22 W. Va. 356 | W. Va. | 1883
The. appellants insist that the order of January 21, 1882, continuing 'their motion to dissolve the injunction was erroneous. This was error. The answers filed by the defendants on that' day fully, plainly, distinctly and positively denied the allegations of the bill, and there was no proof offered, other than the affidavit to the bill, to support the material allegations on which the injunction was founded. Under such circumstances it has been repeatedly held by this Court that the motion 'to dissolve should not have been continued unless from some very great necessity; because the court is always open to grant and, of-course, to re-instate an injunction whenever it shall appear proper to do so; also because the plaintiff should always be ready to prove his bill— Pithole P. Co. v. Rittenhouse, 12 W. Va. 313; Horn v. Perry, 11 Id. 694; Hayzlett v. McMillan, Id. 464.
The motion to dissolve in this case was made after notice
It.is next insisted that the vacation order of March 1, 1882, overruling-the defendants’motion' to dissolve the injunction and sustaining the plaintiffs’ motion and appointing a receiver, was also erroneous. When this order was entered'all the proofs, now appearing in-the cause in support of the bill and answers, had been then taken and filed and the cause was-heard upon said proofs and 'the answers-of the defendants consequently, the propriety of said order can not be sustained, unless the subsequent decree of May 3, 1882, setting aside ♦the trust-deed was justified by the pleadings and proofs in the cause. If it was error to enter said decree a fortiori, it was error to make said order. This brings us to the main question in the cause: Hid' the court err in said decree of May 3, 1882 ? The solution of this enquiry depends upon the further enquiry : Was the said trust-deed of June 16, 1881, made with'intent to 'delay, hinder and defraud the creditors of C. E. 'Wagner, and, therefore, void as to the plaintiffs and other creditors ?
In'support of said decree the appellees, the plaintiffs below, claim, 'first, that said trust-deed taken alone, or in connection with the writing of July 13, 1881, is fraudulent on its lace, and, second, that it is fraudulent in fact.
T. Is said deed fraudulent on its face? The only part of the deed attacked in this connection, is that which requires a -demand by the cestuis que trust before the trustee can sell the property or, as is claimed, collect the claims and accounts mentioned in it. It is insisted that, as the note secured was payable one day after date, the provision that a sale should be made only on demand- of the beneficiaries shows an intent to shield the property rather than secure a debt. . This view is more critical than it is sound, ■ This provision as to the
The cases of Garden v. Bodwing, 9 W. Va. 121, and Gardner v. Johnston, Id. 412, relied ou by the appellees, belong to that class of conveyances which reserve benefits to the grantor, or introduce limitations and contingencies, giving such uses to him and control over the property or its proceeds as are inconsistent with the security for the debt or object of the trust, being equivalent to a power of revocation, and are, therefore, adequate to the defeat of the security. Lang v. Lee, 3 Rand. 410; Sheppards v. Turpin, 3 Gratt. 373; Spence v. Bagwell, 6 Id. 444; Addington v. Etheridge, 12 Id. 436; Perry v. Bank, 27 Id. 756; Kuhn v. Mack, 4 W. Va. 194. The provisiofts of the deeds which were declared fraudulent and void in those cases are essentially different from any found in the deed or contract in the case at bar, and they have therefore no application here.
2. To sustain the position that the trust-deed is fraudulent in fact, the appellees rely upon several grounds which they claim are established by the evidence. Before adverting specially to these grounds and the character of the evidence relied on to support them, it is deemed proper to refer to some of the authorities and define the law applicable to the questions to be considered.
The section of our statute on which this suit is based and which declares every conveyance or transfer of real or personal estate, made with intent to delay, hinder and defraud creditors or purchasers, void as to such creditors and purchasers, contains this important qualification : “This see
This statute and those of 13 and 27 Elis;., from which it was taken, have been the subjects of many decisions by the appellate courts of Virginia and this State. According to these decisions the following principles of law have been established :
I. This statute, like all other statutes against fraud, is to be liberally expounded for the suppression of the fraud. Hunters v. Waite, 3 Gratt. 34, 58.
H. A creditor secured by a trust-deed, or rather the trustee therein, is held to be a purchaser for valuable' consideration. Wickham v. Lewis Martin Co., 13 Gratt. 427; Evans v. Greenhow, 15 Id. 153; Western M. & M. Co. v. Peytona C. C. Co., 8 W. Va. 409, 441.
HI. If the conveyance be actually fraudulent and the intent concurred in by the grantee as well as the grantor, it will be void as to the creditors of grantor, however valuable may have been the consideration paid by, or secured to, the grantee or beneficiary. Briscoe v. Clarke, 1 Rand. 213; Garland v. Rives, 4 Id. 282; Goshorn v. Snodgrass, 17 W. Va. 717.
IV. A conveyance not fraudulent in its inception can not become so by matters-subsequent; for the statute requires that the act should be done with a criminal intentstill if it he afterwards employed for a fraudulent purpose, a court of equity will interpose to prevent such use of it. Claytor v. Anthony, 6 Rand. 285, 306; Lewis v. Caperton, 8 Gratt. 148 ; Cochran v. Paris 11 Id. 348; 2 Lomax Dig. (324); 2 Min. Inst. 602.
V: It is neither illegal nor immoral to prefer one set of creditors to another. Until there is a legal lien by judgment or execution fixed upon the. debtor’s property, he may, though insolvent or in failing circumstances, convey or transfer his estate in trust; and if it be done in good faith, he may thereby prefer one creditor to another without committing fraud, within the statute, upon the creditors who are delayed or hindered by sucb conveyance. Hendricks v. Rob
YI. A provision in the conveyance of a stock of goods or other chattels, that the trustee may continue the business, if intended merely as a means of realizing the trust-fund and with a view of winding up the business, is not fraudulent if the conveyance is .proper in other respects. In such case, a provision in the conveyance that one of the grantors shall attend to the business, he being under the control of the trustee who may at any time, at the request of the creditors secured, sell the property, does not render the deed fraudulent. Marks v. Hill, 15 Gratt. 400; Gordon v. Cannon, 18 Id. 387; Williams v. Lord, 75 Va. 402.
YU. A plaintiff who alleges fraud must clearly and distinctly prove the fraud alleged in his bill. Whs onus probandi is on him, and if the fraud is not strictly and clearly proved as it. is alleged, relief cannot be granted, although the party against whom relief is sought may not have been perfectly clear iu his dealings. Fraud will not be carried by way of relief beyond the manner in which it is proved to the satisfaction of the court — Kerr on Fraud, 382; Gibson v. Randolph, 2 Munf. 310.
.YIIL- But the proposition that “fraud must be proved and not presumed” is to be understood only as affirming, that a contract honest and lawful on its face must be treated as such, until it is shown to be otherwise by evidence either positive or circumstantial; and if the facts established afford a sufficient and reasonable ground for drawing the inference of fraud, the conclusion, to which the proof tends, must in the absence of explanation or contradiction be adopted — Goshorn v. Snodgrass, 17 W. Va. 717; Lockhard v. Beckley, 10 Id. 87; Hunter v. Hunter, Id. 321.
Applying these principles to the facts in the case at bar it is plain that the charge of actual fraud against said trust-deed is not sustained. At the time said deed was executed and for several years previous thereto, C. E. Wagner, the grantor, was, a resident of and doing business in the city of Wheeling,
There is no question about the bona fides and honesty of the debt secured. The only criticism attempted againt it is, that the four thousand five hundred dollars of the old debt due to other parties and assumed by the beneficiaries in the deed was not paid at the time and the grantor then and there wholly released. The debt was held by other parties and this may have been the reason it was not then paid. But, however this may be, they by their assumpsit then made become the principals in the'debt and thereafter C. E. Wagner was simply their surety, and they afterwards, and before this suit was instituted, paid it, therefore, no conclusion of a fraudlent intent against the creditors of C. E. Wagner can be drawn irom that circumstance. It is also claimed that' the notes of Mendel and Durbin were, by agreement at the time the deed was executed, to be paid out of the trust-fund and that this showed fraud. This agreement, when fully stated, was that said „ notes should be protected and, if not otherwise satisfied, were to be paid out of the trust-fund and their amounts deducted from the debt secured to the appellants. This was a prejudice.to the appellants in favor of other creditors and one which has no tendency to show fraud or any illegal purpose.
It is objected that the grantor continued in the possession and use of the property after the date of the deed. The testimony fails to establish that such was the case. The proof is, that after the conveyance the property and the business was under the absolute control of the trustee, and that he used the property and conducted the business from that time through C. E. Wagner as.his agent. This was both legal and proper as has been frequently decided by the appellate court of Virginia and is law in this State. Marks v. Hill, 15 Gratt. 400; Gordon v. Cannon, 18 Id. 387.
The reason for delaying the sale is satisfactorily explained in the evidence. The parties interested used proper efforts to make a sale. The property was of a peculiar character and not such as a prudent person would or ought to dispose of at a forced sale unless the necessity was imperative. They hoped and had reason to believe that a better price could be
The appellees rely greatly on declarations made by the grantor subsequent to the date of the deed. These are not admissible against the appellants. The statute expressly declares that they shall not be affected by the fraud of the grantor unless they have notice of such fraud. It is not pretended that either they or the trustee had any notice of any fraudulent intent of the .grantor at the time the deed was executed or thereafter. The declarations relied on were made long after the execution of the deed. The law is, as we have seen, that “a conveyance not fraudulent in its incep-' tion cannot become so by matters subsequent, for the statute requires that the act should be done with a criminal intent.” 2 Min. Inst. 602. Consequently, even if- the declarations of the grantor disclosed a fraudulent intent existing in his mind at the time he gave the deed of which the trustee and beneficiaries had no notice, their knowledge of such intent subsequently acquired would not affect the validity of the conveyance. If it were, therefore, conceded that the subsequent declarations and acts of the grantor clearly established the fact that as to him the conveyance was intended to delay, hinder and defraud his creditors, still in the absence of any proof or circumstances to show that such intent was known to, or participated in by, the trustee and beneficiaries the conveyance would be valid. Nor could it affect the validity of the conveyance, if if were shown that both the grantor and trustee, with the knowledge of the the beneficiaries, after its execution used it for a fraudulent purpose. It being valid at its inception subsequent acts could not make it invalid in its inception and thereby destroy it as a security. The only remedy of the creditors in such an event is to apply to a court of equity to prevent the fraudulent use of it by taking it out of the hands of the trustee and having the trust-fund applied legitimately. But there is no evidence of such fraudulent employment of the trust-property in this case. In my view of the law, it is unnecessary to follow the appellees in their construction of the testimony of C. E. Wagner. It
As to the relationship of the parties, it may be stated that, while the law allows no discrimination in favor of creditors by reason of their being related to the debtor, it certainly does not put them at a disadvantage. The debtor may do no more for them than a stranger; but there is no rule of lawr that he may not do as much. And because, when a fraudulent conveyance is intended, it is usually made to, or for the ostensible benefit of, a relative or intimate friend and for that reason conveyances between such persons are more closely scrutinized than those between stemgers, it does not follow that a conveyance, which appears to be fair and honest after the most rigid scrutiny, must be .declare fdraudulent and set aside, upon suspicion that it may be fraudulent, merely upon the ground that it is made betwmen intimate friends or near relatives.
Upon any view of the case, and for the foregoing reasons, I am clearly of opinion that said conveyance is valid and that the decree of the circuit court declaring it fraudulent and setting it aside is erroneous.
The next matter to be considered, is the claim asserted by James Or angle in his petition. The justice of this claim is not questioned, but it is contended by the appellants that it is a personal debt of C. E. Wagner and not a debt of the trustee or a charge against the trust-fund. The proof plainly establishes that the feed and grain constituting this claim, were furnished at the instance of C. E. Wagner while he as
The trustee having authority to furnish and charge the fund for feed as a part of his necessary expenses, and he having failed to do so, hut permitted Crangle to furnish this necessary support for the trust-property to his agent on the faith of the trust-fund, and thereby created such claim, Crangle should be paid in the same manner as if the trustee had incurred the debt- — Conrad v. Buck, 21 W. Va. 396. The said claim having, as appears, been incurred in good faith and no question having been raised as to its reasonableness, I am of opinion that it should be paid as a part of the expense account of supporting and preserving the trust-property. ■ -
Where a deed is valid in its inception it cannot be declared void for matter ex post facto — Estwick v. Caillaud, 5 Tenn. R. 425; Shep. Touch. 67. But, if it be afterwards employed for a fraudulent or improper purpose, a court ot equity in a proper case will interpose by injunction and the appointment of a receiver, or otherwise, to prevent such use of it. And when the deed is valid, but reserves an interest to the grantor, such interest may be subjected by a court of equity, on the application of any unsecured creditor, to the debts of the grantor — Lewis v. Caperton, 8 Gratt. 148 ; Sipe v. Earman, 26 Gratt. 566-9. In such case a bill filed for the double purpose of attacking the conveyance and, also, to prevent such improper use of the trust-fund, or subject such
In this suit the plaintiffs having failed to sustain the allegations of their bill in every aspect of tire case, it must be held that the same was improperly brought and they are consequently liable for and should be required to pay the defendants, Thorton Pickenpaugh and William Wagner, the costs incurred by them in their defense in. the circuit court.
. . I am, therefore, of opinion that the aforesaid • decrees' of May 3, 1882, and of October 7, 1882, be reversed and annulled, except so much of the latter as .confirms the sale of the trust-property and directs the payment of the debt of James Crangle, and the rents for the leased premises to John-Beid, with costs to the appellants against the appellees, the plaintiffs below, and 'this cause is remanded to the said circuit court with directions to that court to order the' funds in the hands of its general receiver, or which may hereafter come to his hands, belonging to, or arising from the sale oí the .trust-property or the collection of the dioses in action conveyed by said trust-deed of June 16, 1881, to be paid to the beneficiaries in said deed, subject to the aforesaid debt of James Crangle the balance due for rent, and the allowances made to Bobert Marshall as special receiver and to Guy B. C. Allen, trustee, for their services to the amount ascertained and fixed by said decree of October 7, 1882, and
•Decrees Reversed in Part. Cause Remanded.