INTRODUCTION
Dоuglas Harrington sued Farmers Union Co-Operative Insurance Company (Farmers) under a fire insurance policy after Harrington’s house burned. After a verdict for Farmers, the trial court denied Farmers’ motion for attorney fees and costs under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-824(2) (Reissue 1995). Farmers appeals, asserting that the jury’s additional special findings conclusively determined that the action was “frivolous and made in bad faith.” Because we conclude that the jury’s findings did not abrogate the trial court’s discretion under § 25-824 and Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-824.01 (Reissue 1995) and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Farmers insured Harrington’s residential property. The insurance contract provided, in relevant part:
Concealment, fraud. This entire policy shall be void if, whether before or after a loss, the insured has willfully conceаled or misrepresented any material fact or circumstance concerning this insurance or the subject thereof, or the interest of the insured therein, or in case of any fraud or false swearing by the insured relating thereto.
On September 30, 1997, the insured property was destroyed by fire. Harrington filed a claim with Farmers. Farmers denied the claim.
On September 29,1998, Harrington filed suit against Farmers for breаch of the insurance contract and sought to recover benefits payable under the contract, as well as additional damages for Farmers’ alleged bad faith refusal to pay the benefits. (Prior to trial, the trial court disposed of Harrington’s bad faith claim by summary judgment.) Farmers generally denied the allegations
On May 9, 2003, after a trial on the merits, the jury unаnimously returned a general verdict for Farmers. At the same time — which followed more than 6 hours of deliberations, see Neb. Rev. Stat. §25-1125 (Reissue 1995) — different majorities returned special findings in response to interrogatories Nos. 2 and 3, which stated:
INTERROGATORY NO. 2
Did [Farmers] establish both of the following by the greater weight of the evidence:
(a) That the fire which destroyed [Harrington’s] residential structure September 30-October 1, 1997 wаs willfully caused by [Harrington].
YESJL NO_
(b) That [Harrington] intended that the fire destroy or damage the insured property.
YESJL NO_
INTERROGATORY NO. 3
Did [Farmers] establish both of the following by the greater weight of the evidence?
(a) [Harrington] knowingly and willfully made representations of the material facts which were false, or concealed material facts, regarding the nature and circumstances of the fire and his claim for coverage.
YESJL NO_
(b) That [Harrington] intentionally so acted in order to deceive [Farmers].
YESJL NO_
Eleven jurors signed interrogatory No. 2, and 10 jurors signed interrogatory No. 3.
On June 26, 2003, the trial court conducted a hearing on Farmers’ motion for attorney fees and costs. On July 22, the trial court entered an order awarding Farmers court costs. Regarding Farmers’ request for attorney fees, the trial court stated in part:
[Farmers’] theory for attorney fеes is based upon the findings of the jury. [Farmers] asse[r]ts that because the jury found in favor of [Farmers], found that [Harrington] had started the fire, and found that [Harrington] had misrepresented information to [Farmers], [Harrington’s] initiation of this litigation by definition was frivolous and in bad faith. Counsel for [Harrington] is correct that the outcome of the litigation is not the measure by which a court allows attorney fees for frivolous claims and bad faith. First the Court must recognize that the findings made by the jury in favor of [Farmers] are findings made by the preponderance of the evidence. That is, [Harrington] could not prove his version of the occurrences w[as] more likely true than [Farmers’], and the assertions of [Farmers] in its counterclaim[’]s affirmative defenses were found more likely true than not. To award attorney fees on [an] outсome basis in fraud or misrepresentation cases, or in situations in which the defendant prevails on an affirmative defense, would be tantamount to allowing any party who prevails in litigation to obtain attorney fees from the opposing party.
In reviewing the totality of the evidence as presented the Court cannot find that [Harrington’s] assertion of rights and claims, nor the defenses made by [Harrington] to [Farmers’] affirmative defenses [,] w[as] frivolous or made in bad faith.
The trial court denied Farmers’ request for attorney fees. Farmers appeals.
Farmers alleges that the trial court erred in (1) overruling Farmers’ motion for an award of fees and costs, (2) ruling that the trial court was not bound by the special findings of the jury, and (3) failing to recognize that Harrington knew that the allegations in his petition were false when he made them and were thus frivolous and made in bad faith.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review on the trial court’s determination of a request for sanctions under § 25-824 is whether the trial court abused its discretion.
Detmer v. Bixler,
ANALYSIS
Farmers essentially arguеs that the trial court erred in denying its motion for attorney fees because the jury’s special findings bound the trial court on the issue of attorney fees and amounted to a determination that Harrington’s claims were frivolous and made in bad faith. At the outset, we note that the record presented to this court does not include any of the trial proceedings or evidence adduced at thе trial. The record does include the evidence offered at (1) the hearing on Farmers’ motion for partial summary judgment and (2) the hearing on Farmers’ motion for attorney fees pursuant to § 25-824(2).
We begin by recalling the general principles applicable to review of motions for attorney fees under § 25-824(2).
This court reviews the trial court’s determination of a request for attorney fees undеr § 25-824(2) for an abuse of discretion. See Detmer v. Bixler, supra. Section 25-824(2) gives the trial court authority to grant attorney fees in certain situations and provides, in relevant part:
[I]n any civil action commenced or appealed in any court of record in this state, the court shall award as part of its judgment and in addition to any other costs otherwise assessedreasonable attorney’s fees and cоurt costs against any attorney or party who has brought or defended a civil action that alleges a claim or defense which a court determines is frivolous or made in bad faith.
(Emphasis supplied.) Additionally, § 25-824.01 states:
In determining the amount of a cost or an attorney’s fee award pursuant to subsection (2) of section 25-824, the court shall exercise its sound discretion. When granting an award of costs and attorney’s fees, the cоurt shall specifically set forth the reasons for such award and shall, in determining whether to assess attorney’s fees and costs and the amount to be assessed against offending attorneys and parties, consider the following factors, including, but not limited to:... (5) whether or not the action was prosecuted or defended in whole or in part in bad faith ....
(Emphasis supplied.) A casual reading of §§ 25-824 and 25-824.01 might suggest a contradiction between the requirement of § 25-824 that the trial court “shall” award attorney fees when a claim or defense is frivolous or made in bad faith and the classification in § 25-824.01 of “whether . . . the action was prosecuted or defended ... in bad faith” as merely one factor among several in a nonexclusive list of factors that the trial court must consider “in determining whether to assess attorney’s fees and costs.”
However, in construing these statutory provisions, we must look at “the statutory objective to be accomplished, the problem to be remedied, or the purpose to be served, and then place on the statute a reasonable construction which best achieves the purpose of the statute, rather than a construction defeating the statutory purpose.”
Arthur
v.
Microsoft Corp,,
Appellate courts have found the word “shall” to be directory rather than mandatory in some statutes. See, e.g.,
Garcia v. Rubio,
We next must determine what effect, if any, the jury’s special findings had on the trial court’s discretion to award attorney fees. We observe that Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1121 (Reissue 1995) states that the trial court “in all cases may instruct [the jury], if [it] render[s] a general verdict, to find upon particular questiоns of fact to be stated in writing, and may direct a written finding thereon.” We assume, without deciding, that a special finding rendered after more than 6 hours of deliberation by a majority of jurors is valid and that so long as at least five-sixths or more of the members of the jury concur in a particular finding, it makes no difference that 11 jurors joined in answering one of the interrogatories while only 10 jurors concurred in the аnswer to another interrogatory. See §25-1125. The specific question becomes whether such special findings abrogate the trial judge’s usual discretion concerning a motion for attorney fees under § 25-824(2). We find no Nebraska case addressing this issue. Farmers would have us rely on the general rule:
A jury’s finding [on a special verdict, special finding, or special question] is binding on, and may not be ignored or disregarded by, the court, provided it is relevant and material to the issues, is warranted by the evidence, does notcontain an unwarranted conclusion of law and has not been set aside on proper grounds. . . .
An answer to a special issue is conclusive on all issues covered by it.
89 CJ.S.
Trial
§ 1015 at 626-27 (2001), citing, inter alia,
Finch
v.
W. R. Roach Co.,
Although Farmers could find no case specifically addressing the issue before us and Harrington submitted no brief to this court, we have found two cases from other jurisdictions that confronted nearly identical claims. In
Maguire v. Merrimack Mut. Ins. Co.,
“ ‘[T]he burden of proof in this case was by a preponderance of the evidence. The evidence was circumstantial, and the material facts were largely established by expert testimony. There was significant conflicting testimony. Credibility of witnesses, as always, played a substantial role in the verdict. This Court cannot determine that [the insureds were] unreasonable in litigating this matter.
“ ‘It may, at first blush, seem unjust not to award attorney’s fees in an action where one who seeks to collect under his fire insurance policy, is determined to have burned his оwn home. However, an analysis of the [New Hampshire Supreme] Court’s decision in [an earlier case], and the purposes behind the general rule against awarding of [sic] attorney’s fees, indicate that it is not, in fact, unjust. In this case, the issue of the cause of the fire deserved to be litigated from an evidentiary standpoint.’ ”
Maguire v. Merrimack Mut. Ins. Co.,
On appeal, the New Hampshire Supreme Court affirmed. It stated thаt whether to award attorney fees was a matter within the trial court’s discretion. The
Maguire
court also observed that the trial court “ ‘may have [had] insights not conveyed by the record’ ” and was in the best position to determine whether a claim was made in bad faith.
In
Ohio Farmers Ins. Co. v. McKean,
We find the reasoning in Maguire to be more persuasive, and we conclude that a jury’s special finding does not abrogate the trial court’s discretion to determine whether a party is entitled to attorney fees under § 25-824(2). We consider the decision in McKean to be distinguishable for two reasons. First, the McKean court, after recognizing that recovery of attorney fees required a showing by clear and convincing evidence, implicitly proceeded to find the evidence sufficient under that higher standard. In the instant case, the trial court recognized that the special finding was reached only by a preponderance of the evidеnce and, indeed, not unanimously. Second, the McKean court was exercising the discretion of a trial court in making the initial determination whether attorney fees should be recovered. In the case before us, we are reviewing the trial court’s decision under an abuse of discretion standard. Moreover, as we have already noted, like the appellate court in Maguire and unlike the trial court in McKean, we do not havе the trial record before us, as Farmers has not included the trial proceedings in the bill of exceptions.
Finally, we consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying Farmers’ motion for attorney fees pursuant to § 25-824(2). A judicial abuse of discretion exists when reasons or rulings of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying just results in matters submitted for disposition.
Cedars Corp.
v.
Sun Valley Dev. Co.,
The term “frivolous,” as used in § 25-824, connotes an improper motive or legal position so wholly without merit as to be ridiculous. . . . The definition of “frivolous” as set forth above has also been held to mean without rаtional argument based on law and evidence to support a litigant’s position in the lawsuit.... Any doubt whether a legal position is frivolous or taken in bad faith should be resolved in favor of the one whose legal position is in question.... The determination of whether a particular claim or defense is frivolous must depend upon the facts of a particular case.
(Citations omitted.)
In denying Farmers’ motion for attorney fees, the trial court noted that the jury’s answers to the special interrogatories were made by a preponderance of the evidence, and we further note that the jury’s answers to the special interrogatories were not unanimous. The trial court also alluded to its own discretion by expressing concern that “[t]o award attorney fees on [an] outcome bаsis in fraud or misrepresentation cases, or in situations in which the defendant prevails on an affirmative defense, would be tantamount to allowing any party who prevails in litigation to obtain attorney fees from the opposing party.” After reviewing “the totality of the evidence” presented at trial, the trial court concluded that Harrington’s claims and defenses were neither frivolous nоr made in bad faith.
As stated above, we conclude that the jury’s special findings do not bind the trial court when it determines whether to award attorney fees under § 24-824(2). Instead, the trial court may, in its discretion, consider any number of factors in ruling on a request for attorney fees pursuant to § 24-824(2), and “whether or not the action was prosecuted or defended in whole or in part in bad faith” is only one of those factors. § 25-824.01. In this case, the trial court raised several cogent points in denying Farmers’ motion for attorney fees. Like the court in
Maguire v. Merrimack Mut. Ins. Co.,
CONCLUSION
Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Farmers’ motion for attorney fees, we affirm.
Affirmed.