The plaintiff brought this action for damages against Elmer Pape and the Yellow Cab Company, a corporation, alleging that while riding in a taxicab of the defendant corporation operated and' driven by the defendant, Elmer Pape, an employee of the corporation, she was assaulted and raped by Pape and by another man. Pape defaulted for want of an answer. The defendant corporation answered denying liability upon several grounds, the chief one being that she was not a passenger of the taxicab company at the time she was assaulted and raped and that no liability devolved upon the defendant corporation for the injury that had befallen her. The trial court upheld this contention and directed a verdict of dismissal upon the ground that the contractual relationship of carrier and passenger between the plaintiff and the cab company was never created and upon the further ground that even though the plaintiff were a passenger, Pape was not acting within the scope of his employment as cab driver when he committed the assault. A verdict of $10,000.00 was returned against Pape. The plaintiff appealed to this court and we determined that it was prejudicial error for the trial court to direct a verdict in favor of the defendant cab company. Upon a retrial of the issues between the plaintiff and the Yellow Cab Company, pursuant to our *483 order, the jury returned a verdict of $650.00 in favor of the plaintiff but allowed no interest thereon.
The plaintiff moved for a ney trial upon three grounds, only two of which are involved in this appeal, namely:
“2. Insufficiency of evidence to justify the verdict, and that it is against law.
“3. That the verdict is so inadequate as to be a plain disregard by the jury of the instructions of the Court, and was rendered under the influence of prejudice.”
The trial court granted the plaintiff’s motion upon the ground that the verdict was inadequate. He filed a memorandum opinion in which he reviewed the evidence and reached the conclusion that “The verdict returned is .clearly, in the Court’s mind, grossly inadequate.”
The Yellow Cab Company appeals and challenges the order granting a new trial on two major points. It contends that inadequacy of a verdict is not a ground for new trial in this state. It further contends that if inadequacy of the verdict is a ground for new trial, it does not appear under the evidence in this case that the verdict is inadequate or that the evidence is insufficient to justify the verdict.
We will first consider the question of whether, in this state, a trial court has the power to vacate a verdict and grant a new trial because, under the evidence, the verdict is inadequate. Section 28-1902 KCND 1943 sets forth statutory grounds upon which a verdict may be vacated and a new trial granted. Paragraph 5 of this section provides that a new trial may be granted for “Excessive damages appearing to have been given under the influence of passion and prejudice, . . . Under paragraph 6 of this section a new trial may be granted for “Insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict or other decision, or that it is against law; . . .
This court has held that the grounds for new trial specified in Section 28-1902 KCND 1943 are exclusive and that it is.error on the part of the trial court to grant a new trial, unless based upon at least one of the causes specified in this section. Baird v. Kensal Light & Power Co.,
The appellant vigorously argues that the court set aside the verdict because he felt that it was for too small an amount, and that the inadequacy of the verdict is not a statutory ground for granting a new trial and the court therefore erred in making the order. While the causes for granting a new trial set out in Section 28-1902 RCND 1943 are exclusive, a cause relied upon need not be set out in the words of the statute. Bradley v. Krogen,
This court has never passed squarely upon the question of whether a verdict not justified by the evidence because of inadequacy may be the basis for granting a new trial. In Butler v. Aetna Insurance Company,
Our Section 28-1902 RCND 1943 setting forth causes for new trial is, in most instances, identical with the provisions of the California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 657, wherein it is provided that a new trial may be granted for “Excessive damages, appearing to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice”; or where there is “Insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict or other decision, or that it is against law;
The question we now have before us arose in California in 1887 in the case of Bennett v. Hobro, 72 Cal 178,
“1. Insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict;
“2. That said verdict,is against law and against the evidence.”
*485 In upholding an order of the trial court granting a new trial, the Supreme Court of California said:
“Reference to the evidence on this point shows that it tended to prove the injuries sustained by the plaintiff to have been very severe, resulting in her long confinement, with a reasonable apprehension that they may permanently disable her.
“Under such circumstances, the court may well have concluded that the sum awarded her was insignificant .in proportion to the injuries received.
“It is within the province of the Superior Court to grant a new trial where it is of opinion the verdict is contrary to the weight of evidence.”
California now has a long line of cases supporting the proposition that in actions for personal injuries the trial court has power to grant a new trial upon the ground of insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict, where the amount awarded by the jury is inadequate or incommensurate with the extent of the injuries that the plaintiff has received. Included in this line of cases are: Taylor v. Northern Electric Railway Co., 26 Cal App 765,
In South Dakota, also, we find the same statutory grounds for new trial as those under consideration. See SD Code 1939, Sec 33.1605. In Sayer v. Lee,
“It is appellant’s contention that, under the statutes of this state, inadequacy of a verdict cannot be assigned as a ground for granting a new trial, but only an excessive verdict. Appellant’s counsel is in error. Inadequacy of a verdict may be ground for a new trial, and may be considered upon an assignment of insufficiency of the evidence.”
In Idaho we again find the same statutory provisions. for new trial pertaining to the grounds of excessive damages and in
*486
sufficiency of the evidence. Idaho Code, 1932, Section 7 — 602. In Riggs v. Smith,
The decisions in states having statutes the same or similar to ours are indeed persuasive. Moreover, general authority supports the proposition that a new trial may be granted for inadequacy of damages on the theory that the verdict was not justified by the evidence. Bancroft’s Code Pleading, Practice and Remedies, Ten Tear Supp, Section 6040; 39 Am Jur, New Trial, Section 145; 66 CJS, New Trial, Section 77; Emmons v. Sheldon, 26 Wis 648; Tathwell v. City of Cedar Rapids,
The order for new trial entered pursuant to the court’s written memorandum states as a reason for granting the motion that the verdict was “grossly inadequate.” The second ground set forth in the motion was the insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict, and that it was against the law. It came within the statutory ground for new trial set forth in paragraph 6 of Section 28-1902 RCND 1943. The third ground set forth in the motion was that the verdict is so inadequate as to be a plain disregard by the jury of the instructions of the court and was rendered under the influence of prejudice. This statement, taken alone, may not come within the specific statutory grounds for new trial, but when considered with the challenge to the insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict, there is no question but that the grounds set forth in the motion are sufficient to come within the statute. The situation here is not unlike the one that arose in Cox v. Tyrone Power Enterprises, 49 Cal App2d 383,
It is clear to us that the trial court determined that under the evidence presented in the case the verdict of the jury awarded damages inadequate to a degree incommensurate with substantial justice, or in other words, the verdict was not justified by the evidence, which is a statutory ground for granting a new trial under subsection 6 of Section 28-1902 RCND 1943.
A motion for a new trial upon the ground of insufficiency of the evidence is directed primarily to the sound judicial discretion of the trial court. Froh v. Hein,
The courts are more reluctant to interfere with the action of a trial court in granting a new trial than where a new trial has been denied. Blum v. Standard Oil Co.,
In Hearne v. DeYoung, 132 Cal 357,
The facts in this record are substantially the same as those presented on the former appeal and set forth in Haser v. Pape,
And as we also said in that case: “The trial court was unquestionably in a better position to determine the weight of the testimony than the appellate court. The judge saw the witnesses, observed their demeanor, and was in a position to sense the indefinable atmosphere of the trial.”
The trial court was impressed by the mental and physical suffering which the plaintiff, a girl 14 years of age, had been forced to undergo at the hands of Pape, the taxi driver, the consequent humiliation which followed her experience, and the further fact that her parents found it advisable to send her to another state to continue her education, all of which are circumstances tending to indicate substantial injury and damage. It is the law that the Yellow Cab Company was liable for either none or all of the damages suffered by the plaintiff. Joint tortfeasors are jointly and severally liable for the full amount of the detriment suffered by a party in favor of whom liability for injury • arising from a common breach of duty has been established. 52 Am Jur, Torts, Section 110; 62 CJ, Torts, Section 44. The jury found that the cab company was liable, a finding-supported by the evidence and unquestioned on this appeal. It then became the duty of the jury to determine the detriment that the plaintiff suffered and to return a verdict in an amount sufficient to compensate her for that detriment. This, in the opinion of the trial court, the jury failed to do, and he, in the exercise of his judicial discretion, granted a new trial.' Under the facts disclosed by the record we cannot say that the trial *489 court abused Ms discretion in so doing. Tbe order appealed from is affirmed.