39 N.D. 540 | N.D. | 1918
This is an action to recover damages for personal injuries occasioned by the hand of the plaintiff being caught and crushed between two rollers in a flour and feed mill. The plaintiff was a man of thirty-nine years of age. He had worked at the blacksmith’s trade for years in Russia, before coming to the United States, and during such employment had repaired wagons, plows, etc. He does not, however,, seem to have been there employed around machinery. After coming to-the United States he farmed for a while- and while doing so and for about eight months used an ordinary farm feed mill. He had been working for about three and one-half months at the particular employment at which he was injured, and that employment seems to have furnished all of his real knowledge of grinding machinery. The machine at which he-was injured was an iron frame with three sets-of rolls inclosed, about 18-inches apart and one above the other. There was an opening in the iron frame just below each set of rolls. This opening was covered by an iron door which fitted into the machine so as to prevent dust coming out,, and the bottom of the door was about 6 inches above the set of rolls below. In order to get his hand caught in the rolls, it was necessary to put it in the door, and down from 4 to 6 inches before it would reach the top of the rolls, or it would have to be drawn by something or by some means, down that distance. So, too, as the rolls were about 17 inches in diameter it would be necessary that the fingers should be put or drawn a few inches lower between the rolls before they would be caught.
The negligence charged is, “that the defendant carelessly and negligently failed to instruct the plaintiff in respect to the mechanism of the said grinding machine, or as to the use thereof, or as to the manner of
“That the defendant negligently and carelessly failed to provide a proper belt for the operation of said machine; that said machine was intended to be equipped, and should have been equipped, with a belt 6 inches in width j that prior to the time plaintiff entered the employ of the defendant, one- of the belts on said machine had worn out, and the defendant negligently replaced the same with an old 4-inch belt, which was inadequate, and not of sufficient strength or width to properly operate and turn said grinder machine; and that the defendant with knowledge negligently permitted, allowed, and authorized the use of said defective, unfit, and worn belt in the operation of said machine and equipment so furnished by him, and negligently failed and neglected to warn and instruct the plaintiff of such dangerous, unfit, and defective appliance.
“That on or about the 18th day of November, 1914, while the defendant was operating said machine in the usual and ordinary manner, under instructions and by the direction of the defendant, the said machine, by reason of said defective and unfit belt and appliance, choked up and clogged, thereby making it necessary for the plaintiff in the course of his employment to clean the same to prevent injury to said machine and belting, and to protect and preserve his employer’s property, and that while the plaintiff was cleaning said clogged machine in the usual and ordinary manner by reason of said defective belt, and by reason of the failure of the defendant to warn and instruct the plaintiff as to the dangers incident to the use of said defective machine and appliance, the plaintiff was injured as hereinafter set forth, to wit, while cleaning said machine in the usual and ordinary manner, and without negligence on the part of the plaintiff, the said machine which had become clogged, as hereinbefore set out, suddenly started and caught the right hand of the plaintiff between the rolls of said machine, and cut and bruised the same so that two fingers thereof had to be amputated, and all the joints of plaintiff’s said hand became ankylosed so that the plaintiff has totally and permanently lost the use of said hand.”
The answer is a general denial and in addition contains the defense that the plaintiff was not employed to work around the machine at all,
“That upon information and belief defendant alleges that plaintiff, on the day in which he was hurt, came into the mill intoxicated, and because of such condition opened-the door of the cover securely covering such rolls, stuck his hand between said rolls while running, and by so doing injured two fingers of his hand; that he was not at that time performing any duty imposed upon him by the defendant, nor was he doing anything that he was instructed or allowed to do, and his injuries were caused because of his intoxicated condition and his negligence in interfering with the machinery his duties did not require him to touch in any manner.”
The defense of intoxication was clearly presented and must be conceded to have been determined in favor of the plaintiff by the verdict of the jury. The defense that the plaintiff was not employed to work around the machinery appears to have been abandoned.
The defense of contributory negligence and of the assumption of risk .are hardly pleaded. The only real defense that is left is that of lack of negligence on the part of the defendant. On this point, however, it would appear that the claim that the belts on the so-called slow side of the machine were too small, and that this occasioned the machine to choke ilp, should be eliminated if, indeed, it has any merit, since these belts were on the machine at the time of the employment. The plaintiff knew of none other, and the machine choked at the beginning of his employment and choked repeatedly afterwards. Perhaps larger belts would have prevented the choking, though of this we are by no means certain. 'The case, however, is very similar to that in which one is employed to
The question, then, which is presented to us is, "Where a person is employed to work in a mill, and in the grinding of grain at a machine, which is so equipped that it is liable to clog when grain is run there-through, and when no specific instructions are given as to the care of the machine and as to the method of cleáning it when the clogging takes place, and when soon after the employment the machine does clog and the employer uses a method to relieve the difficulty, which is dangerous and palpably dangerous to anyone, can an adult employee, merely because the employer has used that method, continuously continue so doing without complaint, and can he later and, when injured, recover damages, because he was not told that the method used was dangerous ?
To put the question in another form. Is it negligence for an employer to fail to warn an employee of a danger that is so obvious that one of his age and experience should readily realize it, or to refrain from a practice which such employee must realize is fraught with danger ?
The plaintiff himself testifies that no specific instructions were given to him as to how to clean out the machine when it clogged, and admits that there was a way to stop the rolls and to thus work in safety, and that that was to either throw off the belt or to stop the engine.
■ After stating that the machine clogged about a week after he started to work, he testifies as follows:
He, Obrgewitsch, came right over and cleaned out that machine, and then he pressed on the belt and the machine started again. I simply told him that it stopped, that he would have to come over there. He opened one of the little doors and cleaned it out with his hand.
Q. I will ask you to state whether or not Mr. Obrigewitsch pulled out the feed or whatever there was in there with his hand out onto the floor, out through the door ?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Then when he pulled the feed out what did he do, if anything %
A. He pressed on the belt and the machine started up again.
Q. After this did the machine clog again ?
*547 Á. Yes. It stopped a great many times especially when the grain was a little damp, or a little damp oats, why it bothered considerably.
Q. What did you do then, when the machine stopped ?
A. I always proceeded to clean the machine the same way as I seen it done, the same way as I seen Mr. Obrigewitsch clean it.
Q. Now, did Mr. Obrigewitsch ever give any warning or caution about the danger of any parts of the machinery in the mill ?
A. lie never told me, or I never asked.
Q. Did Mr. Obrigewitsch see you clean this machine afterwards at different times ?
A. I could not state positively he seen me, because I was always busy and had to watch the roll closely. He could have been there many times, but I could not say positively that I seen him there. The machine clogged so many times that I could not state. Sometimes it was two or three times a day, and sometimes it would not clog for a couple of days. Just as soon as wet grain would come around it would clog two or three times or more. i
Q. Did you always or did you not use the same method of cleaning it out as that you had seen Mr. Obrigewitsch use?
A. Yes, sir. I never asked anybody else afterwards. I was crippled on the 17 th day of November. The machine was clogged as usual.
Q. On each of the times when the machine was clogged and you cleaned it out with your hand, what, if anything, did you do to the belt to start it ?
A. After I cleaned it out and seen the machine would pretty near go, I would either bear down on the belt with my knee, or sometimes on my hand, and then the machine would get hold again and start running. On the day of my injury I started to clean the machine, as usual it clogged up on me, and I got it nearly all out. I didn’t see it was clogged out well enough, so I wanted to take out another handful, and just about the time I was reaching in for the rest of it, or the last hand full, to get a little more out of there, the machine suddenly moved and caught my finger.
Q. Did this machine ever start like that before on any occasion when you cleaned it without pressing on the belt ?•
A. The machine has never started that way before, and I was certain*548 it would never start. If it had started I would have been more careful and bave looked out for it.
It is perfectly clear that it would bave been tbe height of folly to have attempted to clean tbe machine when tbe rolls were revolving; for even if tbe fingers would not touch they would have been drawn down by tbe feed and particles that,were being ground. Tbe evidence shows that ini tbe past this portion of tbe machine bad frequently choked, and although tbe other rolls were still turning on the occasion of tbe cleaning by the employer and tbe particular rolls did not then revolve again until tbe belt was pushed against tbe wheel, bad anyone tbe right to rely on such a fact ?
We think not. The method employed by -the master was certainly a dangerous one, but this fact must have been apparent to anyone of any intelligence, and the evidence is far from showing that tbe plain tiff lacked ordinary intelligence- in this respect. Crowley v. Pacific Mills, 148 Mass. 228, 19 N. E. 344; DeSouza v. Stafford Mills, 155 Mass. 476, 30 N. E. 81; Coullard v. Tecumseh Mills, 151 Mass. 85, 23 N. E. 731; Ciriack v. Merchants’ Woollen Co. 146 Mass. 182, 4 Am. St Rep. 307, 15 N. E. 579; Berger v. St. Paul M. & M. R. Co. 39 Minn, 78, 38 N. W. 814, 16 Am. Neg. Cas. 251; Connolly v. Eldredge, 160 Mass. 566, 36 N. E. 469; Groth v. Thomann, 110 Wis. 488, 86 N. W. 178; Gardner v. Paine Lumber Co. 123 Wis. 338, 101 N. W. 700; Roth v. S. E. Barrett, Mfg. Co. 96 Wis. 615, 71 N. W. 1034; Kroger v. Cumberland Fruit Package Co. 145 Wis. 433, 35 L.R.A.(N.S.) 473, 130 N. W. 513.
We realize that there are cases where an employee is entitled to rely upon tbe superior knowledge of bis employer. Even,..however, if tbe action of tbe employer in cleaning tbe roller in tbe way that be did could in any way be construed to be an instruction, it can hardly be believed that be bad any superior knowledge in this respect. Surely everyone who has worked on a farm or anywhere else knows that it is dangerous to try to remove particles from between turning wheels, and that whilo machinery'' is in operation and tbe engines are working tbe rolls are' liable at any time to start revolving, even though they may be temporarily clogged, and this even though tbe pressing of tbe belt thereon may increase tbe friction and more surely and immediately produce the result.
There is, however, no reason to believe that in the case at bar the question of skill was involved. It was a mere question of the ordinary knowledge which everyone possesses. The plaintiff hiniself testifies that there was a way to stop the rolls and to thus clean the machinery with safety, and that was either to throw off the belt or to stop the engine.
The question is not one of contributory negligence or of the assumption of risk. It is a question of negligence merely. The case comes within the rule that “there is no duty of warning and instruction, if the employee’s duties are simple and the danger obvious, or, if by any other means he possesses knowledge of the risk to which he is subjected. The rule requiring the employer to instruct his employee and to warn him of danger is only for the purpose of supplying him with information, which he is not presumed to have, and, if it is shown that the employee did, in fact, possess the knowledge [and an appreciation of the danger], a failure to warn can in no sense be said to be the proximate cause of the injury, and, if not the proximate cause of the injury, of course it cannot be actionable negligence. The employee is presumed to see and understand all dangers that a prudent and intelligent person of the same age and experience and with the same capacity for estimating their significance would see and understand.” 18 R. C. L. 569, 510.
The authorities upon the subject are very numerous and are practically all to the same effect. In Marsden Co. v. Johnson, 89 Ill. App. 100, the plaintiff, a boy of sixteen years, was injured while trying to remove a cornstalk, which had clogged the machine. Among other things the court said: “A boy sixteen years old, if of ordinary intelligence, is possessed of sufficient discretion to avoid obvious and apparent dangers, and certainly must know, if he puts his fingers into revolving rollers of the character of those in the machine in question, he cannot escape injury. It would hardly occur to appellant or its foreman as necessary to warn appellee not to put his fingers into these revolving rollers. The danger appears to have been patent and obvious to the most casual observer, as it seems to us; and hence we are of the opinion it was not negligence on the part of appellant not to have given this warning.”
In the case of Crowley v. Pacific Mills, 148 Mass. 328, 19 N. E. 344, the court said: “The plaintiff’s injury was received, according to his own testimony, in consequence of his putting his finger in between the-roll and the cylinder, in order to smooth the cloth, just before it passed upon the cylinder, by talcing out a ‘double edge,’ as it was called, that being a term applied to the turning over or under of the edge of the cloth. The plaintiff was seventeen years old, and had been at work for about six months upon a machine substantially like that upon which he received the injury, except that the distance between the roll and the cylinder was less upon the latter machine; and he had been at work upon the latter machine nearly two weeks. The operation of the machine was simple. In view of the plaintiff’s age and experience prior to the time of the accident, .no duty then rested on the defendant to give him instructions in reference to the risk of possible injury. It could not be deemed necessary at that time to tell him that, if he should put his hand in between the cloth and the revolving cylinder, just at or just before the place where the cloth came in contact with the cylinder, there was danger that his hand would be caught. The omission to do this did not constitute negligence on the part of the defendant.”
In the case of Kuich v. Milwaukee Bag Co. 139 Wis. 101, 120 N. W. 261, it was held that “where an employee about fourteen and one-half years old feeding bags into a printing machine could not fail to appreciate the danger if her fingers were grasped by the nippers grasping and drawing the bags into the machine, and the employee had been engaged in the operation of such machines for several months, and she possessed the intelligence and information to understand the danger incident to
Numerous holdings to the same effect are everywhere to be found. See 18 R. C. L. 569, 570, and note to Cronin v. Columbian Mfg. Co. 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 111; Ewing v. Lanark Fuel Co. 65 W. Va. 726, 29 L.R.A.(N.S.) 487, 65 S. E. 201.
Most of the cases cited are cases of minors. If the rule is applicable to minors, much more must it be applicable to adults.
We therefore hold that no negligence was shown, and the judgment of the District Court is reversed, with directions to dismiss the complaint.
