This case is before us upon a case-made after judgment.
It аppears that the plaintiff was a street car conductor in the employ of the Detroit United Railway in the city , of Detroit. On Sunday, May 24, 1908, about 3:45 p. m., he was engaged in his duties as conductor on a Fourteenth avenue car, running east on Henry street from Grand River avenue to Cass avenue. The car was an open one with a running board on the right-hand side. The plaintiff was standing on this running board, collecting fares. The defendant Frank P. Miller at this time was the owner of an automobile. On the night preceding the day in question the defendant August Lootens visited said Miller at his home and asked for the loan of his automobile on the succeeding day. Miller consented to let Loot-ens have the automobile on the following day. Accordingly, between 2 and 3 o’clock p. m. Lootens called at Miller’s home for the automobile, and on his (Lootеns’) invitation, Miller entered the auto and rode to his (Loot-ens’) home, Lootens operating the machine; and when they arrived there, Lootens and his company insisted upon Miller’s accompanying them on the ride, and Miller finally acceded to their invitation and went with them. Thеre were two front seats in the automobile. Lootens sat on the right-hand side, in the driver’s seat, and operated the
There was some dispute as to the manner of, and responsibility for, the accident, but it is not material to the question presented here. When all of the testimony had been submitted, defendant Miller moved the court to direct a verdict of no cause of action as to him, upon the ground that the evidеnce showed that at the time of the accident the automobile had been loaned by defendant Miller to defendant Lootens, аnd that the latter was at such time in actual, active control and operation of the automobile in his own behalf, and was not in any wаy operating the same as the agent or employe of the defendant Miller; that defendant Miller was, at the time of the accident, a mere guest in the automobile, and not in any way responsible for its operation or control. This motion was granted, and a verdict and judgment were entered for defendant Miller, and the case proceeded to a verdict and judgment against defendant Lootens in favor of the plaintiff. The plaintiff has appealed, and assigns error in granting defendant Miller’s motion, and in directing a verdict of no causе of action as to defendant Miller.
It will be noticed that there is nothing in the record to show that Miller had ever operated the autо, or that he could operate it, or that he had any greater knowledge or skill than Lootens possessed as to its operation. It should
It is the contention of the plaintiff that, because defendant Miller was present and the machine was being used with his consent at the timе of the injury complained of, he is liable; that an automobile being a dangerous machine, its owner should be held responsible for the manner in which it is used. It is the claim of defendant Miller that it is undisputed that the automobile had passed into the possession and control of defеndant Lootens for the day, and that Miller did not have the right or authority to dictate or direct the manner in which the automobile should be operated; that it was as much in the control of Lootens for that day as it would have been had he been the absolute owner thereof; that an automobile is not a dangerous instrumentality, and under such circumstances there is no theory upon which Miller could be held liable for the negligence of Lootens. In our opinion this claim of defendant Miller is supported by' the great weight of authority.
Doran v. Thomsen, 74 N. J. Law, 445 (
The general proposition as to the responsibility for a tort is stated by Andrews, J., in King v. Railroad Co.,
“ Where one person, has sustained an injury from the negligence of another, he must, in general, proceed against him by whose negligence the injury was occas*119 ioned. If, however, the negligence which caused the injury was that of a servant, while engaged in his master’s business, the person sustaining the injury may disregard the immediate author of the mischief and hold the master responsible for the damages sustained.”
In Wyllie v. Palmer,
The case is governed by the general rules of law governing the relation of master and servant, or principal and agent. The rule of law applicable to the care and protection of dangerous instrumentalities does not apply. Cunningham v. Castle, supra; Jones v. Hoge, supra.
Our examination has shown that thе courts of last resort in all parts of the United States have, without exception, held that, in the absence of statutory liability, the owners of automobiles were not liable for the negligence of a borrower, where the machine was not used in the master’s business. Counsel for plaintiff has cited the case of Ingraham v. Stockamore, in the Supreme Court of New York, reported in 63 Misc., Rep. 114 (
We are of opinion that the circuit judge did not err in directing a verdict for the defendant Miller for the reasons stated by him, and the judgment below is affirmed.