within the
While the evidence shows that Mr. Heard on general subjects, was a man of information and intelligence, comprehending the general relations of things, yet upon religious matters, and the right of the civil government to impose taxation upon its subjects, and the obligation of the citizen to submit thereto, he was non compos mentis. He could reason, or rather argue, about this matter from the scriptures, but his perceptive faculties were so obscured or overcast as to make him incapable of a right conclusion. So intense was his delusion, as to the kingdom of Christ, which he believed to be near establishment, and so incorrigible his mania against temporal authority, that he was wholly irrational, uncontrollable, and I think, irresponsible as to any business transaction connected with those subjects. He deemed it sinful to pay tribute, as he termed it, to the temporal powers. And evidently laboring under the delusion that Christ would ultimately restore to him his property taken for taxes, he would take no steps to protect it, nor would he permit any friend to interpose for his protection. Such a man in the particular matter of his dementia, is an imbecile, and as much the subject of protection against himself and any business transactions connected therewith as if he were a raving madman.
III. What then is the effect of a judgment rendered against such person, on personal service, without the ap
The court then had jurisdiction over the person of the defendant and the subject matter of the action. On what principle then can it be maintained that the judgment was void? Judgments rendered pursuant to the statute for the collection of taxes stand on the same footing as any other judgment of the circuit court, and are not assailable collaterally for mere irregularities or errors curable on appeal or writ of error. Wellshear v. Kelly, 69 Mo. 343. The utmost that can be alleged against the judgment is, that it is voidable. The contracts of non-sane persons, not under guardianship, are placed by most respectable authorities, on the same basis as those of infants; and, therefore, by parity
To such a motion, or writ of error, there does not seem to be any limitation as to the time in which it may be invoked. Powell v. Gott, 13 Mo. 459; Groner v. Smith, 49 Mo. 324. But this action is in equity, and is res inter alios acta, to set aside the deed made pursuant to a sale under such judgment to a stranger to the record. No doctrine of the law is better settled than that while the title of the judgment plaintiff’ will be forfeited by a subsequent reversal or vacation of the judgment, yet the title of a stranger who in good faith, purchased before the reversal of the judgment, will not be affected by such reversal. Gott v. Powell, 41 Mo. 420; Vogler v. Montgomery, 54 Mo. 577. Such purchasers are protected from secret vices in judgments. Where it is sought to vacate a judgment on account of matters extrinsic to the judgment, where the purchaser thereunder was not a party to the judgment, it must be averred and proved that the purchaser had notice of such infirmity; without this he is not affected thereby. Reeve v. Kennedy, 43 Cal. 643; Freeman v. Thompson, 53 Mo. 185; Harding v. Lee, 51 Mo. 241.
Mr. Freeman in his treatise on judgments (§ 152) says: “While an occasional difference of opinion manifests itself in regard to the propriety and possibility of bindiug/mmes covert and infants by judicial proceedings, in which they were not represented by some competent authority, no such difference has been made apparent in relation to a more
The cases cited in support of that portion of the text which holds that the only remedy is to aslc a court of equity, while the suit for judgment is in limine, for a restraining order, are Robertson v. Lain, 19 Wend. 650; Clarke v. Dunham, 4 Denio 262, and Sternbergh v. Schoolcraft, 2 Barb. 153. These last cases, I apprehend, rest upon rulings having for their foundation a special statute of New York conferring this jurisdiction on the chancery court. See the discussion of this subject in Stigers v. Brent, supra. Redfield, C. J., with characteristic learning and a strong sense of justice, in Lincoln v. Buckmaster, 32 Vert. 652, applies the same rule to lunatics as to infants. He says: “ When one is in the state of mental unsoundness, found in this ease, he is wholly incapable of making a binding contract, as much so as an infant, or a married woman. Any other view of the case would be absurd, almost. It certainly shocks all our notions, either of justice or reason, and equally of law.” He, therefore, holds that a contract of such person, as in the case of an infant, if not within the exceptional cases, may be avoided. The supreme court of New Hampshire, in Lamprey v. Nudd, supra, hold to the same doctrine. If the infant may avoid a judgment against him, when his infancy was not disclosed, reason and justice
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed and the cause remanded.