MEMORANDUM
This case involves an attempt by the trustee in bankruptcy to recover preferences allegedly created when the debtor paid certain fuel bills within 90 days of filing its bankruptcy petition. For the reasons stated below, the Court finds that the trustee may not recover the payments at issue from the defendant-appellants. Ac
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The debtor, H &■ S Transportation Co. (H & S) filed its Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition on September 4, 1981. The trustee initiated proceedings against United Liberty Life Insurance Co. (United) and Brent Towing Company, Inc. (Brent) in October of 1983 to recover, as avoidable preferences, payments which were made by H & 5 to fuel suppliers during the 90-day pre-petition preference period. The matter was tried before Middle District Bankruptcy Judge George C. Paine on March 13, 1985. On February 17, 1987, Judge Paine held that the trustee could recover $149,586.98 from United and $26,250.73 from Brent.
In re H & S Transportation Co., Inc.,
Middle District Senior Judge Charles G. Neese
1
reversed the bankruptcy court on August 11, 1988 on the grounds that neither Brent nor United were “creditors” of H & S for purposes of the Bankruptcy Code.
FACTS
United owned the towboat VOLUNTEER STATE and Brent owned the MARGARET BRENT. Inland Transportation Company (ITC) chartered these boats from United and Brent and hired H & S to operate them. During the 90-day period before H 6 S filed its bankruptcy petition, the debtor paid various suppliers for fuel which it had earlier purchased on credit. The trustee contends that when H & S paid off its debts with the suppliers, United and Brent received indirect preferences. The payments were said to have released maritime liens that had automatically attached to the boats in the suppliers’ favor when they supplied fuel to H & S. The bankruptcy court agreed with the trustee. Judge Neese, however, held that no liens had attached to the boats because the charter contract for each boat included a clause prohibiting the attachment of maritime liens or other encumbrances.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Bankruptcy Rule 8013 provides that the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact may be reversed only if “clearly erroneous.” The bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law, however, are “fully reviewable on appeal.”
Matter of Multiponics, Inc.,
DISCUSSION
The Court will consider the following issues raised by United and Brent on appeal: 1) Was there an avoidable transfer under the Bankruptcy Code which the trustee may recover from these defendants? 2) Are United and Brent entitled to the § 547(c)(4) subsequent new value defense? 3) To be avoided, must an allegedly preferential transfer diminish the debtor’s estate? 4) Did the trustee sustain his burden of proving that H & S was insolvent at the time of the transfers in question?
The trustee “objects to the new issues raised for the first time in this Court following the remand from the Court of Appeals.”
Trustee’s Reply to Supplemental Briefs
at 1. The trustee argues that every
In re Caldwell,
This Court believes there is no barrier to its consideration of the § 547(c)(4) defenses offered by United and Brent. First, it is by no means clear that these issues were not raised in the bankruptcy court. Both United and Brent raised the § 547(c)(4) subsequent new value defense in some form in the pretrial order, but they used different facts to support their arguments under that section. In addition, the bankruptcy court specifically stated that “United and Brent also raise the § 547(c)(4) defense.”
Second, and in conjunction with the reason stated above, deciding the new value defense does not require this Court to make any independent findings of fact. The facts upon which United and Brent now rely to support their § 547(c)(4) defense were stipulated in the pre-trial order.
Finally, any failure by United and Brent to include in their Rule 8006 statement the issues they now raise does not prevent this court from considering those issues at this time. Bankruptcy Rule 8006 “ ‘is not intended to bind either party to the appeal as to the issues that are to be presented.’ ”
In re Cohoes Industrial Terminal, Inc.,
1) Was there an avoidable transfer under the Bankruptcy Code which the trustee may recover from United and Brent?
In a ruling related to the instant case, bankruptcy Judge Paine held that the payments made by H & S to the fuel suppliers during the 90-day prepetition period could not be recovered from those suppliers because “sufficient amounts of new value were extended [to H & S] subsequent to the preferential transfers to offset these transfers.”
In re H & S Transportation Co. (Harrison v. St. Louis Fuel & Supply Co., Inc.),
United and Brent argue that they are entitled to defend this action by invoking the suppliers’ new value defense. They
The “two transfer” theory relied upon by the bankruptcy court has not previously been discussed by any courts in the context of the fact situation presented in this case. The concept has been discussed extensively, however, in cases where a trustee has attempted to avoid a transfer to a non-insider creditor which benefits a guarantor who is an insider of the debtor. The preference recovery period for transfers to an insider is one year, rather than the normal 90-days for non-insiders. 11 U.S.C. § 547(b)(4)(B). Section 550 allows the trustee to recover a transfer avoided under § 547(b) from “the initial transferee of such transfer or the entity for whose benefit such transfer was made.” In many cases a debtor has borrowed money from a non-insider lender and had the loan guaranteed by an insider guarantor. When the debtor makes a payment to the non-insider bank within one year of filing for bankruptcy, the trustee may attempt to recover that payment as an avoidable preference since the payment benefited an insider guarantor. The two transfer theory allows a court to avoid the apparent inequity of recovering payment from a non-insider lender outside the usual 90-day preference period. The court can allow extended recovery from the guarantor and not the lender by viewing the single payment to the lender and for the benefit of the guarantor as two separate transfers.
The two circuits which have addressed the issue, have determined that the “two transfer” theory is unsound.
In re Robinson,
The two-transfer approach equates “transfer” with “benefit received.” Both Lender and Guarantor gain from payment and each receives a “transfer” to the extent of the gain. The Code, however, equates “transfer” with payments made. Section 101(50), ... says that a transfer is a disposition of property. Sections 547 and 550 both speak of a transfer being avoided; avoidability is an attribute of the transfer rather than of the creditor. While the lenders want to define transfer from the recipients’ perspective, the Code consistently defines it from the debtor’s. A single payment, therefore is one “transfer”, no matter how many persons gain thereby.
Levit, at 1195-96 (emphasis added).
The district court opinion in the
Levit
case also supports the position of United and Brent.
See In re V.N. DiPrizio Construction Co.,
We believe Mercon ... misperceived the nature of a “transfer” under the Code. Section 550 expressly recognizes that one transfer may benefit both an outsider creditor and an insider guarantor and permits recovery from either the “initial transferee” or “the entity for whose benefit the transfer was made.” Given that clear dichotomy in section 550, it is anomalous to suggest that one payment constitutes two transfers under section 547.... The Code says that a transfer occurs when someone “disposes] of or part[s] with property or an interest in property.” ... If Congress had wanted a transfer to occur whenever someone receives a benefit, it could have defined “transfer” as “receiving or acquiring property or an interest in property.” If Congress had used such language, we would agree with Mercon that every entity receiving a benefit receives a “transfer.” But Congress did not;thus, we must conclude that a transfer is an act disposing of or parting with property.
Id.
at 551. Also in accord is
Matter of Midwestern Companies, Inc.,
The rejection of the “two transfer” theory in the insider/outsider preference period context is applicable to the instant case. The Bankruptcy Code established a bifurcated system, whereby § 547 defines which transfers may be avoided and § 550 determines how the trustee can recover transfers thus avoided. In this case, the bankruptcy court held that the transfer from H & S to the fuel suppliers could not be avoided. Since the transfer has not been avoided, the trustee cannot recover it from United and Brent any more than he can recover it from the suppliers.
Additionally, § 550(c) provides that “the trustee is entitled to only a single satisfaction” for each transfer. The trustee is allowed to avoid certain transfers to creditors within 90 days of the bankruptcy filing as “preferential” to those creditors. When the creditor has given “new value” for the preferential transfer, however, the trustee is not allowed to avoid the transfer. Effectively, the new value given amounts to a “satisfaction” of the transfer the creditor received. Thus, in this case, the trustee has received a satisfaction for the transfer to the fuel suppliers inasmuch as H & S received new value from the suppliers. To allow recovery also from United and Brent would amount to two satisfactions of a single transfer.
2) Are United and Brent entitled to the subsequent new value defense?
Even if the trustee was entitled to attempt recovery of the transfer in this case from United and Brent, they, like the fuel suppliers, are entitled to the § 547(c)(4) subsequent new value defense. Although the bankruptcy court held that United and Brent had failed to prove the extension of new value, in view of the facts before the Court, that holding is clearly erroneous.
United gave new value by virtue of the debtor’s continued operation of the VOLUNTEER STATE during the 90-day preference period. H & S’s operation of the vessel resulted in over $390,000 worth of new liens for fuel purchased on credit by H & S. If the extinguishing of maritime liens was a benefit to United and diminished the debtor’s estate, then the creation of new liens as security for H & S’s new fuel purchases must be new value.
Brent extended new value in three ways. First, Brent provided $33,792.67 in repair services to H & S after the transfers from H & S to the fuel suppliers. The trustee contends that H & S had no contract with Brent, and thus no contractual duty to Brent to repair the vessel. H & S, however, was obligated under its contract to keep the MARGARET BRENT in good repair. Whether that obligation was owed to Brent or someone else is irrelevant. The parties stipulated that Brent provided the repairs and H & S failed to pay for those repairs. The repairs were new value, bene-fitting the debtor.
Second, Brent gave new value by allowing H & S to continue to operate the MARGARET BRENT for three months for which Brent received no payments. Since the rate of the charter hire for that period was $1,000 per day, Brent argues that it effectively advanced new value of $66,000. The unpaid amounts for the charter hire were not stipulated in the pre-trial order. There was testimony at trial, however, that H & S did operate the boat for three months without Brent receiving any payments. Bankruptcy Court Transcript of Proceedings for May 8, 1985 at 124-25. This free use of the vessel also clearly constitutes new value which was given by Brent to the debtor.
Finally, Brent, like United, is entitled to credit for new value given to H & S by virtue of maritime liens which attached to the MARGARET BRENT. These liens attached when H & S purchased supplies for
3) To be avoided, must an allegedly preferential transfer diminish the debtor’s estate?
The Bankruptcy Code does not explicitly require proof of the diminution of the estate in a preference action. The old Bankruptcy Act also contained no such explicit requirement, but depletion of the estate was an implied requirement of a preference action under that Act.
See In re Abramson,
Despite being unconvinced of the requirement of depletion of the estate, the bankruptcy court went on to hold that “even under the assumption that such a test exists, the court finds that it has been met.”
4) Did the trustee sustain his burden of proving that H & S was insolvent at the time of the transfers in question?
In order to avoid a transfer by the debtor to a creditor, the trustee must also prove that the debtor was insolvent at the time of the transfer. 11 U.S.C. § 547(b)(3). Section 547(f) of the code provides for a presumption of insolvency during the 90-day period immediately before the debtor files his petition. In order to rebut the presumption, the defendant in a preference action must introduce evidence that the debtor was solvent during the 90-day period.
The bankruptcy court held that the trustee had established insolvency through the use of the presumption in § 547(f) and the professional opinion of an accountant expert witness. United and Brent complain that because the expert denied having any expertise in determining fair value, the bankruptcy court erred by accepting his testimony as proof of fair value. See Bankruptcy Court Transcript of Proceedings on May 8, 1985 at 85. They also complain that the sworn bankruptcy schedules of the debtor were not admitted as evidence of the positive net worth of the debtor during the 90-day period. It appears that the bankruptcy court properly refused to admit the debtor’s schedules into evidence inasmuch as it was shown that the figures in that document did not represent the fair value of the debtor’s assets. The determination of insolvency is a factual determination. Because the bankruptcy court’s finding that H & S was insolvent at the time of the transfers in question does not appear to be clearly erroneous, it will be affirmed.
Notes
. Judge Neese passed away on October 22, 1989.