Hawker v. B. &. O. R. R.

GreeN, President,

delivered the opinion of the Court:

The first question presented by the record in this case is : Did the circuit court, err in overruling the demurrer to the declaration ? There was no necessity for the declaration to specify the acts of omission or commission Syllabus 1. which constituted, the negligence of the defendant, which is the basis of the action. The degree of certainty i*e-quired by the rules of pleading was met by the allegation that “the dеfendant negligently, carelessly and wrongfully caused a train of cars on its railroad to be propelled and driven upon the fat cattle of the plaintiff, whereby three of them were killed and seven others greatly bruised and injured.” It is neither usual nor necessary to specify the acts or omissions of the defendant which constitute the negligence. This is a matter of proof, and need not be specified in the declaration. It was not specified in the declaration in the case of Blaine v. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company, 9 W. Va. 252, and Baylor v. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, Id. 270. The declarations which were held good by this court on demurrer in these cases did not in any way specify the acts of omission of the defendants, which constituted the basis of the action in each of these cases.

But stated in the manner these acts are in the declaration in this case, they cаn not be regarded as surplusage. The declaration says that this injury to the cattle of the plaintiff was “solely by the said negligence and carelessness of the defendant, in this, that the said defendant seeing the plaintiff’s fat cattle upon its said railroad, and well knowing the said cattle were upon said railroad without am fault, negligence or carelessness of the plaintiff, the said defendant reсklessly, carelessly, negligently and wrongfully, propelled and drove its, locomotive engine and train of cars upon and over said fat cattle, and did not sound the whistle of said locomotive, nor slack the speed of said train of cars, nor used other precaution or means to prevent the injury aforesaid, but on the contrary the said defendant did wantonly, carelessly and negligently commit the injury and wrong aforesaid in the manner aforesaid.” This amounts to an allegation that the defendant after it saw the plaintiff’s cattle on its track did wantonly and negligently propel its.locomotive upon them and did not use any precaution to prevent the injury.

The appellant’s counsel insists that the plaintiff in this part of his declaration, to make it good, was bound to allege that the injury could have been prevented by the use of proper precaution, as without this allegation the injury may have been the result of inevitable accident. But the above allegation does expressly negative such supposition as it alleges that it “negligently and wrongfully propelled and drove its locomotive over said fat cattle.” Had it been an inevitable accident, it could not have been alleged that the act was done “negligently and wrongfully,” as this is the only specific objection urged to this declaration, and as I s,ee no valid objection to it I conclude the court did not err in overruling the demurrer.

The next enquiry is : Did the court err in permitting the witness, Wood, to give to the jury the statement ma(^e by ^e engineer about an hour after the killing Syllabus 4. and injury of the cattle, and some distance therefrom when he was on the engine after it had run off the track ? The engineer was sufficiently identified to permit this statement to go to the [jury, if it had been otherwise proper to permit it to go to tbe jury. Unless this statement of the engineer was a part oí the res gesta, it must be excluded; for the defendant can not be bound by the statements or admisáions of its agent made after the injury complained of had been committеd, when regarded merely as admissions. A railroad company is not responsible for the declarations and omissions of any of its servants beyond the immediate sphere of their agency ‍​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‍and during the transaction of tbe business in which they are employed. Thus'the declaration of a conductor of a railway train, as to the mode in which an accident occurred, made after its occurrеnce, or those of an engineer made under similar circumstances are not admissible. Redfield's edition of Greenleaf, p. 135 §114 (a); Va. and Tenn. R. R. Co. v. Sayers, 26 Grat. 351, Griffin v. Montgomery R. R. Co., 26 Ga. 111; Robinson v. Fitchburg R. R. Co., 7 Gray 92.

It is true the declarations of an agent like his acts, if made at the time the act is done, will bind the principal, as constituting a part of the m gestae. It the railroad company is bound at all by the declarations of an engineer 'in this case, it is only bound because they constitute a part of the res gestae-. Did they constitute a part of the res gestee f They were made about an hour after the accident which is the basis of this suit happened, but while the engineer was still on the engine, it having been thrown off the track by this accident.- Were these declarations a part of the res gescet, or were they a narrative merely of a past occurrence? It the first they were evidence ; and if the last they were not, no matter how soon after the occurrence thеy were made. See Corden v. Talbott, 14 W. Va. 277; Brown v. Lusk, 4 Yerg. 240; Commonwealth v. Harwood, 4 Gray 41.

It sometimes happens that the declaration is made so soon after the occurrence, that the court has great difficulty in determining whether it is a part of the res gestae- or not; and sometimes a difficulty arises infixing a limit to what constitutes the occurrence, with reference to which ifc is claimed that a declaration or act is a part othe res gestee. Thus in The Insurance Company v. Mosley, Wall. 397, the question in controversy was whether Mosley had died by reason of injuries which had arisen from an accident. His wife proved that he got up and went down the stairs about midnight. When he came back he said he had fallen down the stairs and almost killed himselt; that in falling he had hit and hurt the back of his head ; his voice trembled, and he was faint and vomited. He continued to suffer and died on the third day after. The majority of the coui’t thought thеse declarations made to the wife were under these circumstances a part of the res gestos, and admissible as such in evidence to prove the accident. The court says: “ Here the principal fact is the bodily injury. The resgestoeare thestate-ments of the cause made by the assured almost contemporaneously with its occurrence, and those relating to the consequences made while the latter subsisted ’and were in progress.” But from this opinion Judge Clifford dissented in a long and able opinion, in which Judge Nelson concurred.

In the case of Hanover Railroad Co. v. Coyle, 55 Pa. St. 402, where a peddler’s cart had been overthrown by a railroad car and a suit instituted by him for the injury, the plaintiff was permitted by the court below to prove ‍​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‍the declarations of the engineer at the time of the accident, for the purpose of showing the train was behind time, and thus show carelessness and negligence as a part of the res gestes. The Supíneme Court say: “The record shows no bill of exceptions to this evidence; but if it did, we cannot say that the declaration of the engineer was no part of the res gestee. It was made at the time of the accident, in view of the goods strewn along the road by the breaking up of the boxes ; and it seems to have grown directly out of and immediately after the happening of the fact. The negligence complained of being that of the engineer himself, we cannot say that his declaration, made upon the spot, at the time, and in view of the effects of his, conduct, are not evidence against the company as a part of the transaction itself.”

Whatever may be the difficulty in some сases of determining what declarations are a part of the res gestee, and what merely the relation of a past occurrence, I do not think there is much difficulty in determining in this case, that the statement of the engineer, made an hour after the occurrence which is the basis of this suit, that is, after the killing and injuring of the cattle, and made some three hundred yards from where the accident occurred, cаnnot be regarded as a part of the res gestee. They must, it seems to me, be regarded as a relation of past events merely, as much so as if the statements had been made the next day. The fact that the engine which had been thrown from the track when the accident occurred was still off the track when these declarations were made, it seems to me, has no bearing, on the question ; for the throwiug оf the engine off the track was not the principal fact to be shown. Indeed it had nothing to do with the subject of enquiry before the jury, the manner in which the cattle had been killed. It was, it is true, one .of the consequences which followed the killing of the cattle. But if it had been so injured that it could never have been again put on the track, it would hardly be said that this would authorize the declarations of the engineer, made at an indefinite period afterwards, to be received as evidence, because the engine was still off the track because of this accident.

This conclusion is, I think, fully sustained by the authorities. Thus in Laly v. The Hudson River Railroad Company, where the suit was for alleged negligence in running against the plaintiff, the plaintiff was allowed to prove by a policeman, who was present when the accident occurred, that hе being called on by the crowd then present arrested the driver of the car, and while getting out of it and out of the crowd being asked wRy he did not stop the car, he said that the brake was out of order. And the Court of Appeals reversed the case, because this evidence "was admitted, holding that this declaration of the driver was not a part of the res gestee. It was no part ot the driver’s act for which thе company was sued. The court say : “It was not made at the time of the act so as to give it quality ‍​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‍and character. The alleged wrong was complete, when he made the statement, and the driver was only endeavoring to account for what he had done.”

So in The Belfontaine Railroad Company v. Hunter, adm’r, 33 Ind. 335, the court decided that in an action against a railroad company by an administrator to recover damages for the death of his decedent, occasioned by the collision of a locomotive and train of cars and a wagon in which the decedent Avas crossing the track, that the declarations of the fireman employed on the lo-motive at the time of the collision, made on the arrival of said train bearing the body of the deceased at a station one mile from the place of the accident, were not admissible as a part of the res gestee. And in Lum v. Bryant, 9 Gray 245, in an action to recover damages sustained by a collision between the defendant’s and the. plaintiff’s carriage, evidence that the defendant’s servant, who had charge of his carriage, immediately after the collision, and while the defendant was being taken from his carriage, and while the crowd was about, said the plaintiff was nоt to blame, yet the court held that this declaration of 'the defendants was not admisible as a part of the res gestee. The court say: “It was made after the accident occurred and the injury to the plaintiff’s carriage had been done. It did not accompany the principal act or tend in any way to elucidate it. It was only the expression of opinion about a past occurrencе and not a part of the res gestee.” It is not more competent because made immediately after the accident than if made a week or a month afterwards. See Land v. Tyngoborough, 9 Cush. 36.”

The court therefore erred in the case before us in admitting these declarations of the engineer made an hour after the accident as a part of the res gestee.

The next enquiry is: Did the court err in tbeinstrnc-] tions it gave the jury ? The only objection urged by the appellant’s counsel to the first instruction given by the court is, that under the declaration filed in this case the plaintiff could only recover, if the defendant’s servants were guilty of wrong and negligence after they saw the plaintiff’s cattle on the track; and under this instruction the jury are directed to find for the plaintiff, if the injury might have' been avoided by the exercise of proper and reasonable care and caution on the part of the defendant’s servants, as well before ás after they saw the cattle on the road. We have seen, that the plaintiff by his declaration has specifically stated, that the negligence of the defendant on which he bases his action occurred after the defendant'saw the cattle of the plaintiff on the railroad. Under such a declaration he .cannot- recover, if there was nо negligence or wrongful act done by the defendant’s servants after they saw the cattle on the road, no matter how negligent they may have been before, and though the accident was caused by negligence occurring before the cattle were seen on the road. There was no necessity for the plaintiff to allege in his declaration what were^the negligent acts of omissiоn or commission of the defendant, or when they took place, specifically; but having done so, his proof must correspond with his allegations in his declaration, or he cannot recover.

Had the plaintiff not made these unnecessarily specific allegations in his declaration, this first instruction would have been entirely unobjectionable; but under this declaration it was calculated tо mislead the jury, and to lead them to infer that they could find for the plaintiff, though they believed the accident inevitable after the cattle were seen, if it was occasioned by the negligence of the defendant’s servants before the cattle were seen, and could by proper care before that time have been avoided. This instruction should not therefore have been given.

The second instruction given is also objectionable, as under it the jury would be justified in finding for the plaintiff, if the defendant did not use any care in or caution to avoid the injury, though the facts proven might satisfy the jury that the accident was unavoidable, and syllabus 1. could not have been prevented by anything the defendant’s servants could have done. If it was unavoidable by any amount of care, the failure to use any care or caution to avoid-the injury would not make the defendant liable. See Flutes v. Chicago & Rock Island Railroad Co., 85 Ia. 191. This instruction should have ‍​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‍been qualified so as to read: “ If the jury believe from the evidence the plaintiff ’s cattle wandered on the defendant’s railroad without his knowledge, and being there were killed or injured by a passing train of cars in charge of the defendant’s servants; and if they further believe from the evidence that the sеrvants of the defendant in charge of the train^could by the exercise of proper and reasonable care and caution, after they saw the cattle of the plaintiff on the railroad track, have avoided injury to them,' and they failed to use such reasonable care and caution, the jury should find for the plaintiff.”

If the plaintiff had not by his declaration confined himself to the proof of negligence after the cattle were seen on the railroad track, these words in this instruction, “After they saw the cattle of the plaintiff on the railroad track” should have been omitted. I have purposely omitted in this modification of this instruction the words, “That whilst the plaintiff was exercising ordinary care over his cattle mentioned in the declaration they temporarily escaped frоm his enclosure,” because by the decision of this court his permitting his cattle to run at large would not be such contributory negligence as would preclude him from recovering in this action if the case was made by him stated in this instruction. See Blaine v. Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company, p. 252. The first clause of the defendant’s instruction propounds the law of this case correctly; but it would obviously have been erroneous if the plaintiff had not by the mannеr in which he has drawn his declaration confined himself to the proof of negligence after the defendant seen the cattle on the railroad.

The latter part of this instruction was clearly wrong. The general rule is that what constitutes negligence is a question of fact to be submitted to the jury, unless where the facts are undisputed and the results of those facts unquestionable, either as proving or disproving, negligence. If the facts are conceded, or if in an instruction they be hypothetically assumed, still if the inference in regard to negligence or want of negligence from such facts is doubtful, and would depend on the general knowledge and experience of men, the court cannot decide whether such facts constitute negligence, or not; but it must be left to the decision of the jury. Gaynor v. The Old Colony and Newport Railway Company, 100 Mass. 208. The court, therefore, could not properly instruct the jury that under the circumstances stated in the instruction asked for by the defendant’s counsel, that the turning of the steam from the “stop cock” of the cylinder was all that that was required of the defendant, and if this were done, the defendant was not guilty of negligence; nor would the court give a contrary instruction. The jury must determine upon such a state of fаcts, whether the defendant was, or' -was not, guilty of negligence; and the court could not properly instruct the jury that they were bound to take the experience of the engineer as to what was the best means of frightening cattle as correct. The jury must5 without the interference of the court, give to the testimony of the engineer, and to his experience, the weight to which in their judgment they are justly entitled. The court of course erred in not granting a new trial.

For the reasons above stated we express no opinion as to the weight of evidence, as this case must be tried over de novo by a jury. Of course when this ease is remanded to the circuit court, it must permit the plaintiff to amend his declaration, if he asks so to do.

The court also erred in giving judgment for interest on damages found by the jury prior to the day the judgment was actually entered, that is, the 7th day of May, Syllabus 5. 1878. The judgment entered by the circuit court erroneously gave interest from the first day of the term at which ‍​‌​‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‍the judgment was entered, that is, from April 18, 1878. The 18th section of chapter 131 of the Code of W. Va. page 628 provides that every judgment or decree for the payment of money, except when it is otherwise provided by law, shall bear interest from the date thereof. If this section stood alone it might perhaps be argued that as a judgment or decree, whenever rendered, for some purposes is regarded as though it were rendered on the first day of the term, this interest should be under this statute from the first day of the term. But the 14th section of the same chapter page 627 shows clearly that this was not the meaning of the law; for this section provides that in аn action on a contract the jury may allow interest on the principal due, or any part thereof, and in all cases shall find the aggregate of the principal and interest due at the time of the trial, and judgment shall be entered thereon with interest from thedate of the judgment. This obviously does not mean with interest from the first day of the term ; for the jury had already been directed to aggregate thе principal and interest to a day, which must generally be subsequent to the first day of the term. Its meaning is obviously that the judgment shall be with interest from the day it is actually rendered; and we must construe the same words in the 18th section to have the same meaning, that is, the judgment in any action, unless it is otherwise provided by law, should bear interest only from the day it is actually entered of record.

The judgment of the circuit court оf Marion county of May 7, 1878, must therefore be reversed and annulled • and the plaintiff in error must recover of the defendant in error his costs in this Court expended; and this Court proceeding to render such judgment, as the circuit court ought to have rendered, doth sustain the defendant’s motion to set aside the verdict of the jury rendered May 4, 1878, and to award it a new trial; and the said verdict is hereby set aside and a new trial awarded the defendant^ and this case is remanded to said circuit court to be further proceeded with according to the principles laid down in this opinion and further according to law.

The Other Judges Concurred.

Judgment Reversed. Cause Remanded.

Case Details

Case Name: Hawker v. B. &. O. R. R.

Court Name: West Virginia Supreme Court

Date Published: Nov 8, 1879

Citation: 15 W. Va. 628

Court Abbreviation: W. Va.