195 Mo. 606 | Mo. | 1906
— This is an action under the statute for $5,000 damages for the death of plaintiff’s husband, on the 24th of April, 1902, caused by an electric shock from the defendant’s wire in Kansas City, Missouri. The action is by the widow. A prior action had been brought by the widow within six months after the death, in which the plaintiff suffered a non-suit, and this action was brought within one year thereafter, as allowed by the statute. There was a judgment for the plaintiff for $5,000, and the defendant appealed.
The issues.
The petition alleges the relation of the plaintiff to the deceased, and his death on the day stated; the fact of such prior suit, nonsuit, and the institution of this action within the statutory time; the incorporation of the defendant; that it owned a certain electric powerhouse and electric light circuits connected therewith in Kansas City, used by it for the purpose of lighting the streets of said city; that it was the duty of the defendant to-maintain and operate the same, as far as ordinary and reasonable care would avail therefor, so that the same should be in a reasonably safe condition and not liable to endanger lives and property of others. The negligence charged in the petition is as follows:
*611 ‘ ‘ That on and for sometime prior to about the 24th day of April, 1902, a certain of said arc light circuits owned and operated by the defendant company, and known, as plaintiff is informed, as circuit No. 32, was in a. dangerous and defective condition, in that it was ‘grounded’ — that is to say, that on account of defects in the insulation of said circuit, the wire or wires on said circuit had come into electrical contact with the earth at some place or places to plaintiff unknown, so
£ £ That the electricity of the character generated by the defendant in said power-house and discharged along and over and through the said wires of said circuits, will follow what is known in electrical science as the easiest or readiest conductor in preference to a nonconductor, or some other conductor over which it is compelled to pass, with greater resistance, that the wires used by said boy Harold are among the best known conductors of electricity, and that iron wire, such as said cable, is a first-class conductor of electricity, and while said cable and wire were directly connected with the ground, the electricity passed directly and harmlessly
The answer is a general denial.
The case made is this:
The defendant is an electric light company, and is engaged in the business of lighting streets and residences in Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas. It had a circuit called No. 32, which was twenty miles long. Its plant in Kansas City, Missouri, was located at what was called Turkey Creek station. That station is three miles from the plaintiff’s residence, which was located on Tenth street near Woodland. Circuit No. 32 is designated as a “lamp loop” to distinguish it from the main or trunk line. Turkey Creek station runs day and night, but during the daytime the electricity for lighting arc lights on the streets is not turned on, and the plant runs for the purpose of furnishing electric lights to residences and places of business. Circuit No. 32 runs in front of the-plaintiff’s residence, and had been erected about a year prior to the accident. The wire was strung upon poles which stood between the curbing of the street and the sidewalk. The poles were about twenty-five feet high. An arm ran across the top; one wire hung on one side-of the pole and one on the other. The Harrison residence stood about twenty-three feet back from the street. There was a large tree standing in the yard in front of
During the day of the accident the defendant knew that there was trouble on this circuit No. 32, and about two to half-past three, or perhaps a little later, the defendant sent out one of its linemen to find where the trouble was and to remedy it. The defendant knew that the trouble consisted in the fact that the wire was “grounded” somewhere on the line, exactly where it did not know, nor had it any means of knowing or ascertaining except by sending out a “trouble man” to locate it. The lineman took with him an instrument, called a “magneto box,” for the purpose of locating where the “ground” or “grounds” existed, which caused the trouble. That instrument is attached to the wire and is operated by a crank, thereby producing a light current of electricity, not sufficient to injure-anyone, but enough to ring a bell. When so attached and operated if there is a “ground,” the bell will ring and indicate on which side of the box the ground exists, but will not indicate the point on the wire where the trouble is. In order to locate the exact point of trouble it is necssary for the lineman to make such
The deceased returned to his home only a few minutes before his death, say about 7 o’clock p. m. The boy, and some of his boy friends, were playing in the front yard. The deceased ordered-his boy to go into the house and stay there and told the other boys to go home. It had been raining that day and was quite damp. After going into the house his boy again went out in the front yard. About ten minutes before the accident, the boy noticed that the electricity had been turned on, and that the light at Tenth and Woodland was burning, though not as brightly as usual. He further noticed that the tree aforesaid commenced to burn. The boys, who had been ordered away, called his attention to the fact that the tree was burning. He caught hold of the wire to puli it down, and it shocked him. He then went around the house and got an ax and chopped the wire in two- about four feet from the ground, where it ran -down on the side of the tree on the inside of the yard. He then noticed that one of the wires still continued to burn. He stood there watching it, and his father came out of the house a second time and ordered him to go in the house. The deceased then walked towards the swing and took hold of it, and was instantly killed. The boy says that from the time the current of electricity was first turned on until his father was killed there was an interval of only about fifteen minutes. The boy says he did not warn his father against taking hold of the steel rope of the swing, because he did not have time to do so, because of the excitement and because he did not know there was any current of electricity in the steel rope. The evidence
Mr. Richardson, the general manager of the defendant, testified, on cross-examination, that if there were two “grounds” and the wire had not been cut by the boy, as above described, but had been allowed to remain “grounded” or to lie on the ground, a current of electricity would have flowed over the copper wire, and if a man took hold of the copper wire the electricity would pass through his body.
This is a sufficient statement of the facts and there is no substantial controversy about them. Upon this showing, the defendant claims:
Second, that the defendant was only bound to exercise ordinary care and vigilance; that it owed no duty to the deceased, and that the injury was caused by the unexpected, unanticipated and heretofore unheard of extraordinary act of a trespasser, for which the defendant is not liable.
Third, that the court erred in giving erroneous instructions for the plaintiff, and,
Fourth, that the court erred in admitting incompetent evidence offered by the plaintiff.
I.
The first contention of the defendant is that even conceding that there was another “ground,” and that the defendant was negligent in not discovering or remedying it, nevertheless, that negligence of the defendant was not the proximate cause of the injury, but that the cutting of the copper wire, by the boy was the proximate cause of the injury, and that act having been done after the current of electricity was turned on, and when it was impossible to test the wire for “grounds,” the defendant is not liable.
The case has been remarkably well briefed and argued by counsel on both sides. A multiplicity of cases, both from this and other States, have been cited by counsel on both sides, and the question of proximate cause has been very thoroughly gone over. It would be impossible in a single opinion to review the cases and analyze fully the law as declared by the many
In Brash v. St. Louis, 161 Mo. l. c. 437, the negligence of the city complained of combined with the act of God. Brace, J., speaking for the court, quoted the rule laid down in 1 Shearman & Redfield on Negligence (5 Ed.), sec. 39, as follows:
“It is universally agreed that, if the damage is caused by the concurring force of defendant’s negligence and some other force for which he is not responsible, ‘including the act of God,’ or super-human force intervening, the defendant is nevertheless responsible, if his negligence is one of the proximate causes of the damage, within the definition already given. It is also agreed that, if the negligence of a defendant concurs with the other cause of the injury in point of time and place, or otherwise so directly contributes to the plaintiff’s damage that it is reasonably certain that the other cause alone would not have sufficed to produce it, the defendant is liable, notwithstanding he may not have anticipated the interference of the superior force, which, concurring with his own negligence, produced the damage. But if the superior force would have produced the same damage whether the defendant had been negligent or not, his negligence is not deemed to cause*624 the injury.” And it was there said: “And this is the prevailing doctrine in this State,” citing cases.
In Vogelgesang v. St. Louis, 139 Mo. 127, the negligence of the city complained of consisted in permitting a small depression to remain in the street at the end of a bridge across a railroad track, which, under ordinary circumstances, would have been safe for public travel. Combined with this condition was the fact that an engine passing under the bridge suddenly emitted an unusual quantity of steam, thereby frightening the plaintiff’s team and causing it to run away and injure the plaintiff. A. recovery against the city was sustained on the ground that although the act of the city in permitting the depression to remain in the street would not, ordinarily, have been productive of any injury, yet when it combined with the other independent intervening cause — the emitting of steam from the engine — it was one of the direct and proximate causes of the injury.
In Bassett v. St. Louis, 53 Mo. 290, the negligence of the city consisted in leaving an excavation adjacent to a market place. The street, exclusive of the excavation, was sufficient for ordinary passage. The plaintiff was passing along that portion of the street when a mule kicked at her. To avoid being kicked she dodged and fell into the ditch. The city was held liable notwithstanding its negligence would not ordinarily have produced the injury, but because when combined with the independent, intervening cause — the kick of the mule — it was one of the proximate causes of the injury.
In Brennan v. St. Louis, 92 Mo. 482, the negligence of the city consisted in not repairing a ditch which had been washed across the street and sidewalk by the rain. The plaintiff, a three-year-old child, with her sister thirteen years old, who was pushing a baby carriage with a baby in it, was passing along the sidewalk close to the ditch, when another little girl came
Many other cases in this State might be cited illustrative of the rule in reference to concurrent negligence constituting proximate cause, but the foregoing cases .are sufficient to demonstrate that if a defendant is negligent and his negligence combines with that of another, or with any other independent, intervening -cause, he is liable although his negligence was not the .sole negligence or the sole proximate cause, and although his negligence without such other independent, intervening cause would not have produced the injury.
Applying these rules to the facts in judgment the •defendant must be held liable. It is conceded that if there was only one “ground” no damage would' result to a person coming in contact with the substance constituting the “grounding” of the current. Or in this ■case, that if there had been no other ground • except that created by the son of the deceased making the •connection with the are wire, no injury would have resulted. It is conceded that there must be two ‘ ‘ grounds ’ ’ in order to produce injury. Hence, it follows that there must have been some other “ground” at some other place than that made by the son of the deceased, as .aforesaid.
The testimony discloses that at some time after two p. m. — the defendant claims the fact to be that It was at 4:55 p. m. — the defendant discovered that there was a “ground” on circuit No. 32, and sent out a man to locate it and remedy it. That man says he ■started at some time between two and half-past three p. m. The record of the defendant, introduced in evi■ence, recites that, “All 0. IT. at 4:55 p. m., except 18 — •32 up town. ’ ’ The defendant claims that this was the
The defendant contends that if there was only one “ground” no damage would have resulted to anyone, and this is conceded by the plaintiff. Upon this basis the defendant further claims that even if it had not detected and remedied the “ground” made by the son of the deceased before it turned on the current of elec
II.
The second contention of the defendant is that the defendant was only bound to .exercise ordinary care and diligence; that it owed no duty to the deceased, and that the injury was caused by the unexpected, unanticipated, and heretofore unheard of, extraordinary act of a trespasser, for which the defendant is not liable.
The testimony discloses that never before had any one so attempted to make a connection with air arc wire in Kansas City, Missouri, but that this defendant had had an experience of that sort with respect to the part of its system located in Kansas City, Kansas. As to this defendant, therefore, it cannot be said that the act of the son of the deceased in making the connection was an unheard of, unprecedented act.
The defendant contends that it owed no duty to the deceased. This contention is untenable. It employed one of the most insidious and dangerous agencies known to man. Electricity is more powerful for good and for evil than any other agency known to mankind. It is the most dangerous form of peril, for it moves unseen, unheard, gives no warning and may travel anywhere and everywhere. The defendant knew the character of the agency it employed, knew the means it employed for transmitting it for the good it would do, and knew the dangers to be apprehended from a “grounding” of its wires, and knew of the inevitable result to’ any person who might come in contact with that current when there were two “grounds.’’ It knew that unless its system was in good order it was liable to injure some person at some time and place, or at any
The point here made, that the defendant cannot he held liable because the particular injury complained of could not' have been anticipated by any reasonable man, or that it would not have occurred under common experience, was decided adversely to that contention by this court in Hoepper v. Southern Hotel Co., 142 Mo. l. c. 388. It was there said:
“It is true, the negligent act must in all cases be the proximate cause of the injury in order to make the actor responsible therefor. But if the injury follows as a direct consequence of the negligent act or omission, it cannot be said that the actor is not responsible therefor because the particular injury could not have been anticipated. A neglect to anticipate and guard against that which no reasonable man would expect to occur may not he negligence. ‘If the wrong and the damage are not known by common experience to be usual in sequence; and the damage does not, according to the ordinary course of events, follow from the wrong, the wrong and damage are not sufficiently conjoined or concatenated as cause and effect to support the action.’ [Citing cases.] v*But in case the negligence is shown, ‘and the injurious consequences are immediate, and flow directly from the negligent act, the person guilty of the act will not be excused for the reason that the particular consequences were unusual, and could not ordinarily have been foreseen.[Graney v. Railroad, 140 Mo. 98; 16 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law, 432, and cases cited.] In Smith v. Railroad, L. R. 6 C. P. 20, it is said by Channell, B.: ‘I quite agree that where there is no direct evidence of negligence, the 'question what a reasonable man might foresee is of importance in considering the question whether there is evidence of negligence for the jury or not; hut when it has been determined that there is evidence of negligence, the person guilty of it is equally liable for its*630 consequences, whether he could have foreseen them or not. ’ ... So the evidence tends to prove the negligence and that the injury was the direct result thereof. It could make no difference whether or not defendant could have anticipated the particular injury.”
The same doctrine is laid down in Graney v. Railroad, 140 Mo. l. c. 98; Miller v. Railroad, 90 Mo. l. c. 395; Geismann v. Electric Co., 173 Mo. 654; Winkelman v. Electric Light Co., 110 Mo. App. 184; Morrison v. Railroad, 27 Mo. App. 418; Meade v. Railroad, 68 Mo. App. l. c. 101. And also obtains in other jurisdictions. [Griffin v. Electric Light Co., 164 Mass. l. c. 493; McLaughlin v. Electric Light Co., 100 Ky. 173; Ennis v. Gray, 87 Hun l. c. 357; Higgins v. Dewey, 107 Mass. 494.] See, also 21 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law (2 Ed.), 487, et seq.
The defendant relies upon Fuchs v. St. Louis, 167 Mo. 620; Chandler v. Gas Co., 174 Mo. 321, and Paden v. Van Blarcom, 181 Mo. 117. Those eases, however, are easily distinguishable from the cases cited, and from the case at bar, in this, that in none of them was any act of negligence on the part of the defendant shown, or else the jury was required to find that the defendant had been negligent. Those cases are of such recent date that a close analysis thereof is not necessary to further demonstrate their inapplicability to the case at bar.
In the Fuchs case there was absolutely no evidence of negligence on the part of the city. In the Chandler case the same was true, hut the negligent act which caused the injury was solely attributable to a third person, and the defendant had no knowledge of it, and such an act had never before been experienced hv it in the conduct of its business. A similar independent, inter-' vening cause had been experienced by this defendant prior to this occasion. The Paden case passed off entirely upon the theory that the court could not say as a matter of law whether or not the defendant was
III.
The next contention of the defendant is that the court erred in giving erroneous instructions for the plaintiff.
The only instruction given for the plaintiff, which Is 'set out in the abstract of the record, is as follows:
“If the jury believe from the evidence that on the evening of the 24th day of April, 1902, the defendant caused to be transmitted over an electric are light circuit owned and operated by it, a current of electricity of such character that it was liable to he dangerous to human life, if diverted in whole or in part from the wire of such circuit; and if you further believe that the wire of such circuit at the time such current was so transmitted (if it was so transmitted) was in such condition that such circuit was liable to be. diverted in whole or in part from the wire of such circuit; and if you further believe that such current was so liable to be diverted (if so liable) because the wire of such circuit was electrically connected with the ground at that time at two or more places so as to divert a sufficient volume of electricity to kill a man; and if you further believe from the evidence that at the time the foregoing conditions existed (if-they did exist) the defendant knew, or by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence could or should have known, that such condition existed, or that there was a probability of their existence; and if your further believe that it was a want of reasonable care and prudence on the part of the defendant to so transmit such current of electricity under the circumstances aforesaid as claimed by the plaintiff to have existed (and you find that each and every one of such*632 circumstances did exist); and if you further find that by reason of such a diversion of the whole or a part of such a current under such circumstances (if so diverted under such circumstances) the whole or a part of such diverted current passed through and into the body of. Francis M. Harrison and killed him, without contributory negligence on his part, and that the diversion of such a current so transmitted was the proximate cause of the death of Francis M. Harrison, and that such, death was due to the want of such ordinary care and prudence on the part of the defendant, or its employees, under all the circumstances found by you to exist; and you further believe that the plaintiff on said day was the wife of said Harrison and suffered pecuniary loss-from his death, your verdict should be for the plaintiff.”
It is objected that this instruction is erroneous because it made the defendant responsible if the jury found that’some body was liable to divert the current, or if there was a probability that it would be diverted; or if the current was transmitted under the circumstances claimed by the plaintiff, and thus referred the-jury to the indefinite proposition as to what the plaintiff might claim; that it submitted to the jury the question of what was the proximate cause of the death, and that it assumed as a fact that two- “grounds” existed.
This criticism is not well taken. It was conceded by both parties that the current of electricity was not only liable to be dangerous to human life, but was certainly dangerous to human life if two ‘ ‘ grounds ’ ’ existed, and'both sides admit that unless two “grounds” had existed, no injury would have resulted in this case, and as an injury did result, under the concession on both sides, it follows that two “grounds” must have existed. The instruction in speaking of the liability of the current 'being diverted, or of the probability of its being diverted, had reference entirely to the condition of the wire with respect to the abrasure of the insula
The objection that it left the jury to hold the' defendant liable if they found that the current was transmitted under the circumstances claimed by the plaintiff, and thus referred to the jury the indefinite proposition as to what the plaintiff might claim, arises entirely from overlooking the fact that the instruction used the word “aforesaid” and required the jury to find that the current was transmitted “under the circumstances aforesaid as claimed by the plaintiff to have existed (and you find that each and every one of such circumstances did exist).” Thus the instruction referred to the prior predicates therein and did not give the jury such a roving commission as counsel refer to.
The last objection to the instruction is that it left the jury to determine the proximate cause of the death.
The instruction specifies all the facts which the jury were required to find in order to make the defendant liable and then told them that if they found “that the diversion of such current so transmitted was the-proximate cause of the death of Francis M. Harrison, and that such death was due to the want of ordinary care and prudence on the part of the defendant, or its employees, under all the circumstances found by you to exist,” etc. Used in this connection, after having first defined to the jury all the facts that it was necessary for them to find, in order to make the defendant liable, the use of the term “proximate cause” certainly could not have misled the jury under the facts in judgment here. The facts are practically undisputed. Under those facts the defendant is liable. The verdict of the jury, therefore, simply announces a conclusion, as to the facts concerning which there is no dispute, and under
But on the contrary the use of the term “proximate cause” in an instruction has been expressly sanctioned by this court. [Anderson v. Railroad, 161 Mo. l. c. 428.]
IV.
The last contention of the defendant is that the court erred in admitting incompetent évidence offered by the plaintiff.
The testimony here claimed to have been incompetent is the testimony of witness Newkirk, a consulting electrical and mechanical engineer, to the effect that there are well-known methods of preventing accidents like that here involved, which provide the line of wires with “loops,” so that when trouble or a “grounding” is found to exist on any part of the system, that portion of the system where the trouble exists may be disconnected. from the balance of the system and thereby enable the lighting company to turn on the current of electricity and furnish lights to all parts of the system except that where the difficulty or trouble exists. This witness further testified that the “mangneto ’ ’ employed by defendant was not the most effective or delicate instrument for detecting trouble or “grounds” on its lines, and that it would not enable the servants of the defendant to ascertain the location of the trouble when applying' the test at the main office, and that there was an instrument called a “galvanometer,” which is a much more delicate instrument than the “magneto” and by which not only the question of whether there is a “ground” but also how many “grounds” exist, and the location of each, can be ascertained at the main
Under the circumstances in this case, therefore, the question of whether it had or had not such loops, as were described by the expert witness, could have no possible bearing upon the defendant’s liability, or upon the merits of this case. The law does not require the defendant, or anyone else, to adopt any particular appliances. All that the law requires is that the appliances adopted by the defendant shall be reasonably safe. If they are not, the defendant is liable. Not because it did not adopt better appliances, but because those it did adopt and use were not reasonably safe for the purposes for which they were used. The evidence of this witness as to the loops, should not, therefore, have been admitted, but it is impossible that it could have had any effect whatever upon the verdict of the jury in this case, nor could it, in any manner, have affected the negligence of the defendant in turning on the current of electricity at 7:25 p. m. without using the tests it had to find out whether the line was ‘ ‘ clear ’ ’ or not. That was the negligence of the defendant which produced, and would produce, the injury complained of, and which the defendant might have averted by employing the means it had.
It is true that the negligence of the defendant, standing alone, would not have caused the injury without the act of the boy in making the connection with the defendant’s wire. It is also true that the act of the boy in making that connection could not have caused the injury complained of without the negligence of the defendant in turning on the current of electricity without first ascertaining that the line was ‘ ‘ clear. ’ ’ Thus, it required the concurrent negligence of the defendant and of the boy to produce the injury, and as above
For these reasons the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.