261 F.2d 802 | 5th Cir. | 1959
Lead Opinion
The appellant, a physician, and Walter Waxman, a druggist, were first tried on an indictment for conspiracy to violate Title 26 United States Code Section 4705 (a), that is, to sell certain narcotic drugs, to wit, codeine, methadon, and demerol, not in pursuance of the required written orders. The result was a mistrial.
Subsequently, another indictment containing fifteen counts was returned against the appellant alone, charging him substantive violations of the same Section. The first five counts named Cerald Miller, the next five counts named Fidele Garcia, and the last five counts named Alice Buonaiuto as the persons to whom methadon was sold or caused to be sold. Except for the names of such persons and the dates of sale, all fifteen counts were identical.
Without objection, the two cases were , ’ . . ,, , . consolidated for trial. At the conclusion of the Government s evidence, the court gra“te;d a /or Judgment of aC' of both defendants on the conspiracy charged but denied Dr Needelma\s ^ motion on the substantive counts. The court then sustained Dr. Needelman’s motion to strike all of the testimony of conversations had between the narcotic agent and Waxman outside the presence of Dr. Needelman and direeled the jury to disregard any such testimony. The Government offered no additional evidence, but Dr. Needelman introduced a number of witnesses and testified in his own behalf,
At the conclusion of all the evidence, Needelman again moved for judgment of acquittal. The court denied the motion, stating in the jury’s absence from the courtroom, “I think this is a very slender case, offhand, but I think there is enough to go to the jury.”
The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to each of the fifteen counts. The court thereafter granted a motion for new trial as to the last five counts which
After the mistrial on the conspiracy charge, but prior to the time of the consolidated trial, the appellant moved the court:
"* * * for an Order permitting them to inspect the books, papers, documents, memoranda and objects and particularly the contemporaneous notes made by the Government witness, Kenneth Rudd, who has previously testified in said cause and who is a material witness for the Government in said cause, made by the said Kenneth Rudd during his investigation and preparation for trial of said cause, and which said contemporaneous notes have already been referred to by the said Rudd in the previous trial of said cause, and by which testimony it was shown that said contemporaneous notes prepared by the said Rudd were of the events, activities related to his said testimony, and that the inspection and copying of said contemporaneous notes made by the said Rudd are material and necessary for the defendants to prepare their defense.”
“The Medical Association may or may not deprive him of his license. I hope they don’t. I hope they think he should not be deprived of his license because undoubtedly he is a skilful Doctor. I don’t know. I am not going to go back on the jury’s verdict, but I personally feel that he was exceedingly careless in any event, and it is possible that the jury felt that way and found him guilty for that reason. I don’t know. They shouldn’t have on that basis, but being human beings they might have done so.”
The motion was denied. Again, after 2the narcotic agent Rudd had testified on direct examination on the second trial, bad been cross-examined by appellant’s counsel, and was on redirect examination by the Government, a short recess was bad, the jury retired from the courtroom, and’ we assume in response to a renewal of the motion’ the court ruled: Wl11 deny the re(!uest for the notes> because they invoIve many thmgs’ You may see case reP°rt-
The questions presented for decision on appeal are whether the court erred in denying the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal, and whether the court erred in denying the defendant’s motion to be allowed to inspect the contemporaneous notes made by narcotic agent Rudd.
The issue of guilt or innocence was primarily that of good faith, that is, whether in good faith the narcotic drugs were dispensed by the defendant as a physician to his patients “in the course of his professional practice only.”
“Good faith is a matter for your determination, whether or not he did act in good faith; and good faith means that he has got to act in an honest endeavor to carry on his profession. Now, if he made a mistake or he was foolish or inept or something like that, that wouldn’t be a breach of good faith; but if he sold drugs to an addict, a known man, having good reason to know a man or woman to be an addict, and sold only for the principal purpose of supplying the addict with these drugs that he craved, that would not, of course, be in good faith.
“So, as both attorneys have told you, the issue in this case is good faith. Did Dr. Needelman act in good faith in issuing these prescriptions?”
The appellant does not question the settled proposition of law that m order for a physician to come within the expection to the statute 26 U.S.C.A. § 4705(c) note 2, supra, the narcotic drugs must have been dispensed or distributed to a patient or patients by the pnysician m good faith m the course of his professional practice only.
In reviewing the denial of the motion for judgment of acquittal, the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the Government.
It was stipulated that codeine, dem-erol, and methadon are narcotic drugs as defined in Title 26 United States Code Section 4731. Miss Sally Bossman testified ^ ghe wag j d b Dr> Needelman from June 1955 through No_ vember 1955 dQ. laboratory work> as_ sisting the Doctor and covering the front desk when needed. She identified thirtv-one prescriptiong wMch Dr. Needelman gigned and lrft with her and Migg Fred_ erickg> ^ other nurge in the offi with instructions that they were to be kept locked in a drawer of a desk, and when the patients whose names appeared on the prescriptions came in and paid a prescribed fee, varying from five to ten dollars, a prescription was to be delivered to the patient. At the time of delivery, she would fill in on the prescription that date as the date on which it was “to be filled.” Those three words
Miss Lillian Fredericks, the other nurse who had worked in Dr. Needel-man’s office, identified some twenty-nine additional prescriptions for narcotic drugs signed by Dr. Needelman and which bore her handwriting as to the dates on which they were to be filled. In general, her testimony was similar to that of Miss Rossman.
In addition, Dr. Needelman had left at the Medical Arts Pharmacy, of which Walter Waxman was proprietor, some seventy-five signed prescriptions for nar-cotie drugs, some to be delivered to Abe Bruches and some to his wife, Lottie Bruches. As each prescription was de-Iivered, $2.50 would be collected and retained for Dr. Needelman, purportedly, however, to apply on an old bill owed by the Bruches to Dr. Needelman rather than for the prescriptions themselves.
Narcotic agents Rudd and Waters testified to examining the narcotic prescription file at the Medical Arts Pharmacy on September 22, 1955, just after Dr. Needelman’s return from Europe, and to interviewing Dr. Needelman. Each testified that, after being warned and informed as to his rights not to give incriminating evidence against himself, Dr. Needelman talked freely, and stated that he knew the patients in question were narcotic addicts and that the $175.-00 left at the drug store by the Bruches was for prescriptions left there by Dr. Needelman at the rate of $2.50.
Dr. Needelman denied naving made any such admissions, and testified and introduced evidence tending to show that the patients were suffering pain and that the prescriptions were signed and left by him in the course of his professional practice only. There was additional evidence on either side of the issue. Enough has been recited, however, to demonstrate that, considered in the light most favorable to the Government, there was sufficient relevant evidence from which the jury could reasonably have believed beyond a reasonable doubt that Dr. Needelman did not in good faith dispense or distribute the narcotic drugs to patients in the course his professional practice only. The motion for judgment of acquittal was therefore properly denied,
Narcotic agent Rudd did not use memoranda or notes to refresh his recollection while testifying, but admitted that he refreshed his recollection from them before testifying. Such memoranda or notes made contemporaneously by the witness for the purpose of refreshing his own recollection are not strictly within the rule of Jencks v. United States, 1957, 353 U.S. 657, 77 s.ct. 1007, 1 L.Ed.2d 1103, or of the statute passed to meet that decision, 18 United States Code § 3500, which relate to formal written statements or reports made by the witness and signed or otherwise adopted or approved by him. Unlike such statements or reports, the mere memoranda or notes could not be directly introduced for impeachment purposes, but might be used as a basis for cross-examining the witness. The case of Goldman v. United States, 1942, 316 U.S. 129, 62 S.Ct. 993, 86 L.Ed. 1332, holding that it is discretionary with the trial court to require or not to require a witness to produce memoranda or notes from which he had refreshed his recollection before taking the stand, was not overruled by Jencks, supra.
Finding no reversible error in the record, the judgment is
Affirmed
On Petition for Rehearing.
. At the time of sentencing, the Judge stated:
. 26 U.S.C.A. § 4705(c). The applicable subsections read:
“(a) General requirement. — It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, barter, exchange, or give away narcotic drugs except in pursuance of a written order of the person to whom such article is sold, bartered, exchanged, or given, on a form to be issued in blank for that purpose by the Secretary or his delegate. *****
“(c) Other exceptions. — Nothing con-tained in this section, section 4735, or section 4774 shall apply—
“(1) pise of drugs in professional practice. — To the dispensing or dis-tribution of narcotic drugs to a patient by a physician, dentist, veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner registered under section 4722, in the course of his professional practice only: Provided, That such physician, dentist, veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner shall keep a record of all such drugs dispensed or distributed, showing the amount dis-pensed or distributed, the date, and the name and address of the patient to whom such drugs are dispensed or distributed, except such as may be dispensed or dis-tributed to a patient upon whom such physician, dentist, veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner shall personally at-tend; and such record shall be kept for a period of two years from the date of dispensing or distributing such drugs, subject to inspection, as provided in seetion 4773.”
. See McBride v. United States, 5 Cir., 3955, 225 F.2d 249, 253, construing Section 2554 of the 1939 Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C.A. § 2554, which is substantially the same as Section 4705 of the 1954 Internal Revenue Code. See also Linder v. United States, 1925, 268 U.S. 5, 45 S.Ct. 446, 69 L.Ed. 819.
. Mortensen v. United States, 1944, 322 U.S. 369, 374, 64 S.Ct. 1037, 88 L.Ed. 1331; Glasser v. United States, 1942, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 86 L.Ed. 680; Lloyd v. United States, 5 Cir., 1955, 226 F.2d 9, 13; Vick v. United States, 5 Cir., 1954, 216 F.2d 228.
. See our recent opinion of Lambert v. United States, 5 Cir., 1958, 261 F.2d 799. See also, Jencks v. United States, 1957, 353 U.S. 657, at pages 668, 674, 680, 77 S.Ct. 1007, at pages 1013, 1016, 1019.
Rehearing
Certiorari having recently been granted in several cases,
. Certiorari granted December 8, 1958, in the following: Lev v. United States, 79 S.Ct. 231; Wool v. United States, 79 S.Ct. 231; Rubin v. United States, 79 S.Ct. 231; Rosenberg v. United States, 79 S.Ct. 233; Ingram v. United States, 79 S.Ct. 234; Palermo v. United States, 79 S.Ct. 236. Certiorari granted December 15, 1958, in Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. v. United States, 358 U.S. 917, 79 S. Ct. 289, 3 L.Ed.2d 237.