Plaintiff seeks recovery from defendant gas company in strict liability and negligence for personal injuries he suffered when combusting natural gas supplied by the defendant ignited gasoline vapors and thereby caused a fire in plaintiffs garage. Defendant moved to strike plaintiff’s complaint in its entirety, claiming that plaintiff had failed to allege facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action either in strict liability or in negligence. The trial court granted defendant’s motion and, when plaintiff refused to plead further, dismissed plaintiff’s complaint. Plaintiff appeals and we reverse in part.
The parties agreed that defendant’s motion to strike was to be treated as a general demurrer testing the legal sufficiency of plaintiff’s allegations. 1
In addition, plaintiff alleges (1) that defendant inspected plaintiff’s hot water heater and furnace at the time it commenced service by lighting the pilot lights and (2) that defendant was negligent in one or more of the following particulars: (a) failure to warn of the unreasonable risk inherent in this situation; 4 (b) creation of the unreasonable risk; (c) failure to discover the unreasonable risk; 5 and (d) violation of ORS 757-020, which required defendant to furnish adequate and safe gas service. 6
Strict Liability.
Restatement Second Torts, § 402A, as adopted in Oregon by
Heaton v. Ford Motor Co.,
"(1) One who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property is subject to liability for physical harm thereby caused to the ultimate user or consumer, or to his property, if
"(a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such a product, and
"(b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without substantial change in the condition in which it was sold.
"(2) The rule stated in subsection (1) applies although
"(a) the seller has exercised all possible care in the preparation and sale of his product, and
"(b) the user or consumer has not bought the product from or entered into any contractual relation with the seller.”
Unreasonably dangerous defects in products come from two principal sources: (1) mismanufacture and (2) faulty design, including failure to warn as a design defect.
8
Phillips v. Kimwood Machine Co.,
With regard to the first argument, plaintiff concedes that the product involved here is not, in and of itself, defective. It becomes so, according to plaintiffs theory, when used in certain appliances and exposed
With regard to the second argument, plaintiff’s assertion of strict liability for failure to warn in this case goes beyond the limits of applicability of strict liability which this court will recognize. The relationship between the product defendant sold and the situation in which its use may have been "unreasonably dangerous” is too attenuated and remote. While the determination of "unreasonably dangerous” is usually for the jury, the situations in which that determination is to be made is for the court to decide.
Plaintiff relies primarily on two cases to support his right to impose strict liability on the defendant. Neither case is directly on point, but both involve liability for a failure to warn and a certain remoteness between the product actually sold and the reason the failure to warn made the product allegedly unreasonably dangerous.
In
Brizendine v. Visador Company,
"* * *We are not faced here with a situation of the plaintiff’s injury falling into a small class of uses to which the product might not be safely put, while in the great majority of cases its use would be safe. Rather, this door light equipped with [defendant’s glass] was unsafe and unreasonably dangerous, if utilized in any of a substantial number, perhaps even a majority, of its uses.”
The present case, where defendant’s product, the ignited gas in the pilot lights, would undeniably be safe in a great majority of the cases, is clearly distinguishable. On appeal, the Court of Appeals discussed defendant’s liability both for strict liability and for negligence but expressly affirmed "as the only ground” defendant’s liability for negligent failure to warn. 437 F2d at 829, n.15. In view of the trial court’s rationale for imposing strict liability on the defendant, the appellate court’s express refusal to affirm that liability and the factual distinctions between the cited case and the present one, the former provides scant support for the latter.
In
Fulbright v. Klamath Gas Co.,
The
Fulbright
court, at 459 chose to analogize the facts of that case both to a bailment situation and to a product/container situation action and to find in their combination sufficient basis to impose strict products liability upon the defendant. The important and obvious distinction between the
Fulbright
case and the present one is that here there was neither bailment
Negligence.
Plaintiff contends that defendant was negligent in failing to use due care to provide any warning that the burning of the natural gas could ignite volatile substances in the garage which it knew or should have known created an unreasonable risk of explosion and injury. Defendant’s response is that the risk alleged by the plaintiff is so patent and widely known as to foreclose any duty to warn. While defendant emphasizes how obvious it is that a flame will ignite gasoline vapors, plaintiff points out that that is not so obvious when the flame is in an appliance and gasoline is being handled away from that appliance. We hold that the complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action in negligence for failure to warn.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
Notes
t appears to have been so treated by the trial court. We need only comment here that if defendant wished its attack on plaintiffs complaint to be treated as a demurrer, it should have been framed as a demurrer. Although a trial court, independent of statute, has the inherent power to strike pleadings, in whole or in part,
Frangos v. Edmunds,
"* * * Such a motion [to strike] ordinarily does not test the sufficiency of a pleading; its sufficiency must be tested by demurrer. Hubbard v. Olsen-Roe Transfer Co.,110 Or 618 ,224 P 636 .”
However, since plaintiff acquiesced at trial and on appeal to this disfavored practice, we will assume the sufficiency of the complaint is properly before us.
The nature of the "product” which defendant supplied presents one of the initial problems in this case. Plaintiff asserts, and we accept, that the product itself was not just the natural gas which defendant transmitted through its line to plaintiffs garage and appliances therein. The product is the natural gas as it was ignited in the pilot lights in plaintiffs hot water heater and furnace. However, like the gas in its pre-ignited state, the binning gas in the pilot lights was not, in and of itself, a defective product.
Plaintiff also alleged that the gas service and open burning natural gas were unreasonably dangerous because of defendant’s failure to give plaintiff directions and instructions as to how, when and where the pilot lights could be used safely. Though warnings and instructions are not necessarily the same, warnings aiming at avoiding unsafe use of a product and instructions seeking effective use, this allegation is merely another way of alleging a failure to warn. The distinction between instructions and warnings becomes important when instructions alone are given and the issue is whether warnings are also required for safe use.
Defendant asserted that plaintiffs pleadings on the failure to warn, in both negligence and strict liability, were insufficient because plaintiff did not allege that the danger of gasoline vapors igniting with an open flame was not of universal knowledge so that a warning was necessary. This factor of the duiy to warn is contained in Restatement Second Torts, Section 388(b), with regard to negligence, Section 402A, Comment j, with regard to strict liability, and is discussed in Prosser on Torts (4th ed 1971) 649-650. As a matter of pleading, however, the allegations of the failure to warn along with the factual circumstances of the injury were sufficient to adequately put defendant on notice as to its alleged duty and breach of that duty, plus that the failure to warn allegedly created an unreasonably dangerous condition.
Plaintiff alleges that defendant was negligent in that it created an unreasonable risk of injury by initiating the open burning of its natural
gas in a garage when it knew of the likelihood that volatile substances in the garage would be ignited. We do not find from the facts of this case that defendant’s initiation of natural gas service alone created such a risk. The only Oregon case used by plaintiff to support his argument is
Ehler v. Portland Gas & Coke Company,
With regard to plaintiff’s assertion of negligence by the defendant for failing to inspect for or discover the unreasonable risk, we find that the defendant did not have a duty to inspect where there were not circumstances indicating defects in the pipes or appliances with which it was working. The only case cited by plaintiff for the proposition of a duty to inspect is
Ambriz v. Petrolane, Ltd.,
49 Cal2d 470,
With regard to this negligence allegation, ORS 757.020 provides simply that "[e]very public utility is required to furnish adequate and safe service, equipment and facilities * * *” Plaintiff does not appear to assert in his complaint that this statute imposes a duty on the defendant independent of the common law duties, the violations of which were alleged in the complaint. In fact, plaintiff does not even mention this statute in his brief and reply brief to this court.
ORS 737.035 empowers the Public Utility Commissioner to promulgate safety regulations for gas companies. Plaintiff refers to no such regulations which defendent has violated.
Plaintiff does not assert that these representations constituted an express warranty which defendant breached. Instead, plaintiff seeks to establish defendant’s liability for negligence by asserting that defendant failed to exercise reasonable care in providing a service which it impliedly assumed by making these representations. In support of this theory, plaintiff cites Restatement Second Torts, § 324A, which states:
"One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if
"(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or
"(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third person, or
"(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon the undertaking.”
Plaintiff, however, fails to point out how the facts of the present case fit into the structure of this rule. Defendant did not in any way undertake to render services to another within the meaning of this section, and plaintiff has not made such an allegation. Therefore, this section is inapplicable, and these allegations add nothing to plaintiff’s case, either for negligence or strict liability.
The failure to warn is unique in strict products liability in its application of the basic principles of § 402A. It is not essential that the product be defective in the sense that it was not properly manufactured. A product may be perfectly manufactured and meet every requirement for its designed utility and still be rendered unreasonably dangerous through failure to warn of its dangerous characteristics. Jackson v. Coast Paint and Lacquer Company, 499 F2d 809, 811 (9th Cir 1974), citing Davis v. Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., 399 F2d 121 (9th Cir 1968). It is considered defective when it is sold without a warning. Comment h, § 402A.