Hardison v. State
597 S.W.2d 355
Tex. Crim. App.
1980
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Theophilus H. HARDISON, Jr., Appellant. v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 57554.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, Panel No. 3.

Feb. 6, 1980.

On Denial of Rehearing May 7, 1980.

355 S.W.2d 355

peal or give security therefor, he shall be entitled to prosecute an appeal” by filing an affidavit of inability to pay costs. [Emphasis added.] The test for determining entitlement to proceed in forma pauperis is whether the record shows the appellant would be unable to pay “if he really wanted to and made a good-faith effort to do so.”

. Allred had no money or property, and was incapable of working for pay. The state provided him with all of the necessities of life. See
. The record shows that Allred himself could not pay the costs of appeal or give security at the time of the hearing.

We first determine whether Allred‘s testimony that he might be paroled and that if paroled he might obtain a job constituted evidence of his ability to pay. In

, this court discussed the approach to be used in considering the possibility that appellant would soon receive money which could be used to pay costs:

[R]elators are wrong in their contention that in deciding the question the trial judge could not take into account the fact that Mrs. King probably would soon receive a substantial sum in cash. If the anticipated payment was sufficiently certain to serve as security for a loan of an amount necessary to comply with Rule 354, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, it was the duty of the judge to give consideration to that fact. . . . The trial judge may require a litigant who is without funds but who has ready and adequate credit to use that credit to give security for costs. [Emphasis added.]

The possibility that Allred might be paroled and the possibility that if paroled he might obtain a paying job were nothing more than mere speculation.3 Such speculation could not suffice as a realistic basis for the extension of credit. Common sense tells us that one in Allred‘s circumstances had no means of obtaining an arm‘s length bona fide loan, secured or unsecured. Respondent in effect has so conceded. Allred hence was not required to attempt to procure such a loan. See

.

The remaining question is whether the testimony by Allred‘s sister and brother-in-law that they might be able to lend him from $300 to $1,600 to be repaid after his release from prison established his ability to pay. These relatives were not legally responsible for Allred‘s support. The inference from the record is that, though each is employed, they are people of limited means, and there is certainly no suggestion to the contrary. Although they testified that any money they provided Allred would be a loan rather than charity, he had no sufficiently certain means of repayment to render the transaction a bona fide loan. Rule 355 requires that appellant show that he is unable to pay the costs of appeal. Relator was not required to show that his sister and brother-in-law were unable or unwilling to extend charity to him.

.

We direct Judge Lowry to enter an order overruling the contest to relator‘s affidavit of inability to pay costs, and authorizing relator to appeal on his affidavit of inability to pay costs. The mandamus will be issued only if necessary.

William R. Magnussen, Fort Worth, for appellant.

Tim Curry, Dist. Atty., George B. Mackey, Greg Pipes and Marvin Collins, Asst. Dist. Attys., Fort Worth, Robert Huttash, State‘s Atty., Austin, for the State.

Before DALLY, W. C. DAVIS and CLINTON, JJ.

OPINION

W. C. DAVIS, Judge.

This is an appeal from a conviction for possession of heroin. The trial court assessed punishment at ten years confinement.

The appellant complains on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the introduction of heroin into evidence, as it was obtained as a result of an illegal arrest. In his second ground of error, the appellant contends that the arrest and search violated Article 14.04, Vernon‘s Ann.C.C.P. We agree.

The record reflects that on December 17, 1976, an unidentified informant told Officer James Little that the appellant was dealing in heroin on the corner of the eleven hundred block of Evans, in front of a barber shop. The informant said that the heroin, in the form of capsules, would be found in the appellant‘s hatband. The police officer was told that the appellant would be wearing a light green suit with a green vest and a brown hat. The officer testified that he had known this informant for three years and that he had received reliable information from him on at least twelve occasions.

Officer Little testified at the hearing on the motion to suppress evidence that he and his partner arrived at the location given to them by the informant approximately 15 minutes after receiving the information. The officers observed the appellant for five to ten minutes, as he talked to people in front of the barber shop. The officers stated that the appellant did not commit any offense in their presence. The police officers approached the appellant, took his hat, and upon finding five capsules of what appeared to be heroin in his hatband, they placed the appellant under arrest.

Officer Little testified that he had searched the appellant on several occasions and that he frequently searched people at that location. The officer testified that he knew that a magistrate was available at the time of the arrest and that he knew the means to obtain a warrant were easily available to him, yet he made no effort to obtain a warrant. There was no testimony to the effect that the officers feared that the appellant would escape, or that they felt there was not enough time to procure a warrant.

A police officer should always obtain an arrest warrant when possible.

. There are, however, limited circumstances where an arrest without a warrant is authorized in Texas. See Chapter 14, Vernon‘s Ann.C.C.P. Article 14.04, Vernon‘s Ann.C.C.P., states:

“Where it is shown by satisfactory proof to a peace officer, upon the representation of a credible person, that a felony has been committed, and that the offender is about to escape, so that there is no time to procure a warrant, such peace officer may, without a warrant, pursue and arrest the accused.”

A showing that the offender is about to escape is indispensable under Article 14.04, supra.

. See
.

In

, the defendant was arrested without a warrant when she was found in her home, in bed. In that case, we held:

“In accordance with the strict construction given exceptions allowing warrantless arrests, this court has always required a clear showing that the person arrested was about to escape. We cannot conclude the evidence shows the appellant was about to escape or that it was not possible to secure a felony arrest warrant under the circumstances presented.”

In

, this Court upheld a warrantless arrest under Article 14.04, supra, where the arresting officer testified at a hearing on a motion to suppress, that he had been informed that the defendant was about to leave his hotel room, and that he knew it would take 45 minutes to an hour to procure an arrest warrant.

In

, this Court again upheld an arrest based on Article 14.04, supra. In
, a reliable informant told the police officer that he had seen the defendant with marihuana in his possession and that the defendant was preparing to leave town. The defendant was driving away as the officers arrived. In
, we held that there was sufficient evidence to show that the officers did not have time to obtain a warrant and that the arrest and search were authorized. However, in the instant case, there was no testimony concerning the time it would take to obtain a warrant. The officer testified that he knew that he could obtain a warrant, yet he gave no indication as to why he did not do so. We recognize that circumstances could exist which would require police officers to act immediately where the accused is on a public street as opposed to being in a private residence. As the State points out in its brief, “It could have been only a matter of moments before appellant was able to dispose of either the hat or the contents of the hatband.” In view of the record, however, we cannot conclude that the requirements of Article 14.04, supra, have been met. The warrantless arrest of the appellant was therefore unauthorized. The appellant‘s contention concerning the reliability of the informant need not be considered in view of our disposition on this ground of error.

The judgment is reversed and remanded.

DALLY, J., dissents.

Before the Court en banc.

DISSENTING OPINION ON DENIAL OF STATE‘S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING WITHOUT OPINION

DOUGLAS, Judge.

The panel opinion jumps to the question of whether an arrest without warrant was proper under Article 14.04, V.A.C.C.P., without addressing the underlying question of whether an arrest was made prior to the discovery of the heroin by the officers.

Article 15.22, V.A.C.C.P., provides that:

“A person is arrested when he has been actually placed under restraint or taken into custody by an officer or person executing a warrant of arrest, or by an officer or person arresting without a warrant.” (Emphasis supplied)

Officers Little and Ladd testified that they approached Hardison, Ladd “asked to let him see the hat,” and Hardison complied. Leaving aside the question of whether Ladd‘s subsequent inspection of the hatband was by a consensual waiver of Fourth Amendment rights under the rule of

, it would seem to require a stretch of the imagination to characterize asking for and briefly inspecting a hat as the kind of “actual restraint or custody” envisioned in Article 15.22, supra.

Once the heroin was seen by Officer Ladd, the arrest was authorized by Article 14.01, V.A.C.C.P.

If we characterize the minimal intrusion upon this appellant as an arrest requiring a warrant, how can we justify the use of a pat-down search for weapons as authorized by

, in light of Article 14.04? Surely the Court does not mean to be understood as saying that the ripening of probable cause to search removes the right of the officer to make an otherwise proper investigative stop?

Finally, even granting, arguendo, that Article 14.04 may have some application here, the Court should be instructed by its decision in

.

Trammell and a companion were stopped as they walked down a street by a policeman who noticed that they had mud and dried leaves on their clothes, and who knew that the suspects in an armed robbery the previous day had been seen entering a wooded area. The officer requested identification, and, upon discovering Trammell‘s identity, and knowing that he was being sought, arrested him without a warrant.

Nothing in the opinion in

indicates that there was any immediate danger of Trammell‘s escaping, but the Court found that the officer “was clearly authorized to arrest without a warrant appellant and his companion under the terms of Article 14.04, V.A.C.C.P., based upon probable cause alone.”
.

Perhaps the Court justifiably inferred that

, who had earlier fled the scene of an armed robbery, might, before a warrant could be procured, flee again. But the Court would be no less justified in inferring that Hardison, who been selling heroin capsules from a supply in his hat band, might run out of stock before a warrant could be procured and executed.

The State‘s motion for rehearing should be granted. The judgment should be affirmed.

William Prince DAVIS, Appellant,

v.

The STATE of Texas, Appellee.

No. 62777.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.

Feb. 20, 1980.

Rehearing Denied April 9, 1980.

Notes

3
Relator has informed us, and respondent does not dispute, that Allred in fact was not paroled.