159 Ind. 286 | Ind. | 1902
— Appellee, a minor, by his next friend, sued appellant, the sheriff of Howard county, together with one Strubbs, to recover damages for false imprisonment. A trial before a jury resulted in a verdict against appellant for $400, and a finding in favor of the defendant Strubbs. Over appellant’s motion for a new trial, wherein he assigns various reasons, the court rendered judgment on the verdict, from which appellant appealed to the Appellate Court.
The first1 error argued by counsel for appellant is the overruling of the demurrer 'to the first paragraph of the amended complaint. This complaint consists of two paragraphs, the first, omitting the caption, is as follows: “Plaintiff, for his amended complaint, complains of the defendants, and says that on the 15th day of May, 1900, the defendants unlawfully imprisoned the plaintiff and deprived him of his liberty for the space of one hour, to his
It is contended that this paragraph contains no facts to show that appellee was falsely imprisoned and deprived of his liberty, but consists merely of conclusions. While the paragraph is somewhat terse it is an exact copy of the form given in 3 Works Prac. (3d ed.), 152. It may also be said that it substantially follows the averments in a form given in 1 Estee’s PI. & Pr. (4th ed.), 839, with the exception that the latter form does not contain the word “unlawful,” and states that the imprisonment was “without probable cause,” and also gives the place at which the plaintiff was imprisoned. The charge that “the defendants * * * imprisoned the plaintiff and deprived him of his liberty for the space of one hour” is certainly not a mere conclusion of the pleader, but is a composite statement of the ultimate fact, — the imprisonment of the plaintiff. The word “unlawful” is not essential and may be omitted from the pleading, for the rule is settled in this State that a complaint for' false imprisonment is sufficient without alleging that the act complained of was illegal or wrongful, or that the arrest or imprisonment was without competent authority, or malicious, or without probable cause. Colter v. Lower, 35 Ind. 285, 9 Am. Rep. 135; Gallimore v. Ammerman, 39 Ind. 323; Boaz v. Tate, 43 Ind., 60. The paragraph in controversy is at least sufficient on demurrer. It might possibly have been open to the objection, upon a motion to make it more specific, that it did not state the venue where the alleged wrong was perpetrated by the defendants; but in respect to this question we do not decide.
The appellant answered in three paragraphs, the first being a general denial. A demurrer was sustained to the second, and of this ruling appellant complains. The paragraph was not one in confession and avoidance. It professed, in part 'at least, to recite the circumstances surrounding the alleged arrest and imprisonment,, but expressly
There is a sharp conflict in the evidence in regard to some material points; nevertheless there is evidence to establish the following summary of facts: On May 14, 1900, E. H. Strubbs, appellant’s eodefendant below, was carrying on a harness shop in the city of Kokomo, Howard county, Indiana. On that day a watch was stolen from his shop, and thereupon he made complaint to appellant, who was the sheriff of said county, and informed him that appellee frequently visited his harness shop, and stated to appellant that he thought appellee had taken the watch as he had been at his place of business on the morning of the 14th, and that appellee knew that he (Strubbs) had the watch, because he had often looked at it when at the harness shop. Appellee was a boy about fourteen years of age, an orphan, residing in the family of one McBeth, in the city of Kokomo. He was a musician, and his standing in the community was good, and he was just beginning to rely for his support on teaching music. Appellant, on receiving the information mentioned, and after talking the matter over with Strubbs, proceeded, on the forenoon of May 15th, to hunt for appellee. After inquiring at several places for him, he finally found him at the home of one Stewart, in said city, and called him out of the house, and then and
Appellee testified that when they reached the shop both Strubbs and appellant accused him of having taken the watch; Strubbs saying to him: “You know you took the watch and you ought to tell where it is. I hate to have a boy up this way;” and further accused him of having taken a match-safe, — all of which he denied. Appellee testified that when at the shop Strubbs and appellant told him that a prominent man passed the window of the shop at the time the watch was taken, and saw appellee take it. Appellant and Strubbs, at the latter’s shop, had a conversation in a whisper with each other, after which appellant directed appellee to come along with him. They went together down along Washington, Main, and Walnut streets until they again reached the county jail, appellant continuing to say to appellee that if he did not tell where the watch was he would have to put him in jail, and, if he once put him in jail, he would be there for six weeks; and further said to him, “I don’t like to turn the key on a boy.” Appellee continued to deny that he had taken the watch, or that he knew where it was, and thereupon appellant told him he was “lying.” After they had reached the jail the second time} appellant took appellee into the jail office, and then directed a young man who was present there to get him the key to the door opening into the cell rooms of the jail. ITe then unlocked and opened the iron door leading to the cells, and then said to appellee: “Mow what have you got to say ? Back there is your cell.” Upon hearing appellant make this statement, appellee became frightened, and began to cry, but continued to assert his innocence. Appellant was informed at the jail that some friend of appellee had been there to see him. After he received this information, he told appellee he might go back to Stewart’s house,- — that being the place where he was when appellant found him,—
Under the alleged error of overruling the motion for a new trial, appellant, by his counsel, insists that instruction number two is faulty, basing his objection apparently on the ground that it is not applicable to the evidence. In their contention, however, counsel seemingly disregard the evidence given on the part of appellee. When all of the evidence given in the case is considered, as it must be, it is
Complaint is also made in respect to instruction number four. By this charge the court advised the jury that the general rule of the law is,that no person shall be deprived of his liberty except he first be charged by affidavit or indictment with the commission of an offense, such charge being followed by a warrant duly issued and placed in the hands of an officer authorized to serve such process. The instruction, however, further states that to this general rule there are certain exceptions made necessary by the needs of society; but the exceptions are not given in this particular charge. The objections urged are that the court erred in not informing the jury in the same instruction in regard to the exceptions in question. The court, however, by instruction number six, fully advised them in respect to the exceptions to the general rule asserted in instruction number four. Possibly it might have been more orderly to have stated in the charge the exceptions to the rule so far as they were applicable to the case at bar; but thé practice in this State is well settled that wheré an instruction is correct so far as it goes, but incomplete, it may be completed by another which supplies the defects. On any view of the question, as the exceptions were given in instruction six, appellant, under the circumstances, has no basis for his complaint.
By instruction number seven the court said: “It is the duty of a sheriff arresting a person without a warrant for an offense committed within his view, or when he arrests a person without a warrant upon information, when he has reasonable or probable cause to believe that such person has committed a felony, in either case without delay, and as soon as he can reasonably do so, to take the person whom he has placed under arrest before some magistrate, to be charged with such offense by affidavit. Such an arrest can only be made and the person held for such purpose. If the
Appellant’s insistence is that instructions seven and eight did not state the law correctly, for the reason, as contended, that a peace officer, on making an arrest without a warrant,, is not required, under the law, to take his prisoner before a justice of the peace, or any other committing officer, for the purpose of having the party so arrested charged by affidavit. It is contended that the officer on learning that the accused is probably not guilty of the offense may discharge him. The insistence is that the charge in question is not a correct exposition of the law, because this latter statement is omitted. It is true that an officer who has made, an arrest without a warrant may and should, on becoming satisfied thereafter that the accused is not guilty of the offense, release him; but, if either the arrest was unlawful, or the prisoner has been illegally detained or deprived of his liberty by the officer before such release or discharge takes place, the mere fact that the officer released
But the power of detaining the person so arrested, or restraining him of his liberty, in such a case is not a matter within the discretion of the officer making the arrest. He can not legally hold the person arrested in custody for a longer period of time than is reasonably necessary, under all of the circumstances of the case, to obtain a proper warrant or order for his further detention from some tribunal or officer authorized under the law to issue such a warrant or order. If the person arrested is detained or held by the officer for a longer period of time than is required under the circumstances, without such warrant or authority, he will-have a cause of action fo.r false imprisonment against the officer and all others by whom he has been unlawfully detained or held. Simmons v. Vandyke, supra; Low v. Evans, 16 Ind. 486; 12 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 741, 746, 747; Leger v. Warren, 62 Ohio St. 500, 57 N. E. 506, 51 L. R. A. 193, 78 Am. St. 738; Brock v. Stim
An officer arresting without a warrant can not justify his'action in holding or detaining the prisoner for an unreasonable time before obtaining a warrant upon the ground that such delay was necessary in order to investigate the case and procure evidence against the accused. A detention for such a purpose, if necessary, is properly within the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace or other judicial officer before whom he may be charged with committing the offense. Under §1771 Burns 1901, a sheriff is authorized to arrest without a warrant any person whom he may find violating any of the penal laws of this State. But the statute is careful to provide that the detention of the jierson so arrested is to continue only until a legal, warrant can be obtained. This section is applicable to offenses, either felonies or misdemeanors, committed in the presence or under the observation of the persons authorized thereunder to make the arrest; and, so far as it applies to sheriffs and others therein mentioned, who were peace officers at common law, it is but a declaration or recognition of the rule asserted by the latter law, as thereunder it was the duty of peace officers to arrest without a warrant any person who committed an offense, either felony or misdemeanor, in their presence or within their view.
While instructions seven and eight are not as aptly and as clearly drafted as they might have been, nevertheless, when considered in connection with others given, they are in harmony with the principles of the law to which we have referred, and are applicable to the evidence in this case. The court committed no error in giving them to the jury.
It is next insisted that instructions fourteen and fifteen' are misleading and prejudicial to appellant. It is claimed that an infirmity exists in the former because it advises the jury as to the measure of damages in the event they find
It is finally contended that the judgment should be reversed because it is not sustained by sufficient evidence, and for the further reason that the damages are excessive. The contention is that the evidence discloses that appellant had no intention of arresting or detaining the appellee, and the argument is seemingly carried to the extent of asserting that the appellee was not restrained of his liberty. In their argument on this question appellant’s counsel seem wholly to disregard the evidence given in behalf of the appellee, and virtually request that we consider alone that introduced on the part of their client. Appellant’s own admissions, which were introduced against him in evidence at the trial, go to,show that he considered that he had appellee under arrest and in his custody, and was detaining
As we have previously said, the evidence is, in some respects, conflicting, but it is ample to sustain the verdict of the jury on every material point. Appellant, as disclosed by the evidence, went to the home of Mr. Stewart, where appellee was visiting at the time. He called him out of the house onto the porch, and informed him that he was the sheriff of the county, and had come to arrest him. Upon appellee inquiring as to the reason for his arrest, he accixsed him with the larceny of tire watch. This accusation appellee denied. Appellant, it seems, dispossessed appellee of his watch, and then bid him come with him. He obeyed this command and was taken down the public streets of the city of Kokomo until the county jail was reached. He was then taken by appellant from the jail along the public streets of that city until the harness shop of Mr. St-rubbs was reached, and was there detained for a time, and threatened with imprisonment if he did not confess that he -was guilty of the larceny. After the lapse of some time he was taken back to the ,j ail by appellant, into the interior of the prison, and was shown a cell in which, as appellant informed him, he would be locked, unless he admitted that he had stolen the watch; and when he continued to assert his innocence appellant called him a liar. After a time he was commanded by appellant to go back to Mr. Stewart’s place, at which he was arrested, and was commanded to remain there until the evening of that day; when appellant stated he would call for him. Ample time and opportunity, under the circumstances, were afforded appellant to have proceeded in the arrest of appellee in an orderly way by taking him before a justice of the peace or the mayor of the city for the purpose of being charged with the alleged crime. This he failed and neglected to do.
Wounded pride, humiliation, and. mortification resulting from a public arrest are proper elements that may be taken into consideration in assessing damages in cases of this character. The spirit and conduct of appellant at the time he made the arrest were matters that the jury, under the evidence, had the right to, and doubtless did, inquire into, and gave the same consideration. They probably found, as there is evidence to justify such finding, that there were unwarranted insults offered to appellee on the part of appellant; also oppression on his part, and a reckless disregard, under the circumstances, of appellee’s rights as a citizen. Appellee, as the evidence discloses, was subjected to repeated “quizzing,” and was virtually branded by appellant, in the presence of others, as a thief; and when he, a mere boy, protested his innocence in regard to the charge, appellant called him a liar. Under these circumstances the jury may, and possibly did, inflict “smart money” or exemplary damages, as jurors have the right to do in cases of false imprisonment when the facts justify. Farman v. Lauman, 13 Ind. 568. Such damages do not necessarily, as claimed by counsel for appellant, depend alone upon malice on the part of the wrongdoer, but they may be rightfully awarded when the wrongful act is wilfuly done in a
The act and conduct of appellant in threatening appellee with imprisonment in jail, and in subjecting him to what is commonly known as the “sweating process,” for the purpose of extorting a confession, certainly can not be commended, and under the circumstances we consider that the jury was very moderate in the assessment of damages.
The record presents no available error. Judgment affirmed.