55 So. 231 | Ala. | 1911
This is a bill in equity filed by the appellants as trustees and members of the First Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Birmingham against the appellees, who are claimed by the bill to have abandoned the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and become members of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A.
The matter involved is certain property in Birmingham, Ala., which originally, belonged to the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and is claimed by the respondents as representatives of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A. by virtue of a union effected by that church with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, while the complainants claim that said union was never legally consummated, and that they, representing the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, are entitled to the property, and that the respondents should be enjoined, etc. So the question to be decided is whether or not the Cumberland Presbyterian Church has been united with the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., under the name of the latter.
The Presbyterian Church, U. S. A'., is a denomination of Christians holding as their doctrinal system the Confession of Faith, Catechisms, and form of government which were formulated by that famous assembly of learned men of the time called by the English Parliament to meet in Westminster Abbey, in London, in 1643, hence called the Westminster Assembly, which labored for 5% years, and, besides the doctrinal standards, claimed to be based directly on the Holy Scriptures, also presented a form of government, republican
In the year 1810, there being differences of opinion among the members of said church in regard to the interpretation of certain of the standards of faith in their confession, three ministers withdrew from said church, and organized an independent Presbytery called the “Cumberland Presbytery.” They claimed that a proper interpretation of certain articles in said Confession of Faith amounted to fatalism, while the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A'., claimed that such was not their meaning. They also- claimed that a certain other article indicated that some infants are lost eternally, while the other contended that it meant nothing of the kind, and that it was only an explanation of. how infants are saved. The Cumberlands also thought that the requirements for the education of the ministry were too strict. Thus it will bp seen that one party simply interpreted
The General Assembly in adopting this report provides “that those who have heretofore received and adopted the Confession of Faith approved by the General Assembly in 1829, and who prefer to adhere to the doctrinal statements contained therein, are at liberty to do so.” This matter was submitted to the Presbyteries for their vote on the same. In 1811 committees were appointed by the Cumberland Presbytery to confer with similar committees of the Presbyteries of Muhlenburg and West Tennessee (Presbyterian) on the subject of reunion, and in 1812 the Cumberland Presbytery unanimously adopted resolutions referring to the failure of said committees to agree, in one of which it is resolved “that this Presbytery have always been, and expect always to be, ready and willing for union with the general Presbyterian Church, on-gospel principles.”
This history shows that it has been one of the cardinal principles of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church since the organization of the first Presbytery that a union with the original church and other members of the Presbyterian family was desirable and would be effected, whenever, by mutual concession in the statement of their creeds, the Cumberland Church could go into the union without a sacrifice of principle. This history shows another fact important to the decision of this case, to wit, that the entire government of the church is committed to the church courts so called, which have both judicial and legislative power and authority, and that the individual members of the congregations are not called upon to vote, save to elect their elders; that the elders compose the Church Sessions, which elect members to the Presbyteries, and the Presbyteries elect members (called commissioners) to the General Assembly; and that the action of the General Assembly, confirmed by the vote of the majority of the Presbyteries, is the supreme law of the church. It will be noted that the first Presbytery was organized by three ministers alone, that subsequently the Synods and General Assembly Avere organized by the Presbyteries, and the Confession of Faith and constitution were adopted by the General A'ssembly, and its action’ confirmed by the Presbyteries, and there is no intimation that the people ever voted on any of these matters.
According to the constitution of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, the jurisdiction and powers of the various church courts are defined, and by it the General Assembly is the supreme judicial, and. also the supreme legislative body. In its legislative capacity it is limited only by section 60 of said constitution, which provides that “upon the recommendation of the General Assembly, at a stated meeting, by a two-thirds vote of the members thereof voting thereon, the Confession of Faith, Catechism, Constitution, and Rules of Discipline, may he amended or changed, when a majority of the Presbyteries, upon the same being transmitted'for their action, shall approve thereof,” and then provides that other changes may be made by the General Assembly alone. Section 40 provides that “the General Assembly is the highest court of this church, and represents in one body all the particular churches thereof, * * * and constitutes the bond of union, peace, correspondence, and mutual confidence among all its churches and courts.” If the General Assembly, with the concurrence of the Presbyteries, could adopt the Confession of Faith and the constitution, it would seem to necessarily follow that they could amend or change it. It cannot he doubted that, under this constitution, the General Assembly, with the concurrence of the
The entire history of the Presbyterian family of churches is a history of divisions, separations, and reunions always effected by the action of the representative bodies, and not by the body of the people directly. In fact, it seems to be admitted, and it is true, that all church as well as other organizations have the inherent power to unite with other similar organizations; the only question being whether that power resides in official authorities, or in the people, by majority or by the consent of every individual. We think we have shown that the supreme power is by the constitution of this church lodged in the General A'ssembly with a concurrence of the Presbyteries. But, as the church has created a supreme judicial tribunal, it is important to decide whether it has passed on this matter and what is its binding force on the decision of this court. If the General Assembly with the concurrence of a majority of the Presbyteries had the power to change the constitution and effect the union, it necessarily follows that, unless there is some constitutional restriction, they must determine the terms of the union, and whether there has come about such an agreement in doctrine as to justify the union. But to the point as to whether the General Assembly in its judicial capacity has passed upon the legality of the union. It is insisted that it is incongruous for the same body to decide judicially that its legislative acts are constitutional. It may be that, when the Constitution of the United States was (as
In its legislative capacity it passed the resolutions adopting the report of the committee, which, in connec: lion with a similar committee of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., had formulated the plan for a union of the two churches, and sent the matter down to the Presbyteries for their action on the same. The reports from the Presbyteries came in. The committee appointed for that purpose, by a majority report, reported that a majority of the Presbyteries had voted in favor of the plan of union, and presented a resolution “that this General Assembly does hereby find and declare that a constitutional majority of the Presbyteries of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church have voted approval of the reunion and union of said churches upon the basis set forth in said joint report, and does find and declare that said reunion and union has been constitutionally agreed to by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and that said basis of union has, for the purposes of the union, been constitutionally .adopted.”
There was a minority report, stating, among other things, “(1) that there is no power given the General Assembly, by the constitution of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, to negotiate, enter into, or confirm
The court .classifies the questions which have come before the courts in regard to rights of property held by ecclesiastical bodies into three, to wit, first, when the property, by the express terms of the deed or will, is devoted to the teaching of some specific form of religious doctrine; second, when the property is held by a religious congregation which, by the virtue of its organization, is strictly independent of other ecclesiastical associations, and, so far as church government is concerned, owes no fealty or obligation to any higher authority; and, third, where the religious congregation or ecclesiastical body holding the property is but a subordinate member of some general church organization, in which there are superior ecclesiastical tribunals with a general and ultimate power of control more or less complete, in some supreme judiciary over the whole membership of that general organization.
The court recognizes that in the first class the court will, as in all special trusts, see that the property is not diverted from the special purpose for which it has been conveyed.
In the third class (which applies to the case now under consideration), to wit, “property acquired in any of the usual modes for the general nse of a religious congregation which is itself a part of a large and general organization of some religious denomination, with which it is more or less intimately connected by religious ‘views and ecclesiastical government,” the court is “bound to loolt at the fact that the local congregation is itself but a member of a much larger and more important religious organization, and is under its government and control, and is bound by its orders and judgments,” and, after referring to the Presbyterian system of the church session, the Presbytery, the Synod, and the General Assembly, over all, the court says: “In this class of cases we think the rule of action which should govern the civil courts, founded on a broad and sound view of the relations of church and state under our system of laws, and supported by a preponderating weight of judicial authority, is that, whenever the question of discipline or of faith or ecclesiastical rule, custom, or laAv has been decided by the highest of these eliurch judicatories to which the matter has been carried, the legal tribunals must accept such decisions as final, and as binding on them, in their application to the case before them.” It is conceded by the court that the doctrine of the English courts is otherwise, but in this country, where there is no union of church and state, where the laAvs know no heresy, and churches are not voluntary religious organizations, with the same right that other voluntary associations have to adopt their own form of government, “and to create tribunals for the decision of controverted questions,” “all who
Quoting from the case of Harmon v. Dreher, Speer’s Eq. (S. C.) 87, reaffirmed in the Johns Island Church Case, 2 Rich. Eq. (S. C.) 215, the court says: “When a civil right depends upon an ecclesiastical matter, it is the civil court, and not the ecclesiastical court, -which is to decide. But the civil tribunal tries the civil right, and no more, taking the ecclesiastical decisions out of which the civil right arises as it finds them.” We hold this to be a clear statement of sound law, but we do not accept the intimation in the following portion of the opinion (though it is not directly said) that the matters of ecclesiastical law are so metaphysical and abstruse that the civil court will not inquire into the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical court. Upon principle its decisions must stand upon the basis of any other court or tribunal having the right and power to pass upon any matter; and, however difficult it may be, the civil court must ascertain whether or not it had jurisdiction, and according to the decisions of our own courts, when it is charged with the ascertainment of the jurisdictional facts, its ascertainment is final.
This is in accordance with the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States and of our own court. —Rose v. Himely, 4 Cranch, 241, 269, 2 L. Ed. 608; Wilcox v. Jackson, 18 Pet. 498, 511, 10 L. Ed. 264; Hickey’s Lessee v. Stewart, 3 How. 750, 762, 11 L. Ed. 814; Elliott v. Piersol, 1 Pet. 328, 340, 7 L. Ed. 164; Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall. 457, 466, 21 L. Ed. 897; In re Sawyer, 124 U. S, 200, 220, 8 Sup. Ct. 482, 31 L. Ed. 402; Ex parte Terry, 128 U. S. 289, 305, 9 Sup. Ct. 77, 32 L. Ed. 405; Kingsbury v. Yniestra, 59 Ala. 320; Hunt & Condry v. Mayfield, 2 Stew. 124; Kohn, Leiberman & Co. v. Haas. 95 Ala. 478, 12 South. 577.
It is insisted by the appellants that “the first and great principle of the duties of a society — nation, state or church — towards itself, as a society distinguished from its government, is self-preservation.” ' It is true that Mattel states the general principle that a nation in carrying out its obligation to promote the general welfare “is obliged to perform the duty of self-preservation,” but the learned, author goes on to remark that “it is therefore not absolute, but conditional; that is to say, it supposes a human act, to wit, the social compact, and as compacts may be dissolved by the common consent of the parties — if the individuals that compose the nation should unanimously agree to break the link that binds them, it will be lawful for them to do so, and thus destroy the state or the nation.” — Law of Nations, c. 2, § 16.
Other quotations are made from various writers, to the effect that a state or nation which existed before the adoption of its constitution remains a state or nation through successive changes in its constitution. Among others Wheaton is quoted, as saying that “such a. body or society, when once organized as a state, by an
Even as to a state, if it has the power by the vote of its people to break the link that binds the people together, to disintegrate its parts and to be absorbed into, or identified with some other state, it follows that, if the only bond of union is a written constitution which prescribes how it may be changed, then, when that constitution is changed in the manner prescribed, the powers that made that constitution have consented to that change, whether it be merely to place it under a different legislative body, to identify it with some other organization, or to disintegrate its parts. In fact, the substance of all these utterances is that only the power which creates can destroy. Judge Cooley, also, is quoted as saying that “a written constitution is in every instance a limitation upon the powers of government in the hands of its agents; for there never was a written republican constitution which delegated to functionaries all the latent powers which, lie dormant in every nation, and are boundless in extent and incapable of definition.” — Cooley, Const. Lim. (7th Ed.) p. 69. This expression is preceded by the statement that the constitution is not the beginning of a community, nor the origin of private rights, that it presupposes organized society, law, order, etc. Evidently the learned author is not referring to changes in government, or to the substitution of one supreme authority for another, but to personal freedom, political freedom, etc., which he holds to be inalienable.' '
The decree of the court is affirmed.
Affirmed.