794 F.2d 985 | 5th Cir. | 1986
HAR-WIN, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CONSOLIDATED GRAIN & BARGE CO., and Behimer & Kissner, Inc.,
Defendants-Appellees.
No. 85-3593.
Summary Calendar.
United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
July 18, 1986.
Chaffe, McCall, Phillips, Toler & Sarpy, James R. Holmes, New Orleans, La., for plaintiff-appellant.
Maurice C. Hebert, Jr., Michael E. Guillory, New Orleans, La., for defendants-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before CLARK, Chief Judge, WILLIAMS and HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judges.
JERRE S. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge:
This is an appeal brought under both admiralty and diversity jurisdiction. Appellant Har-Win, Inc. entered into three contracts with appellee Behimer & Kissner, Inc.1 The first contract was entered into on November 11, 1980. It was a contract of affreightment in which Har-Win agreed to provide two barges each half-month through the calendar year 1981 to carry freight for Behimer & Kissner, and in return Behimer & Kissner agreed to pay freight rental to Har-Win.
The second contract was entered into on March 27, 1981. Har-Win agreed to purchase fifteen sets of fiberglass barge covers from Behimer & Kissner at a cost of $12,500 per set. This contract was completely separate from the 1980 contract of affreightment. Har-Win was billed for all fifteen sets of barge covers on June 1, 1981. On December 18, 1981, Har-Win made payment on ten of the fifteen sets of covers. Har-Win failed to pay the remaining $62,500 representing the outstanding price of the remaining five sets of barge covers.
On May 12, 1981, Har-Win and Behimer & Kissner entered into a new contract for affreightment replacing the 1980 contract. This contract provided that Har-Win would provide four barges each half-month rather than two barges. The parties proceeded under this new contract of affreightment in September, 1981. Har-Win was to continue to receive freight rental for carrying freight for Behimer & Kissner.
Behimer & Kissner attempted to obtain the $62,500 owed to it by Har-Win for the barge covers, but was unsuccessful. In March 1983, Behimer & Kissner offset the $62,500 against freight bills it owed under the affreightment contract.
Har-Win brought this action complaining that the $62,500 was improperly deducted. Har-Win admitted that it ostensibly had no cause of action under the contracts as written, but asserted that it should be allowed to present parol testimony to show altered meaning to the agreements in its favor. The parties agreed to trial before a magistrate. The magistrate sustained appellees' objection to introduction of parol evidence with regard to the contracts. The magistrate held that the contracts were not ambiguous, and that any issue regarding ambiguity of the contracts was not included in a pretrial order which had limited the issues to be tried in this suit.
Har-Win also attempted to argue that the offset taken by Behimer & Kissner was improper because the freight charges were owed to certain partnerships rather than to Har-Win. Appellees responded that this issue had been dismissed during discovery many months before trial by agreement of all counsel, and was not raised as an issue in the pretrial order. The magistrate found that this issue was not listed in the pretrial order and was not properly before the court. At the close of a bench trial, the magistrate granted appellees' motion for involuntary dismissal of all claims.
On appeal to this Court, Har-Win urges that the magistrate erred in: (1) refusing to admit parol testimony regarding the contracts; and (2) refusing to allow testimony concerning whether the offset was properly taken because the freight charges were owed to partnerships and not to Har-Win. Finding no merit in either of these contentions, we affirm.
I.
Har-Win asserts that the magistrate erred in excluding parol testimony regarding the agreements. The agreements in the present case were contracts of affreightment and for the furnishing of equipment for vessels. These agreements are considered maritime contracts. North Pacific S.S. Co. v. Hall Bros. Marine Ry. & Shipbuilding Co., 249 U.S. 119, 39 S.Ct. 221, 63 L.Ed. 510 (1919); 1 Benedict on Admiralty Secs. 181-185 (1984). Because this case concerns the interpretation of maritime contracts, federal admiralty law rather than state law provides the parol evidence rule which must be applied. Battery Steamship Corp. v. Refineria Panama, 513 F.2d 735, 738-39 (2d Cir.1975); see also Kossick v. United Fruit Co., 365 U.S. 731, 741, 81 S.Ct. 886, 893, 6 L.Ed.2d 56 (1961) (holding that admiralty law, not state statute of frauds, governed oral maritime contract); Dyer, The Jury on the Quarterdeck: The Effect of Pleading Admiralty Jurisdiction When a Proceeding Turns Hybrid, 63 Tex.L.Rev. 533, 537 n. 17 (1984) (federal admiralty law governs maritime contracts even in hybrid proceedings).
In admiralty law, the parol evidence rule is generally stated as follows:
When two parties have made a contract and have expressed it in a writing to which they have both asserted as the complete and accurate integration of that contract, evidence, whether parol or otherwise, of antecedent understandings and negotiations will not be admitted for the purpose of varying or contradicting the writing.
Battery Steamship Corp., 513 F.2d at 738 (quoting A. Corbin, Contracts Sec. 573).
The contracts in the present case consisted of letters between the parties. The contract for sale of the barge covers provided for the sale to Har-Win of 15 barge covers at $12,500 each. The contract further provided that Har-Win would insure the covers "until such time (estimated mid-summer) when full payment on the purchase is made." Har-Win wished to introduce parol evidence that the parties intended that the barge covers were not to be paid for until they were actually put in use. Har-Win asserts that the barge cover purchase contract is ambiguous on this point because the phrase "until such time (estimated mid-summer) when full payment on the purchase is made" provides for no definite time of payment.
The 1981 contract of affreightment provided for "freight loadings" at a specified rate. Paragraph one of that contract provided that "[t]he current grain affreightment agreement between Har-Win, Inc. and Behimer & Kissner, Inc. ... is now null and void per mutual agreement with no penalties or payments to either party." Har-Win urges that the term "per mutual agreement" in the contract of affreightment is ambiguous and refers to the alleged agreement not to charge Har-Win for the barge covers until they were put in use.
The magistrate found that the parties intended these contracts to be the final expression of their agreement, and that the contracts were neither incomplete nor ambiguous. We agree with the magistrate. The alleged oral agreement is properly seen as constituting a condition which Har-Win seeks to impose on the written contract. Har-Win is claiming that its performance under the written contract--i.e., payment--was subject to an oral condition--i.e., that the covers first be put into use. Where writings intended by the parties to be a final expression of their agreement call for an unconditional sale of goods, parol evidence that the buyer's obligations are conditional is inconsistent with the written document and must be excluded. Luria Bros. & Co. v. Pielet Bros. Scrap Iron, 600 F.2d 103, 111 (7th Cir.1979); A. Corbin, Contracts Sec. 592. The magistrate therefore properly excluded the evidence.
The substitute affreightment contract does not change this result. With regard to the allegation that the phrase "per mutual agreement" in the affreightment contract is ambiguous, it is obvious that giving the phrase its ordinary and plain meaning both parties agreed to cancel the 1980 contract of affreightment without any penalties. See Robin v. Sun Oil Co., 548 F.2d 554, 557 (5th Cir.1977) (words in contract must be given their ordinary and plain meaning). In addition, the affreightment contract is totally separate from and makes no reference to the barge cover contract. There simply is no basis in the record for concluding that the phrase "per mutual agreement" in the affreightment contract has any reference to the completely different contract concerning the sale of barge covers.
We note that Har-Win's alleged oral agreement to defer payment until the covers were put in use paints a quite bizarre and unlikely scenario. Har-Win entered into the contract for purchase of the barge covers in March 1981. Behimer & Kissner took the offset for the unpaid barge covers two years later, in March 1983. Har-Win states in its brief that the barge covers have still not been put into use. It is ridiculous to suppose that Behimer & Kissner would agree to forego payment indefinitely until, years or decades later, the barge covers were put into use. Further, although the time of payment in the contract ("estimated mid-summer [1981]") was not specific,2 it certainly contemplated that payment would be made sometime before several years had elapsed.
The contracts contain no mention of nor reference to any side agreement concerning when the barge covers were put in use, nor is any such agreement necessary to make the contracts complete or unambiguous. The magistrate properly excluded the evidence of the alleged oral condition that payment would not be due until the barge covers were put into use.3
II.
Har-Win asserts that the magistrate erred by preventing it from introducing evidence that Behimer & Kissner improperly deducted the $62,500 because those monies were owed to certain partnerships rather than to Har-Win. If Har-Win's contention is accepted as true, however, then Har-Win has no standing to litigate that claim. Har-Win obviously has no standing to assert claims based on breaches of contracts in which it was not involved. American Fletcher Mortg. Co. v. First American Inv. Co., 463 F.Supp. 186, 196 (N.D.Ga.1978). The magistrate therefore did not err in excluding evidence regarding whether the monies from the contract for affreightment were owed to parties other than Har-Win.4
In addition, we agree with the magistrate that this testimony was inadmissible because it was not included in the pretrial order. The pretrial order contains nothing regarding any defense concerning monies owed to partnerships under the contract of affreightment, and in fact states the opposite.5 If a claim or issue is omitted from the pretrial order it properly may be considered as waived. Flannery v. Carroll, 676 F.2d 126, 129 (5th Cir.1982).6
We reject Har-Win's contentions that evidence was improperly excluded, and we affirm the magistrate's dismissal of its claims.
AFFIRMED.
Behimer & Kissner is a subsidiary of appellee Consolidated Grain & Barge Co
In fact, payment for the ten covers Har-Win properly acquired was not received until December 1981
In view of our holding that this evidence was inadmissible under the parol evidence rule, we need not discuss the magistrate's holding that the evidence was inadmissible because this issue was not included in the pretrial order
Of course, if it is accepted as true that the partnerships are separate entities from Har-Win, then the partnerships are not precluded from bringing suit on their own behalf because of this judgment. Just as Har-Win has no right to bring claims on behalf of third parties, Har-Win also has no right to waive claims on behalf of third parties
For example, the uncontested material facts in paragraph 7(b) of the pretrial order provide:
Defendants, (Behimer & Kissner, Inc.) deducted $62,500 from freight charges owed to plaintiff, (Har-Win, Inc.) which was represented to be and did in fact equal the cost of five sets of covers. (emphasis added).
Additionally, the plaintiff's summary of material facts states: "Behimer & Kissner subsequently deducted the purchase price of the five sets of barge covers from other monies owed to Har-Win, Inc. .." (emphasis added). There is no mention anywhere in the pretrial order of any issue regarding the proceeds from the contract of affreightment being owed to partnerships.
The pretrial order in the present case gave ample notice that it would be strictly construed. The order provided:
The pre-trial has been formulated at a conference at which counsel for the respective parties have appeared in person. Reasonable opportunity has been afforded counsel for corrections, or additions, prior to signing. Hereafter, this order will control the course of the trial and may not be amended except by consent of the parties and the Court or by order of the Court to prevent manifest injustice.
