274 S.E.2d 489 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1981
Arlene R. HARRIS
v.
Harold R. HARRIS.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*491 William J. Townsend, Fayetteville, for plaintiff-appellee.
Barringer, Allen & Pinnix, by Thomas L. Barringer, Raleigh, for defendant-appellant.
VAUGHN, Judge.
This case arises from a complaint seeking enforcement of the contractual provisions of a separation agreement executed by the parties over six years ago. Defendant's main defense to the action was that he lacked the requisite mental capacity to enter such an agreement. The jury returned a verdict in plaintiff's favor, and the judge ordered specific performance of the agreement. Defendant, nevertheless, brings forward many assignments of error which he contends require a new trial or reversal of the judgment. We disagree and deny defendant's request for relief.
Defendant first attempts to impeach the jury verdict which was rendered as follows:
1. Did the defendant, Harold R. Harris, have sufficient mental capacity on September 27, 1974, to enter into a contract?
Yes X No ___
2. Is the contract enforceable despite the mental incapacity of Harold R. Harris?
Yes ___ No ___
3. Did the defendant, Harold R. Harris, breach the contract for the payment of alimony, as alleged?
Yes X No ___
4. What amount of damages, if any, has the plaintiff sustained?
$ One Dollar ($1.00)
Specifically, defendant contends that the jury's answer to issue number 3 is inconsistent with its answer to issue number 4 which raises a suspicion that the judge improperly returned a quotient or compromise verdict. Defendant's contention is based on a question asked by the jury during its deliberations and an affidavit of the jury foreman.
*492 Less than an hour after it had returned for deliberation, the jury returned to the courtroom to ask the following question: "We don't know about thisthey seem to thinkthey seem to think that if we can say no to this first question, would it completely throw out the contract, or can they draw up a new contract, or." The judge did not answer this question because, as he told the jury, it "presupposed certain things which you should not consider, and which are not proper for you to consider in your deliberations." This exchange is insufficient to show that the subsequent decision reached by the jury was the result of a compromise or quotient verdict. It merely discloses that the jury was improperly concerned about the legal consequences of a particular finding they might make upon the facts, a concern which the trial judge promptly and correctly rebuked.
Over two months later, the jury foreman revealed the following in a sworn affidavit.
After deliberating initially we were deadlocked with eight (8) Jurors voting to answer issue Number One "Yes" and four (4) Jurors voting to answer Issue Number One "No."
. . . . .
We were only able to break our deadlock by proceeding to issue Number Four and voting unanimously to answer it "One Dollar ($1.00)." We then returned to Issue Number One and the four Jurors who had been voting to answer that issue "No" changed their votes to answer it "Yes."
A rule of long standing and sound judgment in this State prohibits the court's receipt and consideration of a juror's affidavit, after the jury has been discharged, for the purpose of impeaching or overthrowing its verdict. State v. Cherry, 298 N.C. 86, 257 S.E.2d 551 (1970); Selph v. Selph, 267 N.C. 635, 148 S.E.2d 574 (1966); 1 Stansbury, N.C. Evidence § 65 (Brandis rev. 1973). The foreman's affidavit is, therefore, totally incompetent, and we shall disregard it.
The issue thus becomes whether the verdict itself, as it stands, reveals that it was reached as the result of a quotient or compromise. A quotient verdict is one in which the jurors, in a civil action, agree to award an amount of damages equal to one-twelfth of the sum of their individual estimates of the measure of damages. Highway Commission v. Matthis, 2 N.C.App. 233, 163 S.E.2d 35 (1968). A mere surmise by defendant that the verdict was reached by this process is insufficient to compel such a conclusion as a matter of law. Collins v. Highway Com., 240 N.C. 627, 83 S.E.2d 552 (1954). In Highway Commission v. Matthis, supra, the Court held, in accordance with the prevailing view, that evidence of papers and figures found in the jury room is insufficient to raise the presumption that the quotient process has been improperly used. In Matthis, the attorney found paper with twelve figures written down on it and divided by twelve which was equivalent to the exact amount of the verdict rendered. 2 N.C.App. at 250, 163 S.E.2d at 46. Here, there is no evidence that the jury engaged in mathematical chicanery by quotient in its award of damages in the amount of $1.00.
A compromise verdict is one in which the jury answers the issues without regard to the pleadings, evidence, contentions of the parties or instructions of the court. Vandiford v. Vandiford, 215 N.C. 461, 2 S.E.2d 364 (1939). Defendant relies on Robertson v. Stanley, 285 N.C. 561, 206 S.E.2d 190 (1974) to impugn the validity of the verdict. Robertson was a negligence action in which the jury answered the liability issues of negligence and contributory negligence in plaintiff's favor but failed to award him damages for pain and suffering. The Supreme Court reversed and remanded for a new trial because of its "strong suspicion that the jury awarded no damages to the minor plaintiff as a result of a compromise on the first and second issues involving the question of liability." 285 N.C. at 569, 206 S.E.2d at 196. Robertson is inapplicable to the instant case.
Superficially, the jury's verdict may seem inconsistent in its award of only $1.00 *493 for defendant's breach of the contract to pay alimony. Such an alleged inconsistency quickly disappears, however, upon a closer examination of the evidence presented by the parties and their contentions. Plaintiff's evidence was that defendant owed $2,974.00 in arrearages due to his breaches of the contract between June 1977 and November 1979. Defendant asserted a set-off of at least $2,000.00 to the amount of alimony he owed because he had paid child support to plaintiff in excess of that required by the agreement and had continued to pay support for a child after he had reached the age of majority. Viewed in this light, the jury verdict does not disclose a compromise but merely indicates that the jury believed (and applied) defendant's evidence of a set-off. See also McAdams v. Moser, 40 N.C.App. 699, 253 S.E.2d 496 (1979). Thus, the jury awarded only nominal damages as the judge had instructed them to do if they found no evidence of actual damages. We hold that the verdict exhibits the required degree of consistency to be enforced, and it was not error for the court to deny defendant's motion to set aside the judgment on this ground.
Defendant next contends that the court erred as a matter of law when it ordered specific performance of the separation agreement. A separation agreement that has not been incorporated into a divorce judgment may be equitably enforced by an order of specific performance. Moore v. Moore, 297 N.C. 14, 252 S.E.2d 735 (1979); Haynes v. Haynes, 45 N.C.App. 376, 383, 263 S.E.2d 783, 787 (1980); 2 Lee, N.C. Family Law § 201 (4th ed. 1980). Defendant, nonetheless, states that specific performance in any case may only be awarded if the party seeking it has alleged and proven that he (or she) has also performed his obligations under the contract. Whalehead Properties v. Coastland Corp., 299 N.C. 270, 283, 261 S.E.2d 899, 907 (1980). It is unclear whether this requirement exists in the context of marital agreements. In Moore, supra, the Court did not mention whether the wife had performed her obligations and apparently proceeded solely on proof of the separation agreement itself. Nevertheless, it seems obvious that if the wife had materially breached her obligations thereunder, the husband would have strongly contended so, and the Court would have addressed the point. See Wheeler v. Wheeler, 299 N.C. 633, 263 S.E.2d 763 (1980). In the instant case, however, we believe that plaintiff sufficiently alleged the performance of her obligations in paragraph thirteen of the complaint. She states there that defendant's failure to comply with the separation agreement "was not brought on or caused by any provocation" on her part. Moreover, we reject defendant's argument that plaintiff breached the agreement by allowing an adult male boyfriend to live with her in the house with a minor child. The agreement specifically provides that:
It shall be lawful for, and the said Harold Richard Harris and Arlene Ruth Harris shall at all times hereafter continue to live separate and apart from each other, each free from the marital control and authority of the other, to the same extent as though each were sole and unmarried; each of the said parties shall have the right to reside at such place or places and with such person or persons as he or she may desire or deem fit ... and in general, to live as though the parties hereto had never been married.
As a matter of law, there is nothing in the agreement to prohibit the conduct defendant complains of, and defendant presents no other evidence of a possible breach by plaintiff sufficient to bar an order of specific performance in her favor. We also hold that the court did not err in its exclusion of evidence and refusal to submit an issue to the jury concerning plaintiff's relationship with another man after her divorce from defendant.
The court did not abuse its discretion in ordering specific performance in this case. The policy of this equitable remedy is to provide relief where the legal remedy is inadequate. See Note, Enforcement of Contractual Separation Agreements by Specific Performance, 16 Wake F.L.Rev. 117, 129-30 (1980). In Moore v. Moore, the Supreme *494 Court explained the inadequacy of the legal remedy for a breach of a separation agreement.
The plaintiff must wait until payments have become due and the obligor has failed to comply. Plaintiff must then file suit for the amount of accrued arrearage, reduce her claim to judgment, and, if the defendant fails to satisfy it, secure satisfaction by execution. As is so often the case, when the defendant persists in his refusal to comply, the plaintiff must resort to this remedy repeatedly to secure her rights under the agreement as the payments become due and the defendant fails to comply. The expense and delay involved in this remedy at law is evident. The nature of the contract, i. e., providing for the plaintiff's basic subsistence, is such that the remedy available at law involves unusual and extreme hardship.
297 N.C. at 17, 252 S.E.2d at 738. Here, the judge specifically found the following:
That the defendant has made no alimony payment since June 1977, and has given no indication that he intends to voluntarily make payments in the future, that the future enforcement of the contract will, in all probability, be effected only by repeated and multiple actions at law, that the plaintiff has no adequate remedy at law, and that this is a proper case for a decree ordering specific performance.
Defendant did not except to this finding as required by Rule 10(b)(1) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. This finding supports the judgment and order for specific performance. Moreover, it directly corresponds with the Court's conclusion in Moore that this type of enforcement was proper because "[t]he defendant has made no payments since 15 July 1975. There is nothing in the record which would indicate that he intends to make payments due in the future." 297 N.C. at 18, 252 S.E.2d at 739. Defendant's other assignments of error relating to the order of specific performance are without merit and are overruled.
The court excluded evidence and refused to submit an issue to the jury, pursuant to defendant's request, as to whether plaintiff had given full and fair consideration to the defendant to support his promise to pay her alimony. The court's action was entirely proper. Plaintiff covenanted to waive and relinquish all her rights, arising out of the marriage, to share in the property or estate of defendant, and she released all claims for support, maintenance and alimony except as specifically provided for in the agreement. See 2 Lee, N.C. Family Law § 187, at 463-64 (4th ed. 1980). Plaintiff undoubtedly furnished adequate legal consideration, through her forbearance of substantial legal rights, for defendant's promise to pay alimony in a sum equivalent to fifty percent of his retirement pay each month. See Note, Enforcement of Contractual Separation Agreements by Specific Performance, 16 Wake F.L.Rev. 117, 129 (1980). In addition, the separation agreement in this case is a sealed instrument. "A contract executed under seal imports consideration." Oil Corp. v. Wolfe, 297 N.C. 36, 39, 252 S.E.2d 809, 811 (1979) [citing Honey Properties, Inc. v. Gastonia, 252 N.C. 567, 114 S.E.2d 344 (1960)]; Savings & Loan Assoc. v. Cogdell, 44 N.C.App. 511, 513, 261 S.E.2d 259, 260 (1980).
The separation agreement in issue was prepared by Elizabeth Fox, an attorney in Fayetteville, North Carolina. On voir dire examination, Mrs. Fox testified as follows:
I had been called up by Mrs. Harris and told that both she and her husband wanted me to represent them. On a separation agreement, if the parties, if there is no controversy, I talk to them and explain everything to both parties. I guess I was representing them both at the time.
The court then ruled that she could testify as a witness for plaintiff about what the parties said while they were both in her presence. Specifically, her testimony showed that defendant had knowingly declined to get his own attorney, as he had been advised to do, because he knew Mrs. Fox and preferred her to handle it so no one else would be involved. The attorney testified that defendant did not appear to be in pain or have anything wrong with *495 him, and his speech and pronunciation of words were normal on the two occasions he came to her office in September 1974. In their discussion of what the terms of the agreement should be, defendant told the attorney that "he felt that Arlene had earned half of [his] retirement pay." Finally, Mrs. Fox testified that she read the complete agreement to both parties, paragraph by paragraph, and explained every term therein before they signed it.
Defendant believes that the court's failure to exclude the attorney's testimony, supra, constituted a violation of the attorney-client privilege. At the outset, we note the glaring inconsistency between defendant's position on appeal and that at trial. At trial, defendant flatly denied that Mrs. Fox was his attorney:
Where the separation agreement says, "whereas both parties hereto are represented by counsel," I was not represented by counsel. I did not consider Mrs. Fox to be my attorney. She was Arlene's attorney. I paid no fee to Mrs. Fox. Arlene paid her as I understand, or I heard, I don't know, but I'm fairly sure that she did.
Also, defendant's third defense in his answer and counterclaim was that he was not represented by counsel when he signed the agreement. Moreover, he repeatedly asserts his lack of legal representation (in the transaction) throughout his brief. The privilege only attaches to communications made during the existence of the relation of attorney and client. State v. Van Landingham, 283 N.C. 589, 197 S.E.2d 539 (1973); State v. Davenport, 227 N.C. 475, 42 S.E.2d 686 (1947). Here, defendant's own evidence tends to negate the existence of the required attorney-client relationship and supports the admission of Mrs. Fox's testimony.
Since Mrs. Fox believed that she represented both plaintiff and defendant, however, we shall further examine the nature of her testimony to determine whether it did, in fact, improperly infringe upon defendant's right to privileged communications with his attorney. At a minimum, it was clearly proper for the attorney to testify about her observation of defendant's physical condition. In United States v. Kendrick, a case originating in North Carolina, the Fourth Circuit explained the inapplicability of the privilege to testimony of this nature.
Communications made in confidence by a client to his attorney are protected by the attorney-client privilege. It is the substance of the communications which is protected, however, not the fact that there have been communications. Excluded from the privilege, also, are physical characteristics of the client, such as his complexion, his demeanor, his bearing, his sobriety and his dress. Such things are observable by anyone who talked with the client, and there is nothing, in the usual case, to suggest that the client intends his attorney's observations of such matters to be confidential. In short, the privilege protects only the client's confidences, not things which, at the time, are not intended to be held in the breast of the lawyer, even though the attorney-client relation provided the occasion for the lawyer's observation of them.
331 F.2d 110, 113-14 (4th Cir. 1964); Accord, State v. Tate, 294 N.C. 189, 239 S.E.2d 821 (1978).
Another requisite of the attorney-client privilege is that the communication must have been made in confidence. 1 Stansbury, N.C. Evidence § 62 (Brandis rev. 1973). Communications made to an attorney in the presence of a third person, who is not the agent of either party, are not confidential and are, therefore, outside the scope of the privilege. State v. Van Landingham, 283 N.C. at 602, 197 S.E.2d at 547. Here, the attorney's testimony was limited to matters discussed with defendant while plaintiff was present. Plaintiff was not the agent of either defendant or the attorney. Moreover, the general rule is that "where two or more persons employ the same attorney to act for them in some business transaction, their communications to him are not ordinarily privileged inter sese." Dobias v. White, 240 N.C. 680, 685, 83 S.E.2d 785, 788 (1954). We, therefore, hold that the testimony *496 of attorney Fox was properly admitted. Brown v. Green, 3 N.C.App. 506, 165 S.E.2d 534 (1969) (attorney could testify as to his preparation of a deed of trust for plaintiff and defendant's intestate where the evidence showed he was acting as the attorney of both parties).
Plaintiff was privately examined by a proper certifying officer after she signed the separation agreement in accordance with the requirements of G.S. 52-6 (repealed 1977). Defendant contends that he was denied his constitutional right to equal protection because he did not also receive a privy examination before the agreement was enforceable against him. An identical argument was made in Spencer v. Spencer, 37 N.C.App. 481, 246 S.E.2d 805, appeal dismissed, 296 N.C. 106 (1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 958, 99 S. Ct. 2400, 60 L. Ed. 2d 1062 (1979). In Spencer, Judge Morris (now Chief Judge) analyzed the history and purpose of G.S. 52-6 and concluded that:
[w]hen first enacted, G.S. 52-6 (or, rather, its forerunner) conferred a rightthe right to enter into a separation agreement.... The question is whether the requirement that women have a privy exam prior to entering a separation agreement is a permissible restriction. While in 1915 it was a permissible restriction, the privy exam itself is now and always has been a restriction on the exercise of a rightnot a right in itself. This Court has previously held that freedom of contract is a valuable right. See North Carolina Assoc. of Licensed Detectives v. Morgan, Attorney General, 17 N.C.App. 701, 195 S.E.2d 357 (1973). We do not believe that infringing upon the freedom of contract enjoyed by married males would be the proper means to remedy the alleged invidious discrimination of G.S. 52-6. The proper remedy, indeed, the only remedy, would be to strike the privy exam requirement from G.S. 52-6.
37 N.C.App. at 488, 246 S.E.2d at 810 (citations omitted). The Court proceeded to reject defendant's challenge to G.S. 52-6 because he did not have standing to raise the constitutional issue. The Court stated that he could not demonstrate a personal and concrete stake in the outcome when the only proper remedy upon a finding of unconstitutionality would be to strike the privy exam requirement entirely. In Spencer, the Court, therefore, believed that even if it were to hold G.S. 52-6 to be unconstitutional, such a holding would not benefit or affect defendant in any way since he still would not have been entitled to a privy exam. 37 N.C.App. at 488-89, 246 S.E.2d at 811; 57 N.C.L.Rev. 960, 961 (1979). For the reasons given in Spencer, we hold that defendant cannot successfully attack G.S. 52-6 here because he lacks the requisite standing to litigate its constitutionality.
In addition, we also conclude as the Court did in Spencer, supra, that defendant was not unfairly prejudiced by the fact that his wife had a privy exam because he cannot show a specific, identifiable injury resulting therefrom. The separation agreement, on its face, appears to be a fair and equitable settlement of the marital and property rights of a couple married for twenty-four years. Moreover, defendant is a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army, and it is not unreasonable to assume that he generally possessed sufficient intelligence and knowledge to be able to understand the legal significance of the covenants he made in the separation agreement. It is true that he testified at trial that he lacked mental capacity to comprehend what he was doing at that time because he was under strong medication for serious health problems in the nature of a spastic stomach and colon. A next door neighbor corroborated his testimony. Nevertheless, the jury, as it was free to do, did not believe defendant and decided that he had sufficient mental capacity to enter into the separation agreement on 27 September 1974. Thus, even if the statute should be made applicable to both sexes, it would be an extremely speculative conclusion on our part, in light of the jury verdict already rendered, that defendant would have rejected the agreement if he had been privately examined about it. See Spencer, 37 N.C.App. *497 at 489-90, 246 S.E.2d at 811. For the reasons discussed, we reject defendant's assignments of error relating to the constitutionality of repealed G.S. 52-6.
On oral testimony, defendant contended that the court erred in ordering him to perform the alimony provisions of the agreement because the amount of alimony, one-half of his retirement pay for life, was clearly too excessive. We disagree. We cannot say, as a matter of law, that the parties' agreement to this amount was manifestly unreasonable or unfair to defendant. After twenty-four years of an Army marriage, the most substantial property this couple owned consisted of their vested rights to defendant's military retirement income. It was entirely proper for them to decide between themselves to divide this equally when they separated. Also, we do not know of all the circumstances leading to up to the separation or how badly and quickly defendant wished to get out of the marriage. Moreover, we note that plaintiff correctly argues that the jury should have been given an appropriate instruction concerning defendant's estoppel to deny or repudiate the contract. Even if the jury had believed that defendant lacked the mental capacity to enter the contract on 27 September 1974, it still would have had to answer the further question of whether defendant had subsequently ratified and affirmed the contract by accepting its benefits. Walker v. McLaurin, 227 N.C. 53, 40 S.E.2d 455 (1946). There was overwhelming evidence to take issue to the jury. Defendant performed his obligations in the agreement by conveying the house to plaintiff in February 1975 and making regular monthly payments of alimony, in the agreed amounts, for twenty-five months. In October 1976 (after the divorce), however, defendant began a consistent pattern of reducing the amount of the alimony payments until he eventually stopped making them altogether in May 1977. Defendant tried to avoid his duty to pay as he had agreed to do even though he had accepted the benefits of the contract. Those benefits included the complete and final settlement of all marital rights and property with his wife, which enabled him to get a divorce and remarry without further complication. The divorce, of course, terminated all of plaintiff's rights arising from the marriage except those specifically provided for in the deed of separation. Since defendant paid alimony for thirty-two months, it was reasonable for plaintiff to rely on his continued performance, and defendant should have been estopped from denying the validity of the contract.
Defendant's remaining assignments of error have no merit and are overruled.
No error.
WELLS and HILL, JJ., concur.
