Ronald A. Hart, Sagadahoc County Judge of Probate, appeals from a summary *283 judgment entered in the Superior Court (Sagadahoc County, Lipez, J.) in favor of Sagadahoc County. On appeal Judge Hart contends that the court erred by (1) concluding that the County had no common law duty to pay the legal expenses of its probate judge; (2) denying Judge Hart’s claim that the County was unjustly enriched; and (3) concluding that there was no genuine issue of material fact with regard to Judge Hart’s claim of equitable estoppel. Finding no merit in any of these contentions, we affirm the judgment.
In the fall of 1988, the Committee on Judicial Responsibility and Disability was investigating a complaint against Judge Hart, in his capacity as a probate judge, alleging that he violated several canons of the Code of Judicial Conduct. In November 1988 Judge Hart retained a law firm to represent him. Thereafter the County was apprised of the complaint against Judge Hart. The parties disagree whether the county commissioners told the judge that the County would be responsible for his legal expenses. Judge Hart contends that in February 1989 the County represented that it would cover the payment of his legal fees. The county commissioners assert that they did not approve nor were they consulted concerning the retention of counsel by Judge Hart.
In any event, the County paid the bills for legal services presented to it by Judge Hart in February and April 1989. On June 20, 1989, the county commissioners wrote to the judge stating that since the insurer had denied coverage they would not authorize more than $10,000 in payment of his legal expenses. Pursuant to this cap, the County made a final payment in July 1989. A year later, we decided that Judge Hart had committed no ethical violations warranting sanctions.
Matter of Hart,
Following repeated refusals by the county commissioners to make any additional payments, Judge Hart filed a complaint seeking payment for his remaining legal expenses. On his motion for summary judgment and after a hearing, the Superior Court entered summary judgment in favor of the County. Judge Hart’s appeal followed.
I.
The parties agree that no state statute authorizes or requires reimbursement for attorney fees in these circumstances. Rather, Judge Hart claims that it is a common law rule that a public officer is entitled to indemnification for losses sustained in the discharge of his official duties if he acts in good faith in a matter in which the public body has an interest. Judge Hart’s claim for reimbursement is a novel one in Maine. The general rule is that a municipal corporation or other public body may indemnify public officials, acting in good faith, for legal expenses incurred in suits brought against them for acts committed in the discharge of their duties.
See
Annotation,
Payment of attorneys’ services in defending action brought against officials individually as within power or obligation of the public body,
Judge Hart cites a number of reported cases from other jurisdictions relating to the authority of a governmental employer to reimburse its employee for losses, including counsel fees, incurred in connection with civil and criminal litigation arising out of the employee’s performance of the duties of employment.
See Maitland v. Town of Thompson,
II.
Judge Hart next argues that his actions were taken in his capacity as a probate judge, a member of the judiciary, and that his successful defense of the charges against him resulted in an unjust enrichment to Sagadahoc County. The general rule is that when one person has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another, the law will imply a promise to pay on the part of the recipient.
See Estate of White,
1. A benefit conferred upon the defendant by the plaintiff;
2. An appreciation or knowledge by the defendant of the benefit; and
3. The acceptance or retention by the defendant of the benefit under such circumstances as to make it inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit without payment of its value.
12 Williston, Contracts § 1479, at 276 (3d ed. 1970) (footnote omitted).
A probate judge is not a county officer. See 30-A M.R.S.A. § 1(2) (Pamph. 1991). See generally 4 M.R.S.A. §§ 201-352 (1989). Although counties are required to pay the salary of a probate judge, see 30-A M.R.S.A. § 2 (Pamph.1991), the county has no authority to exert control over the activities of the probate judge or the procedures of the probate court. The activities and procedures of each probate court are regulated by the state. See 4 M.R.S.A. §§ 1, 7 to 9-A (1989). In addition, the state is responsible for the discipline of probate judges. See 4 M.R.S.A. § 9-B (1989). Sagadahoc County bears no responsibility or liability for the consequences of judicial actions. Thus Sagada-hoc County did not receive an unjust benefit from Judge Hart’s exoneration.
III.
Judge Hart next argues that the County is required, by the principle of equitable estoppel, to pay the legal expenses of its probate judge when those expenses were incurred in reliance upon an express promisé by the County. Judge Hart alleges that the county commissioners told him that the County would be responsible for his legal expenses, and, therefore, the County should be equitably estopped from denying responsibility for his attorney fees.
Equitable estoppel may be applied against a governmental body.
E.g., City of Auburn v. Desgrosseilliers,
The court found no genuine issue of fact concerning fraud or misrepresentation. Assuming, however, a representation on the part of the County that it would pay legal expenses, there was no reliance. Judge Hart retained counsel before receiving any representation from the County concerning his attorney fees. “Before the doctrine of estoppel may be invoked, the declarations or acts relied upon must have induced the party seeking to enforce an estoppel to do what resulted to his detriment and what he would not otherwise have done.”
Roberts v. Maine Bonding & Casualty Co.,
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.