Appellant Albert L. Hardemon, Jr., proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of his petition for habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court found that Hardemon’s petition was an unauthorized successive petition. As a matter of first impression, we address whether the prohibition against successive § 2254 petitions requires a prisoner to challenge all judgments from a single court in a single habeas petition. We find that Hardemon was not required to challenge his multiple judgments in a single petition. Accordingly, we hold that Hardemon’s petition is not successive and the judgment of the court below is REVERSED and REMANDED.
I. BACKGROUND
Hardemon was charged in separate indictments with sexual assault of a child (Cause Number 809996) and two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child (Cause Numbers 809997 and 809998). The counts were consolidated for trial, and Hardemon was found guilty on all three counts. Har-demon received concurrent sentences of forty years in prison for Cause Numbers 809997 and 809998 and a consecutive twenty-year sentence for Cause Number 809996. The state appellate court affirmed the convictions and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals (“TCCA”) refused Hardemon’s petition for discretionary review.
Hardeman v. State,
Hardemon filed three post-conviction ha-beas applications in state trial court — one for each conviction — challenging his attorney’s effectiveness regarding the petition for discretionary review. The TCCA denied each application. Hardemon then filed three new applications in state trial court, each challenging a separate conviction. In Cause Numbers 809997 and 809998, Hardemon argued that: the evidence was factually insufficient to support his convictions; trial and appellate counsel *274 rendered ineffective assistance; and the prosecutor improperly questioned a witness and made an improper closing argument. In Cause Number 809996, Harde-mon asserted that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance and the trial court erred in ordering this sentence to run consecutively with the other sentences. The trial court recommended that relief be denied on various grounds, and the TCCA denied all relief.
While his second round of state applications was pending, Hardemon filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition in federal district court challenging his conviction in Cause Number 809996. The district court dismissed the application without prejudice because the claim was not exhausted. Hardemon v. Dretke, No. 4:04-CV-03510 (S.D.Tex. Sept. 16, 2004) (unpublished). In 2005, after the claim was exhausted, Hardemon filed a second § 2254 petition, again challenging his conviction in Cause Number 809996. The district court denied relief on the merits. Hardemon v. Dretke, No. 4:05-CV-02597 (S.D. Tex. June 5, 2006) (unpublished).
On or about June 6, 2006, Hardemon filed the instant § 2254 petition challenging his conviction in Cause Number 809997. He raised the same claims he presented in his second state application challenging this conviction. The district court sua sponte dismissed Hardemon’s case as an unauthorized successive § 2254 petition, concluding that it lacked jurisdiction because Hardemon had not previously received permission from this Court to file his petition. The district court reasoned that, under former Rule 2(d) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts (“the Rules”), Hardemon was required to raise all relevant claims arising from any of the judgments of a single state court in his previous § 2254 petition.
Hardemon filed a timely notice of appeal. We granted Hardemon a certificate of appealability on the question of whether his current petition was successive. Ap-pellee was ordered “to provide this court with information regarding whether Har-demon’s state court convictions ... were resolved in a single judgment, thus rendering Rule 2(d) inapplicable.”
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When reviewing the denial of habeas relief, we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error.
Moody v. Johnson,
III. DISCUSSION
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2244, establishes a “gatekeeping mechanism for the consideration of second or successive” habeas petitions.
1
Felker v. Turpin,
Prior to the 2004 amendments to the Rules, Rule 2(d) stated that:
A petition shall be limited to the assertion of a claim for relief against the judgment or judgments of a single state court .... If a petitioner desires to attack the validity of the judgments of two or more state courts under which he is in custody ... he shall do so by separate petitions. 2
Despite Hardemon’s consolidated trial, it is undisputed that his convictions resulted in separate judgments. Thus, Appellee concedes that former Rule 2(d) applies to this case.
Appellee argues, however, that Hardemon’s petition is successive because: (1) it is undisputed that Hardemon could have raised claims relating to both Cause Numbers 809996 and 809997 in a single petition and (2) it is undisputed that Hardemon knew the basis of his challenges to both convictions at the time he filed his previous federal petition. Hardemon argues that his current petition is not successive because he is challenging a different judgment of conviction than he did in his previous petition.
Appellee argues that our decision in
Crone v. Cockrell
controls this case.
Appellee’s reliance on
Crone
is misplaced, however, because
Crone
involved multiple § 2254 petitions attacking a single judgment. In this case, we are confronted with habeas petitions attacking separate judgments from the same court. While Appellee presents a strong policy argument against piecemealing claims, we must base our decision upon the text of AEDPA and the Rules. Where Congress has addressed the issue of habeas petitions regarding multiple judgments from a single court, it has used permissive — not mandatory — language. For example, the Advisory Committee Notes to the 1976 adoption of Rule 2(d) explain that the rule “permits, but does not require, an attack in a single petition on judgments based upon separate indictments or on separate counts even though sentences were imposed on separate days by the same court.”
3
We find this language instructive and agree with the Second Circuit that “to be considered
*276
‘successive,’ a prisoner’s second petition must, in a broad sense, represent a second attack by federal habeas petition on the same conviction.”
Vasquez v. Parrott,
We hold that under former Rule 2(d), Hardemon was permitted, but not required, to challenge his separate convictions in a single § 2254 petition. Therefore, Hardemon’s petition is not “second or successive” within the meaning of § 2244.
IV. CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes
. Section 2244(b) provides in part that:
(b)(1) A claim presented in a second or successive habeas corpus application under section 2254 that was presented in a prior application shall be dismissed.
(2) A claim presented in a second or successive habeas corpus application under section 2254 that was not presented in a prior application shall be dismissed unless—
(A) the applicant shows that the claim relies on a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or
(B)(i) the factual predicate for the claim could not have been discovered previously through the exercise of due diligence; and
(ii) the facts underlying the claim, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that, but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfin- *275 der would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.
. The current rule, codified as Rule 2(e), states only that challenges to judgments from multiple state courts must be raised in separate petitions.
. Hardemon's sentences were imposed on the same day. Given that Congress has not required a prisoner to attack multiple judg *276 ments from a single court in one petition, the timing of Hardemon’s sentences does not change our analysis.