17 So. 2d 791 | Miss. | 1944
Appellee, as widow, brought suit against Hasson Grocery Company on account of the death of her husband, caused by eating of a portion of cocoanut pie manufactured and sold by the defendant. It is alleged that the food contained a poisonous substance and the suit is brought under 2 Miss. Code 1942, Section 1453. *459
The testimony is extensive upon the issue of cause and effect, but we will notice only the contention raised by the demurrer that Section 1453 does not give to the widow a cause of action arising ex contractu. The declaration is meticulously drawn to ground the action upon breach of implied warranty and the plaintiff's only instruction upon liability is drawn so as to present such basis, authorizing judgment solely upon a finding that the pie was poisonous and was prepared and sold by defendant, and that it was bought by plaintiff and eaten by the deceased to his injury.
Section 1453 is our adaptation of Lord Campbell's Act, 9 10 Vict. chap. 93, which in derogation of the common law gave a cause of action to the executor or administrator of a person whose death had been caused by defendant's "wrongful act, neglect or default." Our statute extended this right to the widow or other appropriate heirs of the deceased when the death has been "caused by any real wrongful or negligent act, or omission, or by [any] unsafe machinery, way or appliances" in cases where the injured party, had he survived, could have maintained an action in respect thereof.
The demurrer raises squarely and concisely the question whether the statute gives to the widow a right of action upon an implied warranty. That such cause of action did not survive at common law is clear. Kirkpatrick v. Ferguson-Palmer Co.,
It will be borne in mind that we are not faced with a right of action for the negligence of defendant, and however, pertinent may be the tragic and deplorable consequences of the innocent conduct of the deceased nor the extent of damages recoverable by him had he survived, our inquiry is whether the law has given to plaintiff a right to recover damages for the unfortunate death of her husband arising out of a breach of warranty between him and the defendant. Plaintiff is not here suing for any damage occasioned to her by partaking of infected pie, nor upon any theory of privity of contract. Therefore the legal issue remains: is a right of action ex contractu by a widow for death of her husband created by the statute? If such right exists it must be comprehended within the language "real wrongful or negligent act."
Concededly an injury may give rise to an action either ex delicto or ex contractu. That the tort involved a breach of contract is no impairment of the right to sue for the tort. The contractual relation expends its force once it has served to establish a relationship which creates duties whose breach constitute the tort. Braun v. Riel (Mo. Sup.), 40 S.W.2d 621, and case notes in 80 A.L.R. 884, 115 A.L.R. 1026. But suits when brought avowedly upon negligence invoke the breach of duty as a tort and not as a breach of contract. An illustrative case is Thaggard v. Vafes,
The history of our statute traces its purpose to the injustice and inconsistency of "sanctioning damages for short-lived pains and refusing them for a life-long sorrow and the pecuniary losses consequent upon the death of *461
one from whom was derived support, comfort and even the necessary stays of life." Van Amburg v. Vicksburg, S. P.R. Co., 37 La. Ann. 650, 55 Am. Rep. 517. See also 16 Am. Jur., Death, Sec. 48. The early refinements were concerned with the definitive scope of "negligence," involving the propriety of including deliberate or felonious acts within its area. By employing the term "wrongful" its meaning was expanded so as to include felonious acts. McClure v. Alexander, 24 S.W. 619, 15 Ky. Law Rep. 732, after stating that negligent acts alone were contemplated by such statutes held that "the words `wrongful act' were intended to denote . . . all kinds of acts from which negligence could arise." Nowhere in the materials from which this statutory reform was constructed is there found any reference to acts that were wrongful except in a tortious sense. Barley's Adm'x v. Clover Splint Coal Co.,
It is by no means intimated that a surviving spouse is without remedy nor what remedy may be available. Common observation confirms the fact that suits for injuries due to deleterious food products have ordinarily been grounded upon breach of warranty. The leverage of such theory has seldom been foregoing in favor of an action of which negligence is the gravamen. Yet a faithful preservation of the integrity of the separate forms of action identifies each with its respective benefits and burdens, available offensively or defensively. Grapico Bottling Co. v. Ennis,
The demurrer ought to have been sustained.
Reversed and remanded. *463
