Harry B. Fields, III, sued J.C. Penney Co., Inc. (J.C. Penney), his former employer, claiming age discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. § 621 through § 634. The jury found in favor of Fields on his claim and the district court awarded damages based upon the jury’s verdict. The district court declined to grant J.C. Penney’s motions for directed verdict and motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV). J.C. Penney appeals these rulings as well as rulings admitting certain disputed evidence. Fields cross-appeals for prejudgment interest on the backpay awarded by the jury. Persuaded that the district cоurt erred in denying J.C. Penney’s motion for directed verdict at the close of plaintiff’s evidence, we reverse and render judgment in favor of J.C. Penney.
I. Facts and Procedural History
The undisputed evidence at trial demonstrated the following facts. Harry B. Fields, III, the forty-three year old plaintiff in this case, wоrked for J.C. Penney from 1967 until 1989 when he was fired. During that time, Fields held several different managerial positions in various J.C. Penney stores. In November 1987, Fields was transferred to J.C. Penney’s Bay City store where he was assigned duties as the merchandising manager of the women’s fashions departments. As a merchandising manager, Fields was required to maintain an inventory of desirable merchandise by estimating sales and also preventing the departments from becoming overstocked. His duties also required that he manage sales personnel and present merchandise in an appealing manner. These were duties similar to those held by Fields at previous J.C. Penney stores.
When Pat Allen became the Bay City store manager in July 1988, he noted that Fields was having difficulty in several areas of Fields’ responsibility. In a December 1988 performanсe review, Allen downgraded Fields’ performance from level 3 (average) to level 4 (needs improvement). He also placed Fields on probation and set goals to assist Fields in regaining his satisfactory rating. In a subsequent performance review, Fields was аgain rated a level 4. His probationary period was extended 90 days, and Allen provided Fields a new list of objectives. On May 9, 1988, Allen fired Fields for failing to meet these objectives and for failing to improve his performance to Allen’s expectations. Allen assumеd Fields’ duties, in addition to his regular managerial duties, and performed them for nearly two years until January 1991, when Allen was transferred to another store.
Shortly after Fields was fired in May 1989, J.C. Penney hired a new shoe salesperson, a Ms. Chris Ruth. Seventeen months later, in October 1990, Ruth was prоmoted to merchandise manager for the women’s shoe department, a job which Fields had not previously held. Nevertheless, based on the fact that the new employee was younger than he was, Fields brought the instant suit pursuant to the ADEA claiming that he had been in effect replaced by the new employee and that he had been terminated because of his age (43). At trial the district court denied two motions for directed verdict made by J.C. Penney — one at the close of plaintiff’s evidence and one at the conclusion of all of the evidence.
II. Discussion
A. The Standard of Review
J.C. Penney has appealed the district court rulings on its motions for directed verdict and JNOV. By those motions, J.C. Penney asserted that Fields did not prove a prima facie violation of ADEA.
The standard of review for analyzing the district court’s rulings on a motion for directed verdict and a motion for JNOV is substantially thе same.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
B. Analysis of Evidence Produced by Plaintiff at Trial
In order to recover under the ADEA, the plaintiff must first prove a prima facie case of age discrimination. To do so, the рlaintiff must present evidence to show that: (1) he was discharged; (2) he was qualified for the position; (3) he was within the protected class at the time of discharge; and either (4)(a) he was replaced by someone outside the protected class, or (b) he was rеplaced by someone younger, or (c) he was otherwise discharged because of his age.
1
Bienkowski v. American Airlines, Inc.,
There is no dispute with respect to the first and third of these elements: Fields was discharged, and he was within the
The fourth and final element necessary to prove a prima facie case is that Fields was replaced with someone younger or outside the protected class, оr he was otherwise discharged because of his age. There is no evidence in the record indicating that Fields’ replacement was younger or outside the protected class. During cross-examination, Fields stated that he did not know who replaced him after he was fired.
Q: Okay. And after you were terminated, do you know who assumed your duties?
A: After I was fired, no, sir, I don’t.
Q: So you don’t know if anyone younger than you assumed the duties at the time you were fired, correct?
A: No, sir, I do not.
3 Tr. 146-47.
In contrast to Fields’ testimony was the testimony of Allen, the store manager who fired Fields. Allen stated that he assumed the duties of Fields and that he was 47 years of age at the time, four years older than Fields. Allen also testified that Ruth, the employee who was later promoted to merchandising manager of the shoe department, was not hired to replace Fields. It is therefore immaterial that Ruth was younger than Fields. Ruth’s job was separate and apart from any duties previously performed by Fields.
A careful review of the record shows that the only evidence Fields presented to substantiate the fourth element of an ADEA сlaim was the testimony of Allen. He presented no other affirmative evidence. Moreover, he presented no controverting evidence to rebut Allen’s statement that Allen himself assumed Fields’ duties. Thus, the only evidence in the record showed that an older employee and not a younger one replaced Fields.
Fields also asserted that he was denied the opportunity to transfer to vacant positions in other stores. Through counsel, Fields claimed during oral argument and in his brief that the vacant positions he sought to оbtain were filled by younger employees because J.C. Penney could pay lower salaries to them based upon their youth. However, Fields himself testified on cross-examination that he was ineligible for such a transfer based on his low performance rating. Furthermore, the record does not substantiate Fields’ claim that younger employees were paid lower salaries than he would have been paid. Fields, the plaintiff, has not pointed to any evidence in the record demonstrating what salary he would have received had he been transferred or what salary the employees who ultimately filled those positions received.
There is likewise no evidence in the record to suggest that Fields was otherwise discharged because of his age. In an attempt to sustain his burden оf production, Fields points to his own testimony. Fields testified that a Mr. Glines, a manager of an unrelated J.C. Penney store, told him that he had heard that Fields was to be fired and that there was a lot of that going around with people of Fields’ age.
3
This attenuated testimony, introduсed after the plaintiff had already rested his case, does not provide a sufficient basis on which to conclude that Fields was fired because of his age. According to the record of Fields’ testimony, Glines’ statement was not that the people fired were terminated
because
of their age, but rather that several people recently discharged happened to be approximately the same age as Fields. There could, for instance, have been any number of reasons for the discharge of the othеr
In sum, a review of the record reveals that the only evidence adduced as to Fields’ replacement was the testimony of Pat Allen. Fields presented no contradictory evidence from which the jury could conclude that anyone besides Allen replaced Fields. Since Allen is older than Fields, there was simply no basis in the evidence for the jury’s implied finding that a younger employee or someone outside the protected class replaced Fields. Without evidence of a younger reрlacement or evidence that otherwise demonstrated that age was the basis for Fields’, termination, Fields failed to sustain his burden to present facts sufficient to prove a prima facie case of discrimination.
Because Fields failed to prove a prima facie case of age discrimination, J.C. Penney was never obligated to come forward with any evidence to rebut that claim. This Court need not reach the issue of whether the explanation offered by J.C. Penney was a pretext for discrimination аs the plaintiff failed to shift the burden of production to the defendant. 4 The district court erred in denying J.C. Penney’s JNOV motion.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated, this Court reverses the district court's judgment and renders judgment in favor of J.C. Penney.
REVERSED AND RENDERED.
Notes
. This Court has also identified the three alternatives within the fourth elеment as separate elements.
See, e.g., Bienkowski v. American Airlines, Inc.,
. The test enumerated above for showing a pri-ma faсie violation of the ADEA was adapted from the case of
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
In the context of age, the test rеquires some modification. The ADEA sets out a protected class as those employees 40 years of age or older. 29 U.S.C. § 631(a). Thus all persons under the age of 40 are outside the protected class. Replacement of an employee within the рrotected class — age 40 or older — with an employee outside the protected class — age 39 or younger — constitutes a clear violation under the
McDonnell Douglas,
test provided there is a sufficient difference in the age of the two parties. However, this test lеaves open the possibility of discriminating against an older employee by replacing him with a younger employee when the younger employee is himself within the protected class — a situation not found in the racial context because of the definition of the class. For example, an employee terminated because he had reached the age of 60 who was replaced by an employee of age 50 would have no recourse based upon the
McDonnell Douglas
test as originally adopted. For that reason, this Court in
Elliott v. Group Medical & Surgical Service,
. While this testimony may have constituted hearsay, J.C. Penney failed to preserve the error as no proрer objection was made to its admission in the district court.
. This conclusion obviates the need to consider whether J.C. Penney’s evidentiary questions were properly preserved for appeal and whether Fields as cross-appellant was entitled to prejudgment interest.