Heard v. Downer

47 Ga. 629 | Ga. | 1873

McCay, Judge.

The theory of the homestead provision of the Constitution, is to set apart to the sole use of the family of a debtor, what is deemed a support for the family. The Constitution requires the Legislature to pass laws to secure this homestead to the sole use and benefit of the family aforesaid. Obviously, any laws that the Legislature may pass, are to be construed in view of this constitutional provision. The family, and the family alone, of the debtor, is the object and intent of the homestead. When and while that exists, the homestead exists, and when that ceases, the homestead ceases. During the existence of the family, the Legislature may secure it to the sole use of the family, either by giving it the legal title or by authorizing the appointment of a trustee to keep it for the use of the family.

It is an estate carved out of the estate of the husband, for the use of his family, and is protected from his debts and from alienation by him, and it is an estate vested in the family. Prima facie, it would seem to follow, that if, at any time or in any manner the family should cease to Ixist, the revei’sion would go over to the holder of the fee, since it is a particular estate, taken out of the fee, and set aside for the use of the family, when the purpose of the particular estate fails, the fee would receive back the particular estate.

There are, it is true, some words in the Act of 1888, copied almost verbatim from the Code, which create some difficulty. It is provided, by Act of 1868, section 12, “said property so set apart, shall be for the use of the wife or widow and children, during her life or widowhood, and at her death or intermarriage, be equally divided between the children of the former marriage,” then living. Amended in 1869.

Literally this provision would make the homestead cease at the death or intermarriage of the wife, and yet it is obvious that the family of the debtor may still exist. He may still live, and his family be still as much within the protection of the constitutional provision, as if she were alive. And even if the husband be dead, and the wife die or intermarry again, the family of the original head may still exist.

This clause is not to be taken literally. When it is said that if the widow or wife intermarry or die, the property shall be divided, etc., the first words of the clause are not to be forgotten, to-wit: that the property is to be for the use of the wife or widow and children.

The words, if she die or intermarry, must be taken to me^n if she die or intermarry when she is the sole person constituting the family. It cannot be supposed that it was the intent of the Legislature to break up the homestead on the death of the wife or intermarriage of the widow. Taking this clause with the Constitution, and construing it in harmony with the general scope of the whole, we are of the opinion that this clause of the Act of 1868, as well as section 2021 of the Code, simply provide that the title of the wife or widow to the use of the homes! cad ceases when she dies or marries again. That her estate is not an estate of inheritance, but ceases when she ceases to be a member of the family, and subject to the use of the balance of the family so long as it exists, the title goes back to the children of the marriage if the husband be dead. The language is loose, and the draftsman had solely in his mind the disposition of the wife’s title in case the family ceased, and the husband was dead and he intended to provide that it should go to the children of the marriage where the law would cast it. But this provision does not say it shall go there free from the debts of the husband. It goes there as other property does subject to^the claims against the husband under the statute of distributions.

In our judgment this section only applies when the husband is dead and the family ceases to exist, that so long as the family exists the homestead remains to its use, and if the husband be living when the family ceases the property goes to him by reversion, since the estate carved out is gone, the fee is again perfect.

Judgment reversed.