| Ill. | Jan 22, 1884
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Appellate Court for the Fourth District, affirming a judgment of the circuit court of St. Clair county disallowing a claim in favor of Thomas Hanifan, the appellant, as administrator cle bonis non of the estate of Mary Hayes, deceased, against Henry M. Needles, the appellee, as administrator cle bonis non of John Short, deceased, the proceeding having originally been commenced in the county court, from whence it was taken to the circuit court by appeal. Mary Hayes died testate some time in 1852, or thereabouts, and John Short became her executor, and the present suit is prosecuted against his estate for an alleged breach of duty as such executor.
In the view we take of this case it will not be necessary to make an extended statement of the facts, or to notice all the questions mooted by counsel in the argument. The evidence tends to show that John Short, as executor of Mary Hayes, administered certain property belonging to her estate, the proceeds of which were never accounted for by him in his lifetime, or by his legal representatives since his decease, and the present suit is brought to recover the proceeds of that property.
It is a wrell recognized rule of the common law that the powers and duties of an administrator de bonis non are limited to the administration of such effects belonging to the decedent’s estate as have not already been administered by the former executor or administrator, and that consequently he has no right or authority to call on the latter, or his legal representatives in case of his decease, to account to him for the proceeds of such estate, or for its mismanagement, or for any breach of duty respecting it. In such ease he or his legal representatives are liable directly to the heirs, devisees, next of kin and creditors, as their interests may be. (Rowan v. Kirkpatrick et al. 14 Ill. 8; Newhall v. Turney, id. 338.) That this is the settled law in the absence of any statutory provisions on the subject, is not denied, and that the sale, and conversion of the testatrix’ property into money by Short, the proceeds of which are now sought to be recovered, was an administering of such property, within the meaning of the rule, is equally clear. (Marsh v. The People, 15 Ill. 286; Beall v. New Mexico, 16 Wall. 541.) It therefore conclusively follows, this proceeding can not be maintained on common law grounds,—and this, indeed, is not seriously, if at all, questioned. Our statute, however, has provided the county court, in certain contingencies, may revoke the letters of an executor or administrator and remove him from office, and upon such revocation and removal appoint another in his stead; and by another provision of the statute it is expressly provided that where one is appointed to fill a vacancy caused by the removal of an executor or administrator, he may maintain any appropriate action or proceeding against such removed executor or administrator for any waste, mismanagement of, or breach of duty with respect to, the estate,, occurring during the latter’s administration. Sec. 39, chap. 3,. Rev. Stat. 1874.
Under the provisions of the statute just referred to, counsel for appellant claim that by an order of the county court of St.. Cl-air county, duly made and entered of record on the 21st day of May, 1877, the letters of John Short were revoked, and that he was removed from office, and that by a subsequent order of the court appellant was duly appointed in his stead. On the other hand, appellee insists the so-called order of revocation and removal was made by the county court without authority, and that the same, by reason thereof, was and is absolutely void, and that the said John Short continued to be the lawful and acting executor of the said Mary Hayes till the time of his death, which occurred on the 19th of June, 1877.
The order of the county court, relied on by appellant to establish the revocation of Short’s letters and his removal, is in these words:
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“And now, on the first Monday of the term, it appearing to the court that John Short, the executor, was duly cited to appear this day in court and present his accounts of said estate for settlement as said executor; and it further appearing to the court that said executor has failed to file an inventory and appraisement of said estate, and he has failed to file settlements, and has failed to account for moneys that came into his hands as such executor, and has also failed to appear this day and make settlement of his accounts,—for the causes aforesaid the said executor is hereby removed, and required to account for and pay over to his successor all moneys, and deliver up all notes and papers in his hands and belonging to said estate, and if he fails to do so, he shall be considered in contempt of the court. ”
No writ, process, citation, or other order relating to such removal, appears in the record, and it follows if sufficient does not appear on the face of the order, as above set forth, to show the court had authority and jurisdiction to make such order, the trial court properly excluded it from the consideration of the jury, as it did. Counsel for appellant contend that sufficient appears on the face of the order to authorize the removal, either under section 30 or 113, of chapter 3, of the Revised Statutes of 1874. Section 30, so far as it is claimed to have any bearing on the question, is as follows: “The county court may revoke all letters testamentary or of administration, granted to persons who * * * waste or mismanage the estate, in all which cases the court shall summon the person charged to be in default, * * * as aforesaid, to show cause why such revocation should not be made. When revocation is made, the reason therefor shall be stated at large upon the record. ”
It is a fundamental principle that underlies our whole judicial fabric, that in all proceedings in courts of justice wherein it is sought to deprive the citizen of his property, or any right or privilege recognized by law, the party to be affected by them is entitled to reasonable notice of the time and place of hearing, and of the general nature or object of such proceedings. In- conformity with this general principle the county court has no power or jurisdiction to revoke the letters of an executor or administrator, under the above section, until he is first cited to appear and show cause why his letters shall not be revoked. The citation in this case did not contain the slightest intimation that there was any purpose on the part of the court, or any one interested in the estate, to remove him from office. It simply directed him to appear on the first day of the next term of the court “and present his accounts of said estate for settlement as said executor. ” Nor is there any intimation in the citation that he was charged with waste or mismanagement of the estate, as contemplated by the above section of the statute. Moreover, as the order does not set forth as the ground of removal any of the causes specified in that section, as required by it, it is evident the court was not proceeding under the 30fch section.
The 113th section is as follows: “The county courts of this State shall enforce the settlements of estates within the time prescribed by law, and upon the failure of an executor or administrator to make settlement at the next term of the court after the expiration of said time, the court shall order a citation to issue to the sheriff of the county where the executor or administrator resides or may be found, requiring said executor or administrator to appear .at the next term of the court and make settlement of the estate, or show cause why the same is not done; and if an executor or administrator fails to appear at the time'required by such citation, the court shall order an attachment requiring the sheriff of the county where the executor or administrator resides or may be found, to bring the body of said executor or administrator before the court, and upon the failure of an administrator or executor to make settlement under the order of the court after having been so attached, he may be dealt with as for contempt, and shall be forthwith removed by the court. ”
It is very apparent from the reading of this section that the failure of an administrator or executor to appear, in obedience to a citation, on a particular day, and settle his accounts with the estate, affords no warrant for his removal under the 113th section. That such is the case does not seem to be seriously questioned; but the argument is, that the removal, in the manner shown, was only error,—that the failure to comply with the statute did not affect the power or jurisdiction of the court to make the order, and hence the claim is, it is binding until reversed. The argument is unsound in this: The county court has no power, in any case, to remove an execiffcor or administrator upon a mere citation to appear and settle his accounts, as was the case here. The power of removal is not an incident to the proceeding under such a citation, and hence any attempted removal was unauthorized. The only legal consequences which attach to one’s failure to appear and make settlement of his accounts is, that he subjects himself to an attachment, as in. case of a contempt, and in such case it is made the duty of the court to order an attachment for his arrest, and when brought before the court, if he still neglects or refuses to make settlement of his accounts, the court is then required to deal with him as for a contempt, and to forthwith remove him. The removal is required not only in the interest of the estate, but it is doubtless also intended as a punishment for the contempt. To remove one before he is .attached and brought into court would be in effect to punish him for an alleged offence he has had no opportunity of answering, which is inconsistent with the genius and spirit of our free institutions, as well as violative of the organic law of the State.
It is a mistake to suppose that when one is served with process requiring him to appear in court to answer the complaining party in some particular proceeding or specified form of action, the court thereby acquires jurisdiction over his person for all purposes. Such a doctrine, in a limited degree, may have had some recognition under the ancient practice in England of permitting a plaintiff, when he had brought his adversary into court in a civil proceeding, to declare against him “by the by, ” as it was called, or in other words, to file a declaration against him for some other independent cause of action. But this practice has never obtained in this State, and has no sanction under our statute. The court’s jurisdiction in any case is only coextensive with the particular suit or proceeding in which the defendant has been summoned to appear. To hold otherwise would lead to the gravest consequences, and might result in the grossest abuses. Suppose one is sued in debt or assumpsit for a trifling, but just, money demand, to which there is no legitimate defence, and he therefore fails to appear in obedience to the summons, does the court thereby obtain jurisdiction over his person in any other suit that might happen to be pending or be subsequently brought against him? Would the court in such ease, without any additional notice or process, have power or jurisdiction to enter up a fine against him for some supposed contempt, or a judgment against him in some other suit in which he had not been served? Surely not; and yet, in principle, we see no substantial difference between the case in hand and the one suggested. We are clearly of opinion, under the circumstances shown, the county court had jurisdiction neither of the person nor the subject matter of inquiry in making the order of revocation and removal. The question of revoking Short’s letters and removing him had never been committed by law to the court for adjudication, and therefore the court had no right or power to deliberate upon or determine it. Nor, as we have already seen, had the defendant ever been notified, in any manner whatever, that steps had or would be taken for the revocation of his letters or his removal. We think it therefore plain, on principle and authority, the court exceeded its jurisdiction in making the order. The view here expressed is fully sustained by Munroe v. The People, use, etc. 102 Ill. 406" date_filed="1882-03-28" court="Ill." case_name="Munroe v. People">102 Ill. 406, and the reasoning of the court in that case is conclusive of this.
To the suggestion that hardships and inconveniences might, ■and probably would, arise under the rule here laid down, it is sufficient to say that all persons claiming through judicial proceedings must know at their peril the court had power and jurisdiction to act. All persons so claiming must necessarily take this risk, and we are unable to see any difference in this respect between the case in hand and other cases where courts exceed their jurisdiction. Moreover, these inconveniences and hardships, while they occur occasionally, are seldom so serious as apprehended. Experience shows they are largely mitigated by the principles of estoppel, limitation daws, and other causes.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
It is well settled by the decisions of this court that the county court has general jurisdiction over estates, that it is a court of limited but not inferior jurisdiction, and that its adjudications can not be attacked collaterally, except' for want of jurisdiction. The order of removal of the executor in this case was a step in the progress of a proceeding to enforce the settlement of an estate. We consider that there was full jurisdiction of that proceeding.. There certainly was jurisdiction of the subject matter, and there was jurisdiction of the person by service of the citation to appear before the court and make settlement of the estate.
There being, then, jurisdiction of the proceeding, the omission by the court of any prescribed step in the progress of the proceeding would be only error in the exercise of jurisdiction, and could only be taken advantage of in a direct proceeding to reverse. Such an error, if error it was, we regard the neglect of the court to order an attachment before making the removal, and that the order of removal of the executor having been made in the course of a proceeding for the settlement of an estate, of which proceeding the court had jurisdiction, and in which such an order might be made, the order of removal should be taken to be a valid one, and not subject to be attacked in a collateral proceeding such as the present, although the order might have been an erroneous one.
We do not view the executor’s removal as punishment for his contempt, but as the measure of relief accorded to those interested in the estate, for the failure of the executor' to make settlement of it.