Dissenting Opinion
Two years ago, the Supreme Court reversed a judgment of this court where we had failed to give the proper deference owed to a state-court habeas decision under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See Davis v. Ayala, — U.S. —,
First, a divided panel of this court found that a unanimous California Supreme Court decision by Justice Werdegar applied an incorrect standard to determine whether habeas petitioner James Edward Hardy (“Hardy”) was prejudiced by the undisputed ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The panel majority got there by out-of-context “fly-specking” some of that court’s language, and denigrating other language that clearly stated its use of the proper standard.
Second, perhaps recognizing the weakness of its argument that the California Supreme Court had applied the wrong standard, the panel majority pivoted to its secondary argument that, assuming the state court had applied the correct standard, its application of that standard was unreasonable. The state court had determined that Hardy was not prejudiced by the ineffective assistance of counsel because the state produced ample evidence that Hardy conspired to kill the victims to obtain life insurance proceeds and aided and abetted the commission of the murders. In deciding that the California Supreme Court’s conclusion was based on' unreason, rather than the compelling evidence in the record, the majority simply abandoned any notion of the proper deference owed to a state court’s judgment under AEDPA.
Both of the majority’s determinations are contrary to repeated Supreme Court instructions to us as to how we must treat state-court decisions in our interpretation and application of AEDPA. I respectfully dissent from our refusal to rehear this case en banc.
I. Factual and Procedural History
The background of this case is important for appreciating how far the majority exceeded the limited scope of its review under AEDPA. Clifford Morgan (“Morgan”) devised a plan to have his wife and son killed so he could collect on their life insurance policies. In re Hardy,
Hardy, Reilly, and Morgan were tried together in Los Angeles County Superior Court. Id.,
Hardy filed a habeas petition in the California Supreme Court, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel by Demby and requesting relief as to the penalty phase. Id.,
The California Supreme Court consolidated Hardy’s petitions for penalty-phase and guilt-phase relief. Id. In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice Werdegar, the court granted Hardy’s petition to vacate the judgment of the penalty phase. Id.,
After weighing this evidence and considering what, petitioner’s trial would have looked like had he been represented by competent counsel, we conclude that although there is a reasonable probability the jury would not have convicted petitioner on the prosecution’s proffered theory that he was the actual killer, ample evidence remains that petitioner was guilty of the murders on the alternative theories that he conspired with, and aided and abetted, Reilly, Morgan and others to commit the murders.
Id.,
A majority of the panel voted to reverse the district court’s judgment. The majority held that the California Supreme Court had applied a standard contrary to clearly established law in analyzing Strickland prejudice because the opinion uses the words “substantial evidence” at certain points in describing the evidence in the record.
II. Justice Werdegar Applied the Correct Prejudice Standard
The majority’s claim that Justice Werde-gar used an incorrect standard — that she weighed evidence to see whether it constituted “substantial evidence” to determine whether prejudice as defined by Strickland existed — is inconsistent with her language elsewhere and her methodology throughout the opinion. She properly applied Strickland’s reasonable probability standard to determine whether prejudice resulted from the ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to investigate and to properly cross-examine Boyd.
First, she unquestionably stated the proper, Strickland prejudice standard and the majority opinion so recognized:
Second, he must ■ also show prejudice flowing from counsel’s performance or lack thereof. Prejudice is shown when there is a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
In re Hardy,
She then started her analysis of whether Hardy had proved prejudice by correctly explaining the three relevant elements of the Strickland prejudice analysis in the particular context of Demby’s deficient performance.
(1) What evidence was available that counsel failed reasonably to discover?
(2) How strong was that evidence?
(3) How strong was the evidence of guilt produced at trial?
As to the first element, she found in favor of Hardy: “Subtracting Boyd’s testimony,
But as to the third element, the evidence of guilt on the alternative theories of (1) conspiring to commit the murders and (2) aiding and abetting the commission of the murders, the evidence was indeed strong and was not undermined by Boyd’s testimony. “[H]e [petitioner] was strongly linked to the conspiracy.” Id. (emphasis added). Justice Werdegar provided a detailed discussion of the linkage:
“According to Debbie Sportsman [the then-girlfriend of Reilly, the codefendant on the murder charges], Reilly began associating with Hardy around May 10, 1981. She testified that the two men had many private, conversations during this period and often drank and took drugs together. On the evening of May 20, 1981, the night of the killings, Debbie met with Hardy and Reilly at thé latter’s apartment. Reilly spoke with Morgan on the telephone and asked him if he wanted to go through with the killing. Morgan, who was in Carson City, answered that he did.” Petitioner thereafter discussed his alibi with Colette Mitchell [Hardy’s then-girlfriend] “all the time,” and he coordinated his alibi with Reilly as well. According to Colette, petitioner knew several details about the crimes, including that the assailants had used a tool to cut the chain lock, that life insurance proceeds were the reason for the killing, that the money was collecting interest, and that Reilly was in charge. Most incriminating was petitioner’s receipt of $1,000 in $100 bills after the murders, his instruction to Colette to dispose of his shoes on learning that police might have discovered some footprints at the crime scene, and his direction to dispose of the M-l carbine rifle allegedly stolen from the Morgan home. Even discounting petitioner’s inconsistent statements to Colette about whether he had participated in the actual killing, there is ample evidence showing he participated in the plan to kill the victims as part of a wider conspiracy to defraud the insurance companies.
Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted) (quoting People v. Hardy,
Her conclusion is reasonable if one considers what the evidence of Boyd’s perfidy — left on the cutting room floor by trial counsel — accomplished. That evidence showed that Hardy did not wield the knife, Boyd did. But the evidence unearthed about Boyd did nothing to rebut the evidence of Hardy’s participation in the conspiracy and his aiding and abetting. As Justice Werdegar fulsomely relates, “such deficient representation nevertheless does not require reversal of the guilt judgment because counsel’s failure to investigate did
But this [Boyd] evidence does not undermine5 other critical evidence, such as the testimony of Colette Mitchell, who testified petitioner told her he was going to steal something from someone to enable the collection of insurance proceeds;6 that he had been to the victims’ home the night of the murders; that he knew the crime was to be accomplished by cutting the chain on the door; that he received $1,000, apparently for his participation in either the conspiracy or the murders themselves; that Morgan was not worried about the delay the trial caused because his money was earning interest while he was in jail; or that people who said the murder was committed by more than one person were wrong because he “[knew] for a fact it was one.” The referee’s findings also do not fatally undermine Colette’s testimony regarding petitioner’s suspicious instructions to her to help dispose of both the stolen M-l carbine rifle and his shoes. That petitioner went to the victims’ home with Reilly and Boyd is also' possible. In short, although the weight and breadth of the evidence showing Boyd participated in the murders is disturbing, such evidence does not fatally undermine the prosecution’s entire case against petitioner.
Id.,
Because petitioner would have been convicted of two first degree murders on these two theories of derivative liability irrespective of Demby’s unreasonable failure to investigate and present evidence of the Boyd connection, petitioner fails to demonstrate he would have achieved a more favorable outcome at the guilt phase had Demby competently investigated the Boyd connection. Accordingly, we conclude petitioner fails to demonstrate prejudice at the guilt phase flowing from Demby’s deficient representation.
Id.,
As Judge Callahan noted in dissent, we recently reaffirmed that, in habeas cases, when “it is possible to read the state court’s decision in a way that comports with clearly established federal law ... we
This is not a case where we really need to give the California Supreme Court “the benefit of the doubt.” But instead of following the Supreme Court’s clear instructions, the majority went out of its way to find fault with the opinion. Ignoring Justice Werdegar’s careful reasoning for finding no prejudice, the majority focused exclusively on the opinion’s use of the term “substantial evidence.” According to the majority, Justice Werdegar applied a “substantial evidence” standard to determine that Hardy suffered no prejudice from Demby’s performance.
But Justice Werdegar was not weighing the evidence by a “substantial evidence” standard. Instead, she used the term “substantial evidence” six times to explain that extensive and compelling evidence supported the prosecution’s theory that Hardy was guilty of murder because he conspired with, and aided and abetted, others to commit the murders. She characterized this derivative liability evidence as “substantial” in contradistinction to her assessment that the evidence that Hardy was the actual stabber was weak and undermined by the Boyd evidence.
III. Justice Werdegar’s Application of the Strickland Prejudice Standard Was Reasonable
Perhaps recognizing the weakness of its argument that the California Supreme Court applied the incorrect standard, the majority equivocated and suggested that, even if the California Supreme Court had applied the correct standard, its application of that standard was unreasonable. According to the majority, if Demby had presented the Boyd evidence, the prosecution’s theory that Hardy was the actual stabber would have been undermined. Therefore, in the majority’s estimation, this reasonable doubt as to Hardy’s role as the actual stabber would have also changed the jury’s view of Hardy’s guilt as a co-conspirator and as an aider and abettor of the murders.
But the majority’s eagerness to find that the California Supreme Court opinion was an unreasonable application of the Strickland prejudice standard also conflicts with established Supreme Court precedent. In Harrington v. Richter,
As explained above, Justice Werdegar did not abuse the broad discretion established by AEDPA in finding that the compelling evidence of conspiracy and aiding- and-abetting guilt precluded a finding of Strickland prejudice. That evidence was both “substantial” and “ample.” The girlfriends of Hardy and Reilly at the time, Collette Mitchell and Debbie Sportsman respectively, testified to Hardy’s close association with Reilly in the weeks leading up to the murder. Sportsman testified that Hardy was with Reilly when Reilly spoke on the phone with Morgan and Morgan confirmed he wanted the killings to happen. Mitchell testified that Hardy had detailed knowledge of'the crime’s execution, that Hardy received money for his role in the murders, and that Hardy tried to dispose of physical evidence linking him to the crime scene. Even if we would reach a different conclusion as to whether Hardy was prejudiced by Demby’s performance, it was not unreasonable for Justice Werde-gar to conclude that — correctly applying the Strickland prejudice standard — this highly incriminating evidence precluded a reasonable probability of a different jury verdict. The panel majority failed to appreciate this essential point when it decided that its interpretation of the paper record was the only reasonable conclusion.
IV. Conclusion
The Supreme Court has repeatedly admonished this court that it should not reverse reasonable state-court decisions on habeas review. The majority nit-picked a unanimous opinion that repeatedly quoted Strickland in order to conclude that the California Supreme Court did not apply the long-settled and well-known prejudice standard for ineffective-assistance-of-counsel cases. The majority also decided that, if the California Supreme Court in fact applied what it said it was applying, then the California Supreme Court acted unreasonably by not accurately imagining how the jury would have reacted to the Boyd evidence. The majority’s unacknowledged reinterpretation of AEDPA deference is in conflict with precedents of the Supreme Court and this court.
I respectfully dissent from our failure to rehear this case en banc.
OPINION
During the night of May 20, 1981, someone entered the home of Clifford and Nancy Morgan and brutally stabbed Nancy Morgan and their eight-year-old son to death. According to the State of California, that someone was James Edward Hardy. The State argued that theory at trial, obtaining a conviction and death sentence for Hardy. As it turns out, that someone was likely Calvin Boyd, a key prosecution witness at Hardy’s trial. Yet Hardy remains imprisoned, serving a life sentence.
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) raised the standard of review for petitioners, greatly limiting the success rate of petitions for writs of habeas corpus.
Factual and Procedural History
Clifford Morgan (hereinafter “Morgan”) lived in a home on Saticoy Street in Van Nuys, California, with his wife, Nancy, and their eight-year-old son. Morgan devised a sinister plan to have his wife and son killed so he could collect on their life insurance policies. He enlisted the help of Mark Anthony Reilly. Reilly lived in an apartment complex on Vose Street in Van Nuys. Reilly agreed to Morgan’s plan and sought a partner for the murders. In exchange for this help, Morgan allowed Reilly to live in Morgan’s home and promised to allow Reilly to manage a bar that Morgan intended to open with the insurance proceeds.
After failing to recruit a kickboxer named Marc Costello, Reilly turned to another Vose Street resident, Calvin Boyd, and Boyd’s friend Marcus. According to Boyd’s trial testimony, Boyd eventually declined to participate in the murders because Reilly was unable to pay him with either money or cocaine in advance. According to the State, Reilly then tried to recruit Hardy, telling two friends that Hardy might assist him in the crime.
In May 1981, Morgan moved to Carson City, Nevada, ostensibly for business reasons but likely to establish an alibi. During the night of May 20 or morning of May 21, two people, allegedly Hardy and Reilly, used bolt cutters and a key to enter the Morgan residence. Nancy Morgan and her son were sleeping in a back bedroom. Both were stabbed to death. Experts testified that physical evidence suggested at least two persons were responsible for the slayings, which likely occurred between 3:30 and 5:30 a.m.
Michael Mitchell, Reilly’s roommate, testified that he returned to the Vose Street apartments and went to sleep, sometime after 11:00 p.m. on May 20, 1981. Around midnight, he awoke and saw Hardy, Reilly, Colette Mitchell (no relation to Michael Mitchell), and Steven Rice (another neighbor) in the apartment that he shared with Reilly. Later, he heard male voices and heard the shower being used. The next morning, he observed wet towels in the bathroom, but he saw no evidence of blood.
Shortly after the murders, Reilly admitted his guilt to his then-girlfriend Debbie Sportsman and made incriminating statements to her. He told Sportsman that Nancy Morgan said “[p]lease don’t kill me,” that more than one perpetrator was involved, that bolt cutters had been used to cut the chain lock on the door, and that a fish knife had been used in the stabbings.
Morgan’s recent purchase of an unusually large amount of life insurance raised suspicions, as did two incriminating statements he made to a neighbor — that his wife was worth more dead than alive, and that he expected she would die before him. Sportsman’s testimony linked Reilly to Morgan and human blood was found on Reilly’s shoes. No physical evidence was
Calvin Boyd was the State’s key witness. He testified that shortly after the murders, Reilly admitted that he and Hardy were the killers. Boyd stated Reilly had showed him recently purchased bolt cutters. Boyd claimed he walked through Rice’s apartment the morning of the murders and saw Reilly and Hardy both sleeping — placing the two men together shortly after the crime. Boyd also saw Rice and Colette Mitchell (hereinafter “Mitchell”) in the apartment.
Mitchell was Hardy’s girlfriend at the time of the murders but not at the time of trial. She gave testimony indirectly linking Hardy to the crime. Her initial statements to law enforcement provided Hardy with an alibi, but she changed her story and admitted to perjury. Mitchell contacted Hardy in jail intending to assist him even after she was granted immunity for her testimony. At trial, Mitchell testified she was working at a restaurant on the night of the murders. Hardy, Reilly, and Rice met at the restaurant shortly after 9:00 p.m. and Mitchell served them drinks. They went to the Vose Street apartments around 10:00 p.m. to “party” and use cocaine. Mitchell admitted to doing several large lines of cocaine and drinking at least three beers via a “beer bong.” Mitchell testified to quarreling with Hardy and leaving Reilly’s apartment to go next door. Sometime between midnight and 2:00 a.m., Rice and Mitchell left the apartments to purchase more beer. After returning, Hardy sought her out at Rice’s apartment and told her not to leave because he needed her that night. Despite having an unusually large amount of cocaine — which often would keep her awake — she passed out in Rice’s apartment and did not wake until 11:00 a.m. the next day. When she awoke, Hardy was asleep next to her and Reilly was asleep on a sofa.
Mitchell initially told police she had been with Hardy the entire night. At trial, she claimed she was either asleep or passed out for most of the night and did not know if Hardy left the apartment or not. Mitchell claimed Reilly once, told her that he and Hardy had left the apartment while she slept but that another time Reilly told her they had not left. Mitchell testified she and Hardy discussed his alibi “all the time.” Mitchell stated Hardy led her to believe he was going to steal something from someone to enable a third person to collect on an insurance policy. Hardy supposedly told her at least twice that he had been to the victims’ home on the night of the murders. Hardy claimed he knew the victims were alive when he was there because he heard them snoring. On another occasion, Hardy told Mitchell the victims had already been killed by the time he entered the home. Mitchell testified that Hardy said “we were at the house,” but she also stated that he told her “he didn’t do it.” Mitchell testified that Reilly admitted to her that he knew who the killer was and it was not Hardy.
Mitchell claimed Hardy said a chain on a door would be cut to give the crime the appearance of a robbery. According to Mitchell, Hardy was to receive a portion of $40,000 or $50,000, but he actually only received $1,000. Mitchell testified she, or someone else, put the $1,000 in a cedar box. Mitchell said Hardy made several other statements: Morgan was not worried about the trial because during the delay-his insurance proceeds were earning interest; the less she knew about the crime the better off she would be; Reilly was in charge of the situation; Hardy knew for a fact only one person committed the murders; Hardy took something from Mor
At trial, Hardy’s attorney, Michael Dem-by, gave no opening statement and presented no evidence on Hardy’s behalf. The jury was instructed that individuals who directly and actively committed the act constituting the crime, those who aided or abetted the commission of the crime, and those who advised and encouraged its commission were equally guilty. An additional aid-and-abet instruction was also given.
Hardy, Reilly, and Morgan were convicted of two counts of first degree murder and one count of conspiracy to commit murder to collect life insurance proceeds. Six special circumstances were found by the jury. The defendants were not convicted on a burglary charge. A joint penalty phase was held for Hardy and Reilly— both were sentenced to death. Morgan died of cancer before he could be sentenced.
On appeal, the California Supreme Court vacated one of the special circumstances but affirmed the judgment in all other respects. The United States Supreme Court denied a petition for writ of certiorari. Hardy v. California,
On July 26, 1991, Hardy filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the California Supreme Court. That court issued an order to show cause why Hardy was not entitled to penalty phase relief because his trial counsel failed to call available mitigation witnesses. On April 28, 1993, the California Supreme Court ordered the Los Angeles County Superior Court to hold a reference hearing and make findings of fact.
The superior court judge heard evidence over several months in 1996 and 1997, where a very different story than the one presented at trial emerged. According to a number of credible witnesses, Boyd made very incriminating statements after the murders, Boyd’s alibi for the night of the murders was a sham, and Hardy had refused to participate in the crimes.
On May 3, 2000, Hardy filed his Supplemental Allegation to Conform the Pleadings to the Proof, arguing that evidence from the reference hearing also required guilt phase relief. The California Supreme Court issued an order directing the State to show cause why Hardy was not entitled to reversal of his conviction “because he is innocent of the capital crimes of which he was convicted, because a third party named Calvin Boyd committed the murders, and because [Hardy’s] trial counsel rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to present evidence demonstrating [Hardy’s] innocence.”
On July 26, 2007, the California Supreme Court decided the consolidated petitions. Although that court recognized that the disturbing revelations about Boyd “presented a more difficult decision for the jury and may well have created in the minds of the jurors a reasonable doubt as to petitioner’s guilt,” it found Hardy could not meet the very difficult burden of an actual innocence claim. Hardy II,
The California Supreme Court order specifically adopted several factual findings from the reference hearing, including: (1) Raynell Burney, Rickey Ginsburg, James Moss, Sandra Moss, Michael Small, and Steven Rice testified credibly regarding various incriminating statements and actions made by Boyd; (2) Boyd was not a credible witness; (3) Boyd habitually carried a knife similar to the murder weapon; (4) Boyd had previously committed several assaults with a knife; (5) Boyd had cuts on his hands after the killings; (6) Boyd’s alibi was false; (7) Boyd had motive to commit murder; (8) Boyd testified falsely when he stated at trial that the prosecutor had not promised him anything in- connection with his testimony when he was actually granted immunity; and (9) Boyd likely had a role in the murders, very possibly a primary one.
After the State chose not to retry the penalty phase, Hardy was resentenced to consecutive terms of life in prison without the possibility of parole. He was resen-tenced to twenty-five years to life on the conspiracy charge.
On September 6, 2011, Hardy timely filed a pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. A magistrate judge ordered responsive briefing but denied Hardy’s request for appointment of counsel. On May 7, 2013, the magistrate issued a report and recommendation denying all claims. On June 24, 2013, the district court accepted the report and entered judgment denying the petition. The district court issued a certificate of appealability as to “[wjhether the state supreme court reasonably concluded that Hardy was not prejudiced as a result of his counsel’s failure to uncover and expose the fact that a key government witness, Calvin Boyd, was probably the person who committed the murders.” This appeal was timely filed.
Standards of Review
A district court’s decision to grant or deny a habeas corpus petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 is reviewed de novo. Brown v. Ornoski,
AEDPA applies because the petition was filed after the passage of that law. Jeffries v. Wood,
Analysis
The question now is whether the California Supreme Court decision was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. The answer is yes; the California Supreme Court decision was contrary to established federal law. Alternatively, we also conclude that the California Supreme Court decision was an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.
I.
The “clearly established federal law” for an ineffective assistance of counsel claim under the Sixth Amendment derives from Strickland v. Washington,
The first prong of Strickland is not contested here. The California Supreme Court concluded that Demby rendered deficient performance by failing to investigate and present evidence- that Boyd was likely the actual killer.
Under § 2254(d)(1), “contrary to” means “substantially different from the relevant precedent” of the Supreme Court. Williams v. Taylor,
The California Supreme Court held that Hardy did not demonstrate the level of prejudice required under Strickland. The court concluded that even without Boyd’s testimony, and even if Demby had proven to the jury that Boyd was the actual murderer, substantial evidence remained to permit a jury to find Hardy guilty of murder under an aid-and-abet or conspirator theory.
Although the California Supreme Court recited the Strickland standard, it concluded that because there was “substantial evidence” against Hardy he suffered no prejudice from Demby’s deficient performance. This was not the correct standard, and consequently, the relevant question re
Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
This case differs substantially from Mann v. Ryan,
Hardy’s petition satisfies the “contrary to” clause of § 2254(d)(1) because the California Supreme Court employed a standard of review which was significantly harsher than the clearly established test from Strickland. Id. (“Had the state post-conviction court applied [a stricter standard] to analyze [Petitioner’s] ineffective
II.
Under de novo review, Hardy was clearly prejudiced in the guilt phase by Demby’s deficient performance. Had Dem-by properly investigated and presented evidence that Boyd — the state’s key witness — actually committed the murders, there is a substantial probability the jury would have come to a different conclusion. Hardy is entitled to habeas relief because the California Supreme Court applied a standard contrary to clearly established law and because his attorney’s deficient performance was prejudicial at the guilt phase.
At trial, the State’s theory of the case centered on the existence of an “elaborate scheme or plan or design by Mr. Morgan!,] coupled with Mr. Reilly as the middleman!, which] culminated in the hiring of Mr. Hardy or the agreement by Mr. Hardy to go with Mr. Reilly to do the killing.” That is, Morgan hired Reilly to kill his family, Reilly then recruited Hardy, and the two entered Morgan’s home where Hardy killed Morgan’s wife and son. The State argued that Boyd and his friend Marcus had originally been enlisted to burglarize the Morgan residence but had ultimately withdrawn from the scheme.
According to the California Supreme Court, Boyd provided “two critical pieces of evidence” at trial: (1) Boyd testified that Reilly told Boyd that Hardy was the killer, and (2) Boyd saw Hardy and Reilly together just a few hours after the murder at Rice’s apartment.
Most of the other evidence presented against Hardy at trial came from Mitchell. Sportsman also testified that Hardy and Reilly spent a lot of time drinking and doing drugs together during the weeks surrounding the murders.
We note that the California Supreme Court actually did address the prejudicial effect of Demby’s performance but only in relation to Hardy’s actual innocence claim' — not as to his ineffective assistance claim. The California Supreme Court found the weight and breadth of the evidence regarding Boyd’s likely participation in the murder “would have presented a more difficult decision for the jury and may well have created in the minds of the jurors a reasonable doubt as to [Hardy’s] guilt.” The evidence regarding Boyd’s likely participation — which included evidence Boyd made incriminating statements before and after the murder, had a false alibi, carried a knife similar to the murder weapon, and had previously committed assaults — is precisely the same evidence that Hardy argues Demby should have investigated and presented at trial. The fact that the California Supreme Court acknowledged, in relation to Hardy’s innocence claim, how such evidence would have created a reasonable doubt as to Hardy’s guilt is equally applicable to Hardy’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Nonetheless, the California Supreme Court held Hardy was not entitled to relief on the ineffective assistance of counsel claim because substantial evidence sup
First, as noted, the State’s entire theory of the case hinged on Hardy being the actual killer. Under no reasonable reading of the record could it be concluded the jury actually found Hardy guilty under an aid- or-abet theory. When the prosecutor addressed the aid-and-abet theory in his closing argument, he described only Morgan’s and Reilly’s involvement — not Hardy’s. Although the jury instruction regarding the murder charge included an aid-and-abet instruction and the jury found Hardy guilty of the murder charge, an aid-and-abet theory is wholly distinct
Further, the California Supreme Court found that “[ejvidence of Boyd’s incriminating' admissions, coupled with other evidence, could have convinced a reasonable jury to entertain some doubt as to the extent of [Hardy’s] participation in the murders.” The California Supreme Court also stated that had Boyd’s participation been revealed at trial it would have “throw[n] some doubt on the scope of [Hardy’s] role — said by the .prosecutor at trial to be a primary one — in the crimes.” These statements indicate the state court believed a jury would have seriously questioned what role, if any, Hardy had in the murders, including under an aid-and-abet theory, had Demby not performed defi-ciently as Hardy’s attorney.
Second, although Hardy was found guilty by the jury of conspiracy to commit murder for insurance proceeds, his conviction rested on being the actual killer. The California Supreme Court found the jury relied — at least in part — on a conspiracy theory in convicting Hardy and that sufficient evidence supported the theory. This theory fails for the same reasons the aid- and-abet theory fails. The prosecution argued Hardy was a member of the conspiracy because he agreed to, and actually
Additionally, there was at least some evidence adopted by the California Supreme Court that, even if Hardy was involved in the conspiracy at one point, he may have withdrawn from the conspiracy before the commission of the crimes. Hardy may have backed put before the crime was committed because, according to Boyd, Hardy was too “chicken shit to go along.” Whether this withdrawal would have occurred before any overt acts were taken — and therefore been effective — is unclear but it is additional evidence adopted by the state court that would cause a jury to view the conspiracy charge differently. Again, whether the jury could have or even likely would have convicted Hardy under this theory of conspiracy is irrelevant; what matters is the substantial likelihood the jury may not have convicted Hardy had Demby investigated and presented evidence about Boyd’s participation in the crime.
Third, even if the aid-or-abet and conspiracy theories of guilt could supplant what the jury found at trial — that Hardy was the actual killer — it is reasonably likely the jury would have had a reasonable doubt under those theories based on the evidence that should have been presented at trial. The California Supreme Court’s contrary conclusion was incorrect and is unsupported by the record. According to the state court, the substantial evidence that remained to convict Hardy under derivative theories consists almost entirely of Mitchell’s testimony and a few circumstantial statements made by Sportsman.
In support of its finding, the California Supreme Court cites Sportsman’s testimony linking Reilly to the murders. Sportsman testified that the day after the murders she saw Reilly and Hardy laughing and drinking. Sportsman also testified that Reilly encouraged her to speak to Hardy and Mitchell to coordinate alibis. According to Sportsman, Hardy and Reilly started drinking and doing drugs together ten days before the murders.
Beyond Sportsman’s testimony, the California Supreme Court relied solely on Mitchell to provide the “substantial evidence” that Hardy is guilty under a derivative theory. Mitchell testified that Hardy discussed his alibi frequently and that Hardy knew several details about the crimes. Most incriminatingly — according to the California Supreme Court — was that Hardy possessed $1,000 in $100 bills after the murders and that he instructed Mitchell to dispose of his shoes and an Ml carbine. The state court, however, recognized the weakness of Mitchell’s testimony — discounting most of it point-by-point. The court noted Mitchell “did not know, where the money came 'from, could not remember who informed her of the money’s origin, and could not remember the first time she saw the money.” The California Supreme Court added “[t]he persuasive power of [Mitchell’s] testimony was further undermined by the fact she was subject to impeachment due to her drug and alcohol use and that she admitted lying for [Hardy] at his preliminary hearing.”
The California Supreme Court found-that Sportsman’s and Mitchell’s testimony could support a finding that Hardy was
The California Supreme Court described Boyd’s crucial role in Hardy’s trial calling it “extremely damaging to [Hardy’s] case” and stating that he provided evidence “on which the prosecution relied to convict [Hardy].” Removing Boyd’s extremely damaging testimony and its corroborating effect on Mitchell’s testimony would have significantly changed the case as presented to the jury. Despite some evidence remaining that Hardy may have somehow been involved in the murders under a derivative theory, had Demby not performed defi-ciently, there is a substantial likelihood the jury would have had a reasonable doubt concerning Hardy’s guilt.
Last, Strickland’s prejudice prong requires analyzing the evidence that would have been presented had counsel not performed deficiently. Bonin v. Calderon,
a court hearing an ineffectiveness claim must consider the totality of the evidence before the ... jury. Some of the factual findings will have been unaffected by the errors, and factual findings that were affected will have been affected in different ways. Some errors will have had a pervasive effect on the inferences to be drawn from the evidence, altering the entire evidentiary picture, and some will have had an isolated, trivial effect. Moreover, a verdict or conclusion only weakly supported by the record is more likely to have been affected by the errors than one with overwhelming record support. Taking the unaffected findings as a given, and taking due account of the effect of the errors on the remaining findings, a court making the prejudice inquiry must ask if the defendant has met the burden of showing that the decision reached would reasonably likely have been different absent the errors.
Here, this means the State would have called Boyd to the stand to testify that Hardy was the actual killer. Then Demby would have cross-examined Boyd, revealing compelling evidence that Boyd, not Hardy, was the actual killer. Though we might assume the State would attempt to rehabilitate Boyd as a witness, we cannot simply presume it would have been sue-
This is not- a case where counsel’s deficient performance had no bearing on the outcome due to otherwise strong or overwhelming evidence of guilt. See, e.g., United States v. O’Neal,
III.
Even though the California Supreme Court recited the proper Strickland prejudice standard, it failed to apply the proper standard, and thus the decision is not protected from review for 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) purposes. See Sears,
Prior to the passage of AEDPA, federal courts reviewed state court convictions for habeas consideration using a standard akin to de novo review. See Brown v. Allen,
Three distinct terminologies have emerged to describe the “unreasonable application” portion of § 2254(d). The Supreme Court has described this standard as objective unreasonableness, double deference, and the fairminded jurist test. Although this may appear as simply a “mat
In Williams, the Supreme Court explained that “unreasonable” is a common term in the legal world and is to be measured objectively in the AEDPA context. Williams,
Later, in explaining how § 2254(d) interacts with the Strickland test, the Supreme Court introduced the concept of “double deference.” Double deference refers to the layering of the reasonableness test from § 2254(d) on top of another reasonableness test, such as the deficiency prong of Strickland’s two part standard. Because only the prejudice prong is at issue here, double deference does not apply.
More recently, the Supreme Court expressed the AEDPA standard slightly differently. In Harrington v. Richter, the Court phrased the application of Strickland under § 2254(d)(1) as “whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree” that theories or arguments the state court could have relied on were inconsistent with a prior Supreme Court decision.
In Williams, the Supreme Court explained that the “reasonable jurist” standard is an objective standard and is not the proper standard for determining what amounts to an “unreasonable application” under § 2254(d)(1).
Applying an objective fairminded jurist standard does not mean that because any state judge found otherwise, the federal court is obliged to turn away a petitioner. Cf. Wright v. West,
Under any reading of § 2254(d), we conclude that Hardy ⅛ entitled to relief. We must determine whether the California Supreme Court applied the prejudice prong of Strickland .in an unreasonable manner. It did.
The relevant inquiry under Strickland’s prejudice prong is “whether it is reasonably likely the result would have been different” had counsel not performed deficiently. Cannedy v. Adams,
Hardy is entitled to relief based on the severity of Demb/s deficiency, the vital role Boyd’s testimony played in securing Hardy’s convictions, the lapses of the prosecution, and the utter dearth of other evidence inculpating Hardy.
Conclusion
Hardy was deprived of effective assistance of counsel at his trial and has demonstrated Strickland prejudice therefrom. Hardy’s attorney failed him, and the State of California failed Hardy by putting a man on the stand that it should have known committed the crime. We are not in a position to determine if, or to what extent, Hardy may have been involved in these heinous murders. But we can, and do, find that when the California Supreme Court failed to find ineffective assistance
REVERSED and REMANDED.
Notes
. Morgan was also convicted of capital murder charges, but his case was severed from the other two co-defendants for the penalty phase because of his failing health. In re Hardy,
. Perhaps this case would not even be here had Justice Werdegar inserted “on the other hand, there is no reasonable probability the jury would have acquitted on the prosecution theories of conspiracy and aiding and abetting because ample evidence remains that petitioner was guilty of the murders on the alternative theories.” But can the second part of that paragraph be read any other way?
. Tellingly, the majority opinion does not mention Justice Werdegar’s use of the phrase “ample evidence” three times to describe the strong evidence that Hardy was guilty because of the derivative theories of liability.
. As noted above, the California Supreme Court opinion described this derivative liability evidence as “ample” when it expressly weighed the evidence by the reasonable-probability standard. See In re Hardy,
. Note the use of the precise term used in Strickland — "undermine confidence”- — to measure what constitutes prejudice under Strickland. See Strickland,
. During the event, the perpetrators took an M-l rifle from the Morgan home and cut a chain lock with bolt cutters to make it look as if a forcible entry and burglary had occurred. Actually, Reilly gained entry to the Morgan home with a key from Mr. Morgan.
. The opinion makes this point clear when it explains that the court would be required to vacate the murder convictions if the court were considering only the actual stabber theory. In re Hardy,
. See, e.g., John H. Blume, AEDPA: The "Hype” and the "Bite,” 9 Cornell L. Rev. 259
. The factual and procedural summary is taken from the district court's order. The district court relied on the Supreme Court of California. In re James Edward Hardy,
. Specifically, the superior court judge found Boyd had admitted his guilt telling a friend "yes, man, I went in to do the lady in and Marcus and I were stumbling through the house, and I went through one room, I tripped upon the kid and grabbed a pillow and put it over his face and stabbed him.” The California Supreme Court explicitly adopted this finding.
. The State, with its more abundant resources, should also have discovered Boyd's role in the crime. Instead, the State concealed the existence of an immunity agreement with Boyd granted Boyd immunity and used him as its key witness against Hardy. The prosecutor's conduct in this case raises substantial concerns regarding the reliability of Hardy’s conviction even apart from the Demby's inadequate representation.
. Substantial evidence is also the standard California courts use in reviewing factual and credibility determinations made by a referee during a reference hearing. In re Cox,
. We do not suggest that a prosecutor can never present factually inconsistent theories. Rather, we emphasize that here the prosecutor presented just one theory to the jury: Hardy was the actual killer.
. In Taylor v. Beard, this court rejected a petitioner’s argument that because the jury found him guilty of being the actual shooter, it could not find him guilty of aiding and abetting.
. In his opening statement, the prosecutor stated that "there is no doubt in anyone's mind or ought to be that Mr. Hardy had the knife in his hand and plunged that knife into the bodies of those two people in excess of 65 times.”
. The Strickland test is clear, and it is not a sufficiency of the evidence standard nor is it a substantial evidence standard. The dissent incorrectly suggests otherwise and fails to address or analyze how the deficient performance by attorney Demby fundamentally prejudiced Hardy on all theories of criminal liability.
. Double deference applies when a federal court is reviewing a state court’s application of a general rule. Knowles v. Mirzayance,
. The dissent clings to a sdbjective interpretation of the Supreme Court’s “fairminded jurist” language, insisting § 2254(d) cannot be met because the California Supreme Court and the federal district court came to a different conclusion. Under this interpretation, there would be no reason for a federal appellate court to ever hear § 2254(d) appeals.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
This is a standard habeas case governed by AEDPA that requires us to evaluate the reasonableness of the state court’s determination that an error — here, an error made by defense counsel — was not prejudicial. In a unanimous 57-page opinion, the California Supreme Court found that under Strickland v. Washington,
The only issue certified by the district court for appeal is the California Supreme Court’s determination that Hardy has failed to show that his conviction as a conspirator and abettor was undermined by his trial attorney’s failure to uncover evidence that another person butchered the victims. Under AEDPA, we may not grant relief unless Hardy shows that the California Supreme Court’s decision applied Strickland in an “objectively unreasonable” manner. Davis v. Ayala, — U.S. —,
As recently reaffirmed in our en banc opinion, where “it is possible to read the state court’s decision in a way that comports with clearly established federal law ... we must do so.” Mann v. Ryan,
under AEDPA, “a federal court may not award habeas relief under § 2254 unless the harmlessness determination itself was unreasonable.” And a state-court decision is not unreasonable if “ ‘fair-minded jurists could disagree’ on [its] correctness.” [A petitioner] therefore must show that the state court’s decision to reject his claim “was so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fair-minded disagreement.”
Rather than follow the Supreme Court’s directions, the majority manufactures a legal standard that the state supreme court never utilized and refuses to recognize the reasonableness of the alternative bases of guilt identified by that court. Because the majority’s rationale and conclusion are contrary to AEDPA and to the Supreme Court’s opinions interpreting the AEDPA standard of review, I dissent.
I. Background
Thirty-seven years ago, at the behest of Clifford Morgan, Mark Anthony Reilly and Hardy plotted to murder Morgan’s wife, Nancy, and their eight-year-old son, Mitchell. In exchange for their hard work, Morgan promised to reward the two hand
Morgan, Reilly and Hardy were arrested for the killings and charged with first degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder to collect life insurance proceeds. Cal. Penal Code §§ 182, 187. The amended information listed 24 overt acts committed by the men in furtherance of the conspiracy. The acts involving Hardy include: taking an M-l rifle from the Morgan home on May 20 or 21 to make the murders appear to have been committed in the course of a robbery/burglary; participating in the arrangements the trio made to ensure that Morgan would be out of town when the murders took place; receiving instruction from Reilly as to how to commit the murders; meeting Reilly on May 20 to formulate their alibi with Colette Mitchell; and accompanying Reilly to burglarize the Morgan home, which Reilly accomplished by using a key supplied by Morgan to gain entry, and bolt cutters to disguise the purpose of the killings. Because the conspiracy continued after the murders took place, the information also listed several acts committed by Hardy while in pre-trial custody: he assisted Reilly in fabricating an alibi and/or a confession or testimony to enable Morgan to collect insurance proceeds, and a defense that would pin the murders on someone else; he communicated with Reilly over 60 times and joined him in conveying to other co-conspirators testimony given at the preliminary hearing, and in “formulating]” their hearing testimony; and he arranged to have his brother dispose of the M-l rifle taken from the Morgan home.
Hardy, Reilly and Morgan were tried together in Los Angeles County Superior Court. At trial, Debbie Sportsman, Reilly’s girlfriend, and Colette Mitchell, Hardy’s girlfriend, provided key testimony linking Hardy to the murders. Sportsman testified that Hardy kept company with Reilly in the days before and after the murders. She also recounted that Hardy was present in Reilly’s apartment during Reilly’s telephone conversation with Morgan several hours before the killings. Colette testified that she was with Hardy the night before the murders and that, although she was not sure whether Hardy left the apartment between 2 a.m. and 11 a.m. the following day, he told her on two occasions that he had been to the victims’ home on the night of the murders. Hardy frequently discussed his alibi with her in the days following the murders and told her that bolt cutters had been used to enter the victims’ house. He also told her that Reilly was in charge, that insurance proceeds were the reason for the killing, and that Morgan was not worried about the delay caused by the trial because his insurance proceeds were earning 12 ⅜ percent interest. Colette further recalled that Hardy received $1,000 in $100 bills after the murders. Finally, Colette testified that as a pre-trial detainee, Hardy instructed her to destroy a pair of shoes that he feared would match a footprint discovered at the crime scene, and to help him dispose of an M-l carbine rifle allegedly stolen from Morgan’s home.
At the State’s urging, the trial court permitted the jury to consider whether Hardy conspired to commit murder, or aided and abetted the killings. Regarding conspiratorial liability, the court explained that a conspirator includes a person “who, whether present or not at the commission
The jury heard similar instructions and argument regarding aiding and abetting liability. The court defined an aider and abettor as someone who “aids, promotes, encourages or instigates by act or advice the commission” of a crime and explained that such person is “liable for the natural and reasonable or probable consequences of any act that he knowingly aided or encouraged.” Id. at 1029,
The jury convicted Hardy, Morgan and Reilly of two counts of first degree murder, one for Nancy and one for Mitchell. Moreover, convinced that the three participated in a scheme to murder the victims and thus were jointly culpable for the deaths regardless of who performed the actual killings, the jury separately convicted each defendant of one count of conspiracy to commit murder to collect life insurance proceeds. Hardy and Reilly were sentenced to death.
II. State and Federal Habeas Proceedings
A. State Habeas Decision
In 2007, the California Supreme Court affirmed Hardy’s conviction in state habe-as proceedings. Hardy claimed, among other things, that defense counsel unreasonably and prejudicially failed to investigate and present significant evidence indicating that he was innocent of murder and that Calvin Boyd was probably the person who killed Nancy and Mitchell Morgan. An evi-dentiary hearing revealed incriminating evidence against Boyd. The court found that this evidence, while failing to demon
The court upheld the guilty verdict, however, because counsel’s failure to discover and present the Boyd evidence did not undermine confidence in the jury’s determination that Hardy was guilty of murder as a co-conspirator. Hardy,
Guided by these principles, the California Supreme Court considered whether post-conviction evidence that Boyd stabbed the victims undermined confidence in the guilty verdict. The court did so by “weighing [the] evidence and considering what petitioner’s trial would have looked like had he been represented by competent counsel.” Id.,
B. Federal Habeas Decision
Hardy challenged the California Supreme Court’s 2007 decision in habeas proceedings in federal court. The district court denied his petition but certified one issue for appellate review: whether the California Supreme Court reasonably concluded that Hardy was not prejudiced as a result of counsel’s failure to uncover and expose the fact that Boyd was the likely killer..This is the narrow question we must answer on appeal.
III. Standard of Review
We review the district court’s decision de novo, but apply AEDPA’s “highly deferential standards” to the underlying state court decision. Ayala,
IY. Deference to the California Supreme Court Is Required
A. The California Supreme Court’s Correct Application of Strickland’s “Reasonable Probability” Standard
Under AEDPA’s “contrary to” clause, we examine whether “the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Mann,
Here, the state court began its prejudice analysis by reciting the Strickland standard verbatim, setting forth the “reasonable probability” test. It then proceeded to conduct three critical inquiries derived from the Supreme Court’s decision' in Rompilla v. Beard,
Based on Rompilla, the California Supreme Court assessed Hardy’s prejudice claim by asking: “What evidence was available that counsel failed reasonably to discover? How strong was that evidence? How strong was the evidence of guilt produced at trial?” Hardy,
The majority cannot bring itself to defer to the California Supreme Court’s conclu
In Mann, we applied this principle to a state court decision where “the court did not clearly state the [prejudice] standard it applied.” Mann,
Much like the petitioner in Mann, the majority argues that the state court employed a prejudice test that was “significantly harsher than the clearly established test from Strickland,” “creating] a much higher bar for Hardy than the law require[s].” Maj. Op. 818-19, 819-20. The majority opines that the state decision applied a “substantial evidence” test — relevant to a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge — that impermissibly burdened Hardy with “demonstrating] that had counsel performed adequately there would not have been sufficient evidence for a jury to convict” him. Maj. Op. 819.
The California Supreme Court made no such blunder. The court used the term “substantial evidence” interchangeably with “ample evidence” or “overwhelming evidence” to underscore the strong evidence of Hardy’s guilt as a conspirator and an abettor.
“If [the Strickland ] standard is difficult to meet, that is because it was meant to be.” Richter,
The majority’s misinterpretation of the California Supreme Court’s opinion reflects its failure to appreciate the issues raised in this appeal. The majority’s opinion “ignore[s] ‘the only question that matters’ ” in this case: “whether the state court’s application of the Strickland standard was unreasonable.” Richter,
B. Reasonableness of the California Supreme Court’s Prejudice Determination
In determining the reasonableness of a state court decision, the Supreme Court requires that we not only consider the reasons offered by the state court, but also “what arguments or theories supported or
The California Supreme Court’s decision reflects its masterful grasp of the State’s multi-faceted case and why, in light of these nuances, Strickland precludes relief. In assessing the integrity of the jury verdict, the court examined the State’s approach to the defendants’ prosecution from arraignment to verdict. At the outset, it observed that the amended information charged Hardy with conspiracy and alleged a series of overt acts committed by Hardy in furtherance of the conspiracy. It then pointed to all the evidence — including the testimony of Debbie Sportsman and Colette Mitchell — that bore out these allegations. The damning evidence is worth repeating: Hardy and Reilly began associating with each other in the days leading up to the murders; Hardy was with Reilly in Reilly’s apartment when Morgan gave final approval to proceed with the murders; Hardy rehearsed his alibi with Colette frequently in the days following the murders; Hardy knew critical details about the crimes, including that life insurance proceeds were the reason underlying and payment for the murders; Reilly played a leadership role in the planning efforts; Hardy received $1,000 cash after the murders; and Hardy instructed Colette regarding the disposal of potentially incriminating evidence. Hardy,
The majority nonetheless chastises the California Supreme Court for accepting the way in which the State prosecuted its case. It myopically insists that the prosecution’s entire case rose and fell on the theory that Hardy was the actual killer, but this is refuted by the record and the jury’s verdict. Even if there were less evi-dentiary support for the California Supreme Court’s decision, the majority would still be bound by the Supreme Court’s clear instruction to consider “what arguments or theories supported or ... could have supported, the state court’s decision.” Richter,
The majority’s contrary assessment of the evidence and legal arguments in this case turns on two errors of law. First, the majority asserts that “an aid-and-abet theory is wholly distinct from an actual killer theory and the jury could not simultaneously have found both true.” Maj. Op. 821. But as we have recognized, the law permits the State to present factually inconsistent theories of guilt, within constitutional limits of course. See Taylor v. Beard,
Second, contrary to principles of conspiratorial liability, the majority contends that the acts Hardy committed in furtherance of the conspiracy are too “minor” to render him culpable for murder. Maj. Op. 821-22. A conspiracy requires the commission of an overt act but does not distinguish between major and minor acts.
The majority’s fixation on the fact that part of the State’s case hinged on an actual killer theory undoubtedly clouds its judgment on habeas review. It deliberately ignores the other theories of culpability advanced by the prosecution and points only to the evidentiary shortcomings undermining the prosecution’s assertion that Hardy did the actual stabbing. But the California Supreme Court did not hide the ball with respect to these weaknesses. It recognized that no one reported seeing Hardy leave Reilly’s apartment the night of the murders; no witnesses placed Hardy at the crime scene; no blood, fingerprint, footprint, hair or other forensic evidence linked him to the crimes; and no murder weapon was recovered. Such evidence could have shored up the prosecution’s actual killer theory. But the shortcomings of the State’s principal liability theory did not necessarily undercut its alternative case for conspiracy. So long as the State proved that Hardy intentionally participated in the murder plot, its case against all three defendants remained strong.
The majority’s dismissive attitude towards the state court’s careful treatment of the jury verdict is contrary to the Supreme Court’s repeated instruction “not ... to substitute its own opinion for the [state court’s] determination.” Ayala,
V. Conclusion
The California Supreme Court’s meticulous opinion comports with Strickland. The court recited Strickland’s “reasonable probability” standard and faithfully applied it, inquiring whether counsel’s inadequate performance would have undermined confidence in the guilty verdict. The court concluded that the representation undermined the theory that Hardy actually stabbed the victims, thus prejudicing the death penalty verdict and justifying its vacatur. The court found no additional prejudice to the conviction, however, because critical post-conviction evidence did not blot out the substantial trial evidence establishing that Hardy conspired to commit, and aided and abetted, the murders. This was not an objectively unreasonable conclusion given the overwhelming evidence connecting Hardy to the conspiracy. And even if the conclusion were erroneous, under AEDPA, we are not authorized to re-weigh the evidence to correct it.
This is not the first time that we have gotten the “unreasonableness question” wrong. In Richter, the Supreme Court reprimanded us for
treat[ing] the unreasonableness question as a test of its confidence in the result it would reach under de novo review: Because the Court of Appeals had little doubt that Richter’s Strickland claim had merit, the Court of Appeals concluded the state court must have been unreasonable in rejecting it. This analysis overlooks arguments that would otherwise justify the state court’s result and ignores further limitations of § 2254(d), including its requirement that the state court’s decision be evaluated according to the precedents of this Court. It bears repeating that even a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unreasonable.
Somehow the Supreme Court’s instructions, as plain as they are, seem to have fallen on deaf ears. My hearing is not so dull. Because the majority has turned a blind eye to AEDPA and the Court’s interpretation of it, I dissent.
. The jury did not get the opportunity to consider Morgan's sentence. The trial court severed his penalty phase trial from the other defendants when it was discovered that his health was failing due to cancer. Hardy,
. In 2010, Hardy was re-sentenced to two consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole plus a consecutive prison term of 25 years to life.
. The standard quoted in Avena is excerpted from Strickland. Avena,
. Although the California Supreme Court cites to its decision in Thomas, Thomas expressly relies on Rompilla’s prejudice approach. Thomas,
. See Hardy,
. The missing evidence did, however, carry weight with respect to the sentence, as it tended to show Hardy might not have played the lead role in the murder conspiracy. Accordingly, the state court remanded for re-sentencing.
. This presumption is especially compelling here, where the state court knew when to examine the record for substantial evidence— i.e., when reviewing the factual and credibility determinations of the reference hearing referee. Hardy,
. As recited by the California Supreme Court:
A conspiracy is an agreement entered into between two or more persons with the specific intent to agree to commit a public offense and with the further specific intent to commit such offense, followed by an overt act committed in this state by one or more of the parties for the purpose of accomplishing the object of the agreement. In order to find a defendant guilty of conspiracy, in addition to proof of the unlawful agreement and specific intent, there must be proof of the commission of at least one of the overt acts alleged in the information. It is not necessary to the guilt of any particular defendant that he himself committed the overt act, if he was one of the conspirators when such an act was committed.
Hardy,
. The majority asserts that the observations the state supreme court made in rejecting Hardy's claim of innocence are "equally applicable” to his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Maj. Op. 820-21. The rationale is flawed, however, because actual innocence claims and ineffective assistance of counsel claims are governed by separate and distinct legal standards. Compare Hardy,
Dissenting Opinion
Dissent by
ORDER
The opinion filed on August 11, 2016 is amended as follows:
Slip Opinion page 4: change “the apartment of Clifford” to “the home of Clifford”
Slip Opinion page 5: change “lived in an apartment complex on Vose Street” to “lived in a home on Saticoy Street”
Slip Opinion page 5: change “Reilly also lived in the Vose Street apartments.” to “Reilly lived in an apartment complex on Vose Street in Van Nuys.”
Slip Opinion page 5: change “Morgan’s apartment” to “Morgan’s home”
Slip Opinion page 8: change “entered the apartment” to “entered the home”
Slip Opinion page 9: change “Morgan’s apartment” to “Morgan’s home”
Slip Opinion page 17: change “Morgan’s apartment” to “Morgan’s home”
Judges Pregerson and Bastían have voted to deny the petition for panel rehearing and have recommended denying the petition for rehearing en banc. Judge Callahan has voted to grant the petition for panel rehearing and petition for rehearing en banc.
The full court was advised of the petition for rehearing en banc. A judge requested a vote on whether to rehear the matter en banc. The matter failed to receive a majority of votes of the nonrecused active judges in favor of en banc consideration. Fed. R. App. P. 35.
The petition for panel rehearing and the petition for rehearing en banc are DENIED. No future petitions for rehearing will be entertained.'