151 N.Y.S. 4 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1914
Lead Opinion
The action is for royalties under a contract by which plaintiff licensed defendant to present the play “La Tosca” within the
The respondent claims that in a contract such as the present there is no presumption of exclusiveness (Warne v. Routledge, L. R. 18 Eq. Cas. 497; Willis v. Tibbals, 33 N. Y. Super. Ct. 220), and that custom may not be proved to create doubt where otherwise none exists, and this principle was applied to the contract in question by the Appellate Term on a previous appeal to that court, where a judgment in defendant’s favor was reversed and a new trial granted. (83 Misc. Rep. 44.) Although the rules governing the proof of custom as bearing on the interpretation of contracts are in the main well settled, in their application the cases are in many respects conflicting, if not irreconcilable. That custom may not be shown to contradict the express terms of a contract is conceded. Is it competent to contradict those terms which attach to it by implication of law ? I think, both on principle and authority, this question must be answered in the negative. It has been held that the test of repugnancy is whether or not the custom, if written into the contract, will make it insensible or inconsistent. (Per Campbell, Ch. J., Humfrey v. Dale, 7 E. & B. 266, 275.) In Hopper v. Sage (112 N. Y. 530) there was a contract for the sale in futuro of shares of corporate stock, on which a dividend had been declared prior to the date of the contract, but which dividend was not payable and was not paid -until after such date. The' contract provided that the defendant (purchaser) “ is entitled to all dividends or extra dividends declared ” between the date of the contract and the day' when the stock was to be delivered, but was silent as to dividends declared before the contract was made. Defendant laid claim to the dividend in question, and in support of such claim offered evidence of a custom of the Stock Exchange, but the court held that the contract was not “ made under such circumstances that those rules * * * could have any legal effect * * * ; so far as the case shows, he [the vendor] was
I do not think the case is one for the application of the “ well-established rule of law that parties to a contract on a subject-matter concerning which known usages prevail are deemed to have incorporated such usages by implication into their agreement if nothing is said to the contrary.” (Per Rumsey, J., Schipper v. Milton, 51 App. Div. 522, 525; affd., sub nom. Smith v. Milton, 169 N. Y. 583.) I conceive that the above rule is subsidiary and subordinate to the controlling principle of necessity from which it springs and that it can only he applied when there is need to interpret that which is ambiguous or to supply that which is lacking. Where there is neither ambiguity nor failure to express completely the terms of a contract and the rights of the parties are fixed by law, no custom may he shown. In Bradley v. Wheeler (supra, 504) Commissioner Earl refers to the particular rule of custom which was the subject of the decision in Schipper v. Milton and refused to apply it for the reasons I have noted.
The determination of the Appellate Term should be affirmed, with costs.
Ingraham, P. J., and Scott, J., concurred; Clarke and Dowling, JJ., dissented.
Dissenting Opinion
The action is brought to recover §1,650 license fees claimed to he due under a contract under which the plaintiff gave to
The answer set up that at the time when the contract was made it was agreed and understood between the parties that the defendant had been granted the sole and exclusive right and license to publicly present the said play and that, prior to the making of the contract and- at the time thereof, there was and now is prevailing in the theatrical profession in the United States and Canada a uniform, continuous and well-settled custom and usage with respect to the granting of licenses to publicly perform plays, that where such license or right to perform a play is granted and the parties to such license contemplate that such play is to he produced with a celebrated actor or actress as one of the cast, such license or privilege is deemed and construed to be exclusive within the territory and for the period for which it is granted, and that plaintiff breached the contract by granting the right to produce to others who did produce the play during the period and within the territory granted without the knowledge of the defendant; it also contains a counterclaim for the $350 down payment.
Upon the trial the defendant attempted to show hy certain theatrical managers that there was such a usage and custom well known to theatrical people in the United States and Canada at the time of the making of this contract and under the circumstances disclosed, to wit, the agreement that there should be included in the cast a celebrated actor or actress, and that hy such usage and custom the right to produce meant the exclusive right. All of this evidence was ruled out and exception taken. The contract being in writing and being pro
I am inclined to think that the evidence offered of custom and usage was competent; that it was not offered to contradict the contract, which did not provide that the rights should not be exclusive, but that it explains the phrase, “the right to represent the said play ” and interprets what it meant among that class of business people who make and carry out such contracts.
In Schipper v. Milton (51 App. Div. 522; affd., sub nom. Smith v. Milton, 169 N. Y. 583) the contract provided for the sale of about “ (4,000) four thousand bales Current quality Manila Hemp at (5c) five cents U. S. Gold per lb. About (1,000) one thousand Bales Current Leyte, guaranteed equal Good Current quality Manila Hemp at (5%) five and one-eighth cents U. S. Gold per lb. No red Hemp. * * * The Hemp to be of above described quality, sound and in good order. * * * Any dispute on quality to he settled by arbitration in usual manner.”
The defendants refused to accept upon the ground that the quality of the hemp was inferior to that agreed to he delivered. Plaintiffs claimed that it was well known to all persons dealing in Manila hemp that the quality of the hemp cannot be ascertained from the marks on the bales; that every bale is sure to contain a considerable quantity of hemp of a quality different from that marked on the outside of the bale, and that it is impossible for any one selling a cargo of hemp to deliver the precise quality which is specified in the contract; and, therefore, they claim that there has arisen among dealers in hemp a well-established custom by which the quality specified in the contract is regarded simply as a measure of the value of the hemp to he sold; and that whenever a cargo arrives, if the •parties to the contract cannot agree upon the valuation, it is .the custom to refer it to arbitrators, who shall inspect the hemp and fix the allowance to he made to the purchaser for the inferior hemp, and that upon such arbitration the price to be paid is to be established and the rights of the parties depend.
The defendants claimed that the evidence established no such custom, and that if it did the custom was unreasonable, unnec
Rumsey, J., said: “It is a well-established rule of law that parties to a contract on a subject-matter concerning which known usages prevail are deemed to have incorporated such usages by implication into their agreement if nothing is said to the contrary. (Hostetter v. Park, 137 U. S. 31; Newhall v. Appleton, 114 N. Y. 140; Brown v. Byrne, 3 El. & Bl. 703; Walls v. Bailey, 49 N. Y. 464; Humfrey v. Dale, 7 El. & Bl. 266.) * * *
“But it is said that this custom is unreasonable, because it requires a party to accept goods of a different quality from that which he purchased. * * * But it is said in addition that this custom tends to contradict the express terms of the contract. * * * Mercantile contracts are not always to be strictly construed. The intention of the parties is to be sought, and that intention would not infrequently be defeated if the words were to be construed according to their usual import, and for that reason evidence is admitted to expound them and to arrive at the true meaning of the contract. When a custom has been proved to exist, the mere fact that it apparently varies the contract is not sufficient to exclude proof of the custom, because it is impossible, without changing to some extent its apparent effect, to add a material incident by showing that the words are not employed in their usual meaning. (Brown v. Byrne, 3 El. & Bl. 703, 715.) So that unless as the result of the parol evidence the custom established is contradictory to the express terms of the contract, it must be received for the purpose of explaining it, to enable the court to decide as to the rights of the parties as affected by the custom of which they were aware when the contract was made and which entered into their agreement.”
And Mr. Justice McLaughlin, although dissenting from the result, said:- “It is undoubtedly a settled rule of law that a usage or custom in a trade, profession or calling, when it is reasonable, uniform,. well settled, not in opposition to fixed rules of law, not in contradiction of the express terms of a contract, is deemed to foim a part of the contract and to enter into the intention of the parties.”
In Newhall v. Appleton (114 N. Y. 143) the complaint contained the averment of a contract by defendants to pay the plaintiff fifteen dollars an order “ for each and every order he obtained for said encyclopedia and four dollars for each and every order he obtained for said other publications.” The answer admitted the contract to pay the plaintiff those sums upon orders under which five volumes of the encyclopedia and ten parts of each of the other publications, respectively, had been taken and paid for by the subscriber, and not otherwise, and further alleged payment of the amount due under the contract.
Upon the trial the plaintiff gave evidence that an oral contract, as averred in the complaint, had been made. The defendants offered to show that in the subscription book business the words used in the contract had a definite and well-established meaning, and that meaning was as set forth in the answer; that the words “ fifteen dollars an order for each and every order obtained for the encyclopedia ” meant, and were well understood in the subscription book business to mean, fifteen dollars an order for each and every order obtained for the encyclopedia under which five volumes have been taken and paid for by the subscriber, and not otherwise, while four dollars an order for the other publications meant four dollars for an order under which ten parts each, respectively, had been taken and paid for by the subscriber, and not otherwise. The court held that it was error to refuse evidence in support of the defense as plead. Parker, J., writing for a unanimous court said: Every legal contract is to be interpreted in accordance with the intention of the parties making it. And usage, when it is. reasonable, uniform, well settled, not in opposition to fixed rules of law, not in contradiction of the express terms of the contract, is deemed to form a - part of the contract and to enter into the intention of the parties, when it is so far established and so far known to the parties that it
In Walls v. Bailey (49 N. Y. 464) the action was instituted to recover a balance alleged to be due for plastering the defendant’s house. The contract provided a* price per square yard. The plaintiffs claimed that in-determining the number of square yards the openings, including the doors and windows, were to be measured as plastering, and that in rooms plastered with two or three coat work, the part of the work behind the cornice and baseboard was to be measured as though actually plastered with two or three coats, though the same was only plastered with one coat. This claim was based on the assumption that at the time the agreement was made it was the custom of plasterers to so charge. Judge Folger said: ‘' Every legal contract is to be interpreted in accordance with the intentibn of the parties make ing it. And usage (with a limitation hereafter noticed), when it is reasonable, uniform, well settled, not in opposition to fixed rules of law, not in contradiction of the express terms of the contract, is deemed to form a part of the contract, and to enter into the intention of the parties. * * * Parties are held to contract in reference to the law of the State in which they reside. * * * And so they are presumed to contract in ref erence to the usage of the particular place or trade in or as to which they enter into agreement * * * when it is so far established and so far known to the parties that it must b.e supposed that their contract was ma-de in reference to it. * * * Evidence of
In Underwood v. Greenwich Ins. Co. (161 N. Y. 413, 423) the rule governing the admission of evidence of usage to affect and interpret a contract as laid down in Newhall v. Appleton (114 N. Y. 140) and Atkinson v. Truesdell (127 id. 230) was quoted with approval. The rule in Walls v. Bailey (supra) was quoted with approval in London Assurance Corporation v. Thompson (170 N. Y. 94, 99).
In Miller v. Fischer (142 App. Div. 172) plaintiff brought an action upon a contract for the hiring of a canal boat for the transportation of ice. The defendant’s contention at the trial was that there was a custom among boatmen and ice dealers known to the plaintiff to the effect that boats engaged in the transporting of ice should not be paid for unless ice should form of sufficient thickness to be marketable. The trial
The foregoing are but a few of the cases establishing the proposition that evidence of usage for the purpose of establishing the intent of parties to a contract who are engaged in any business, trade or profession, is admissible when such evidence does not contravene positive provisions of law or contradict the clear and express terms of the contract itself.
In the case at bar the parties were both in the theatrical business and made a contract in reference to theatrical matters. That business is as clearly a distinct business as any of those considered either in the cases cited or in others to be found in the books; and it may well have particular usages which must be taken into consideration in ascertaining the intent of such contract, or which by such long and universal continuance arrive at the dignity of custom as binding as a rule of law. .Whether the particular evidence sought to be introduced would have been sufficient to have' supported the allegations of the answer and controlled the disposition of the case is not before us. The sole question is. whether such evidence was competent. I have no doubt that it was and, therefore, in my opinion the determination of the Appellate Term and judgment and order of the City Court should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs in all courts to the appellant to abide the event.
Dowling, J., concurred.
Determination of Appellate Term affirmed, with costs.