184 Mo. App. 247 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1913
This is an action to recover money paid by plaintiff to defendant for certain lamps, under and by virtue of a contract between tbe parties. Defendant denied liability for tbe return of the money so paid it, and interposed a counterclaim for the value of certain other lamps that it had shipped upon plaintiff’s order. There was judgment for defendant, both on plaintiff’s cause of action and on defendant’s counterclaim, and plaintiff prosecutes this appeal.
On August 5, 1909, a contract was entered into between the parties, both of them being corporations, wherein defendant, Stave Electrical Company, is designated as the party of the first part, and the plaintiff, Handlan-Buck Manufacturing Company, as the party of the second part. The contract, omitting unessential verbiage, is as follows:
“Whereas, the party of the first part is the owner of United States rights in certain arc lamps known as ‘Flaming’ and ‘Miniature’ arc lamps:
“Now, in consideration of the execution of this contract, the performance of the agreements hereinafter recited and the receipt of one dollar in hand paid to the party of the first part by the party of the second part, receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, the party of the first part hereby graúts and gives unto the party of the second part the exclusive right of the sale of arc lamps hereinafter mentioned, throughout . . . [a designated territory] for a period of six months from date of this contract with the privilege of the party of the second part to renew this contract for a further period of six months, provided that the sales in the first period of six months amount to one Imndred and fifty lamps, and to again renew this contract for a further period of six months provided the sales in the second period amount to two hundred lamps.
“It is further agreed between the parties hereto that the party of the first part shall sell and deliver
‘•‘It is furthermore agreed that the parties of the second part shall be actively represented, and immediately establish subagencies throughout the territory controlled by them.
“It is further agreed that the party of the second part will upon execution of this contract immediately order ttoelve lamps in all of the different types and sizes as per order given under even date, and that payment for said lamps shall be made within thirty days from date of shipment, and that all payments for future orders shall be made within thirty days,
“It is further agreed that the party of the first part will from time to time ship lamps on consignment for approval orders, as requested by the party of the second part, and to be shipped- to them or to such customers as the party of the second part may designate, but the number of' such lamps on consignment shall not exceed forty.
“The party of the first part agrees to furnish free of charge to the party of the second part stationery, advertising matter, circulars, pamphlets, in order to facilitate sales, and further agrees to mention the party of the second part in all their general advertising and refer to them as a local branch of the Stave Electrical Company. . . .
“It is also further understood and agreed that should the party of the first part at the expiration of first term of contract decide to discontinue smne the party of the first part agrees to take back such lamps and parts as party of the second part may have on
“The party of the first part reserves to itself the right to consummate any deal with profits to the .party of the second part. ... In the event of the party of the second part making sales in territory other than their own, said second party hereby agrees to hand one-third of the gross profits to the organization controlling such territory, but in the event of such territory not being controlled by any agent, the party of the second part is privileged to make the sale as if such territory were part of this agreement.
“It is further agreed that the party of the second part shall not sell, assign or transfer this contract and its rights thereunder without the consent of the party of the first part, and that they shall be actively engaged in' said arc lamp business, and that no business antagonistic to such arc lamp business shall at any time be conducted by the party of the second part, and that any violation of this paragraph will subject the entire contract to immediate abrogation.”
We have italicized certain portions of the above instrument for the purpose of later directing attention thereto.
The petition avers the execution of the contract, a copy of which was attached thereto, alleges- that plaintiff thereunder became the agent of defendant, and that for the purpose of such agency agreed to order and pay for, and did so order and pay for, lamps of the value of $507.26; that defendant by the contract agreed that, if at the expiration of six months said contract was not renewed, defendant would receive back such lamps and return to plaintiff the cost price thereof, provided plaintiff paid freight both ways; that the contract was not renewed at the expiration of six months; that plaintiff had performed all of the terms and' conditions thereof, had tendered to defendant the lamps mentioned, and demanded the return
The defendant, by an amended answer, admitted that plaintiff “bought of the said defendant lamps of the value of $507.26” and paid defendant therefor. The answer further contains a general denial, and avers that plaintiff did not offer to return to defendant the lamps purchased by plaintiff, nor demand the return of its money until November 25, 1910, nearly ten months after the expiration of the first period of six months “during which said contract had continued;” and that by reason of plaintiff’s said delay in the premises it had lost the right to return said lamps and recover its money, “if plaintiff ever had such right under said contract.” And for a counterclaim defendant averred that, under and by virtue of the contract between the parties, “plaintiff agreed to become the agent of the defendant for the sale of certain electrical lamps and fixtures,” and that defendant agreed thereby to deliver to plaintiff upon consignment a number of lamps, not to exceed forty, and that such lamps so furnished and not sold by plaintiff were to be subject to defendant’s order; that defendant did furnish and deliver to plaintiff, upon consignment, certain lamps of the value of $1040.62, in accordance with an itemized statement set forth in the counterclaim ; that said lamps not having been sold by plaintiff prior to November 30, 1910', defendant, on said day, ordered plaintiff to. ship to it said lamps and attachments held by plaintiff on consignment, but that plaintiff, without just cause or excuse, refused to return the same to the defendant, or to ship them upon the latter’s order, and continued to neglect and refuse so to do. And defendant averred that it had been damaged thereby in the sum of $1040'.62, for which it prayed judgment.
In August, 1909, plaintiff requested the shipment “upon consignment” of twenty lamps to be used for exhibition purposes at a convention in Denver, Colo., to be held in the following October. These lamps were sent to Denver, but it appears that the proper electrical current could not be had for using them, and they were merely stored, and ultimately shipped back to St. Louis and stored id a warehouse.
Plaintiff did not at' any time succeed in making any sales of defendant’s goods. And at the expiration of the first period of six months nothing appears to have been done with respect to the subject-matter of the contract.
On March 26, 1910, plaintiff wrote defendant a letter, stated to be in reply to the latter’s “various letters” regarding the agency. This letter referred in part to the lamps that were sent to Denver, and which were then in a storehouse at the latter place, and requested defendant to take the matter up with its Denver representative and have such lamps transferred to defendant’s “Denver account;” or, if this was not satisfactory, then that plaintiff be permitted to have them shipped from Denver to any of defendant’s eastern agents. The letter further explained that a salesman, who had previously been in charge of this portion of plaintiff’s business, was no longer with it; and stated that, should defendant feel it to be its duty “to transfer the agency to some other concern,” it would doubtless not be met with serious objection from plaintiff. The record contains no reply to this letter.
It seems that, in May, 1910, Theodore Stave, defendant’s president, was in the city of St. Louis and conferred with A. H. Handlan, Jr., secretary of plain
Defendant’s president first testified that Handlan, at this meeting, requested him to take back the original twelve lamps, but that he refused to do so. Later, however, he contradicted this and testified that during this conversation nothing was said about returning the original twelve lamps, but only the “lamps that were consigned. ” He further testified that nothing was said at the time by either him or Handlan in regard to the continuance or discontinuance of the contract.
It appears that after the conversation between Stave and Handlan, in May, 1910, the latter engaged a man who had been sent by Stave, and who, for a. time at least, made some effort to sell defendant’s lamps, working, it is said, on commission; and that on June 9,1910, a letter was sent by plaintiff to defendant asking for certain information which this salesman desired; and that on June 16, 1910, an order was sent for certain lamps, on consignment, but which do not appear to have ever been shipped.
On September 12, 1910, plaintiff wrote defendant asking that the latter give shipping instructions “for the arc lamps on hand.” Again on October 13, 1910, plaintiff wrote defendant as follows:
“Referring to our recent correspondence, we beg to ask if you will not let us have disposition of the lamps now on hand.”
And on October 25, 1910, plaintiff again wrote, saying:
“On September 10, we requested that you be In nr enough to advise us as to the disposition of the lamps we have on hand,” asking that the matter be given attention.
“We have written you three or four times to ask disposition of the lamps on hand, but up to the present time have not been favored with a reply,” etc.
It appears that some time in November, 1910, Handlan, plaintiff’s said secretary, was in the city of New York, and had a conference with defendant’s president. Handlan testified that he insisted at that time that some disposition be made of the lamps which plaintiff had on hand, and that defendant’s president promised to give shipping directions therefor within two or three days, saying that he had a prospective customer for them elsewhere. On cross-examination he stated that he had “in a measure” looked to the consigned goods as security for the money which had been paid for the original twelve lamps. . '
With respect to the conversation in New York, defendant’s president testified that he asked Handlan to return the “consigned lamps,” asking that the latter pay the freight and storage, but that Handlan declined to do so.
On November 25, 1910, after Handlan had returned to the city of St. Louis, he wrote defendant, on behalf of plaintiff, as follows:
“On my return home I find that there has been nothing done regarding disposition of the lamps we have on hand. Since then there have been shipments made to customers in our city and no record made for the lamps that we have in stock. We beg to say that we must have immediate advice regarding the disposition of these lamps, and expect you to advise us definitely and give us shipping instructions and a check covering the lamps we paid you for by return mail. ’ ’
On November 30, 1910, defendant wrote plaintiff as follows:
On December 2,1910, plaintiff, replying to defendant’s letter of November 30, wrote:
“Beg to advise if you will notice the conditions in the contract we have with you, you will find on tho third page where the ‘first party agrees to take back such lamps and parts as party of the second part may have on hand, provided the party of the second part pays freight both ways.’ We desire to return these lamps under the clause in this contrhct,” etc.
It appears that plaintiff never received a reply to this letter, and on December 8, 1910, it again wrote defendant as follows: “Let us have reply at once to our letter of the second instant.” Receiving no reply to this, plaintiff on December 14, 1910, instituted this action.
I. The rights and duties of the parties in the premises primarily, of course, spring from and are to be governed by the written contract into which they entered. The latter is, in some respects at least, a peculiar instrument. It is clear, however, that the intention of the parties is to be gathered from the entire instrument, and not from isolated portions thereof. All of its provisions are to be read together, and to be construed, if possible, so as to bring them into harmony.
In the first place, we may say that a consideration of the contract as a whole leads us to the conclusion that it is essentially one creating an agency, and that plaintiff thereby became, in a certain sense at least,
By the contract defendant granted to plaintiff “the excusive right of sale” of defendant’s arc lamps in a certain territory, for a period of six months, with the privilege on the part of plaintiff to renew the same for a further period of six months, provided plaintiff sold during the first period as many as one hundred and fifty lamps. Plaintiff was required to sell the lamps according to defendant’s list price thereof, plaintiff’s profit to be derived to it through the discount allowed it on these prices. Plaintiff agreed to establish “subagencies,” and defendant agreed to refer to plaintiff in all its advertising as “ a local branch” _of defendant. And later in the contract the word “agent” is used in referring to a person or “organization” controlling territory as did plaintiff under this contract.
In Wilcox & Gibbs Co. v. Ewing, 141 U. S. 636, 12 Sup. Ct. 97, 35 L. Ed. 882, the Supreme Court of the United States, speaking through Mr. Justice Harlan, said of a somewhat similar contract:
“There was some discussion at the bar as to whether Ewing was, strictly, an agent of the company. We think he was. He was none the less an agent because of his appointment as ‘exclusive vendor’ of the defendant’s machines within a particular territory, or because of the peculiar privileges granted to or the
“The contract may be one of agency, although the agent is to find his compensation in the discount allowed him by the principal from the usual price,” or “in the advance he may be able to secure from third persons above the principal’s price to him.” [31 Cyc. 1201.]
We are not here dealing with any intervening-rights of third persons, and in this connection see Snelling v. Arbuckle Bros., 104 Ga. 362, 30 S. E. 863; Arbuckle v. Gates et al., 95 Va. 802, 30 S. E. 496; Arbuckle v. Kirkpatrick, 98 Tenn. 221, 39 S. W. 3, 36 L. R. A. 285, 60 Am. St. Rep. 854 — cases all dealing with the same peculiar contract, and where in each instance it was held that the party selling the goods was not to be regarded as a mere agent of the other party to the contract, so far as concerned the rights of third persons.
Eespondent’s position, with respect to these lamps, is that the contract shows upon its face that they were purchased outright and paid for by plaintiff; that they thereby became the latter’s property; and that the defendant was under no obligation to receive them back. It is quite true that the language of this portion of the contract, taken alone, tends to support respondent’s theory; but, taking it in connection with all of the other terms and provisions of the contract, we think that respondent’s position in this regard is not tenable. The provision in the contract that plaintiff order and pay for these lamps is not necessarily inconsistent with another provision thereof to the effect that defendant would, at a future date, take such lamps back and refund the amount paid thereon, if such be the proper construction to be placed upon the succeeding portion of the contract. By the latter it was agreed that, should defendant at the expiration of the first term of the contract “decide to discontinue same,” it would take back such lamps and parts as plaintiff might have on hand.
Considering all of the provisions of the contract, and the character of the agency thereby created, we think that this clause thereof relative to defendant’s taking back its goods should be held to extend to any lamps or “parts which plaintiff might have on hand; and that it requires defendant to take them back, and return the price paid therefor (for such is evidently the meaning of this provision), provided that such conditions were afterwards present as to make this clause operative at all.
By the terms of the instrument the contract period, in the absence of a renewal, was six months. That period elapsed under circumstances giving plaintiff no option to renew. Undoubtedly the contract then lost its binding effect, unless continued in force by the mutual agreement or consent of the- parties. It cannot be contended that, after that time (absent-any further agreement express or implied), the defendant remained obligated to longer protect plaintiff in an exclusive or other right to sell its goods, in the designated territory, or to allow plaintiff the contract discount from its prices; or that plaintiff, on the other hand, was bound to be “actively engaged in the arc lamp business,” or to refrain from conducting any business “antagonistic to such arc lamp business.” In this connection, see Bruckman v. Dry Goods Co., 91 Mo. App. 454.
And we think that the learned trial judge erred in holding that it was incumbent upon plaintiff to show some act or statement on the part of defendant indicating a decision on its part to discontinue the con
We are not disposed to place such a construction upon the use of the words “decide” in this clause of the contract as would permit defendant to play fast and loose with regard to its obligation to take back the goods. We do not assume that this was thereby intended. And a reasonable construction of this clause of the contract, and one consonant with the apparent intention of the parties, to be gleaned- from the instrument as a whole, is, we think, that at the end of the first period of six months defendant’s liability attached to take back the goods, unless the contract was renewed'or. otherwise continued in force. If the contract was suffered to expire according to its terms, then defendant must be regarded as having decided to permit it to do so and to “discontinue” it. Defendant should not be heard to say that it did not decide to permit that to occur which it had contracted should happen. As to this defendant had expressed its decision in the beginning, in the instrument itself, when it thereby granted plaintiff certain rights for a distinct and’ definite period only, subject merely to a conditional option to plaintiff to renew for further like periods. We are of the opinion, therefore, that if the contract, as such, terminated, and ceased to be a binding obligation, at the end of the first period of
The defense of delay on the part of plaintiff in offering to return the goods in question in unavailing1; for not only does it appear that defendant acquiesced therein and that plaintiff made numerous offers to have the matter disposed of, but it further clearly appears that a tender would have been unavailing; for, according to defendant’s own evidence, it repeatedly refused to take back these goods, not upon the ground of delay, but because it claimed that the contract did not require it-to do so.
We think that the only available defense to plaintiff’s cause of action, which the evidence has here any tendency to establish, is that the contract was continued in full force and effect after the termination of the first period of six months after its execution, and that plaintiff thereby waived its right to require defendant to take back the goods.
The contract granted an exclusive right for a limited period only, and contemplated renewals for further limited periods. It is certain that there was no renewal thereof in the sense in which that term was employed in the instrument itself; and the record fails to disclose any evidence whatsoever .of an express agreement made to continue the contract in force. No reference to this matter appears in any of the correspondence passing between the parties, and "defendant’s president testified that no mention was made of it in the interview in St. Louis in May, 1910.
But while there was no evidence of an express agreement to renew or continue the contract, there was perhaps evidence from which the jury might infer that the parties, by mutual consent, had permitted it to continue or remain in force for an indefinite time after the first period of six months, and that therefore defendant’s obligation to take back the goods did not attach but had been waived by plaintiff. Some of the
Upon the whole, however, we are led to the conclusion that the evidence cannot be said to conclusively show that the contract was not continued in force, after the six months in question, by the mutual consent of the parties; and that therefore this question was one of fact for the jury under appropriate instructions. [See Bruckman v. Dry Goods Co., supra.]
In other words, our conclusion is that, under the contract and the facts and circumstances appearing-in evidence, plaintiff was entitled to recover on its cause of action, unless it be found that the parties by mutual consent continued the contract, as such, in full force and effect, after the expiration of the period of
IV. Defendant’s counterclaim, for the value of the lamps that were originally shipped for exhibition purposes at Denver, is predicated upon its letter of November 30, written in reply to plaintiff’s letter of November 25. Prom the record it appears that plaintiff had previously written a number of letters concerning the disposition of the lamps on hand, to which defendant had not made reply; and, upon receiving defendant’s letter of November 30, plaintiff did not at once ship the “consigned lamps,” but wrote the letter of December 2d, calling defendant’s attention to the terms of the contract, and saying that it wished to return the lamps which it had “in stock,” under the terms of the contract as plaintiff construed the latter.
It is urged by learned counsel for respondent that the latter’s counterclaim does not allege a conversion, but that “it is in the nature of a claim for damages for breach of the agreement to return the
But we think that plaintiff cannot be convicted of having converted the consigned lamps to its own use. The alleged conversion is predicated upon the theory of a demand upon plaintiff by defendant’s letter above mentioned, and a refusal to comply therewith. It is not, therefore, essential to consider whether there was any evidence of a prior conversion thereof; but we perhaps ought to say that the evidence does not show such a prior conversion. It is true that defendant’s president testified that he asked plaintiff’s secretary, at the time of their conversation in New York, in November, 1910, to return the consigned lamps; but such request as he claims that he then made (if indeed it can be said to have been a demand at all) was a demand with a condition thereto which it appears that defendant had no right to impose, to-wit, the payment of all storage charges which had accrued thereon. Both parties treated these lamps as consigned goods; and as early as March 26, 1910, plaintiff, by its letter of that date, requested that defendant make some disposition of them, i. e., that they be turned over to defendant at Denver, or that shipping instructions be given plaintiff therefor. Defendant did not d.o this, and it appears that plaintiff later shipped the goods to St. Louis and stored them there in a storehouse. Defendant therefore became liable for storage thereon after it had a reasonable oppor
Such request and refusal, if any, was therefore no evidence of a conversion. And furthermore, the subsequent correspondence passing between the parties negatives the idea that there was any conversion of defendant’s goods prior to the time mentioned in the counterclaim.
And turning to the demand alleged to have been made upon plaintiff on November 30, 1910, we find it insufficient to support an action for conversion. Where one is entitled to the immediate possession of personal property, a demand therefor and a refusal to surrender possession thereof constitute prima-facie evidence of a conversion. [See Huxley v. Hartzell, 44 Mo. 370; Newman v. Trust Co., 189 Mo. loc. cit. 445, 88 S. W. 6; 38 Cyc. 2031; Felcher v. McMillan, 103 Mich. 494, 61 N. W. 791.] But the demand must be peremptory and clothed in absolute unequivocal terms. [See 38 Cyc. 2037, 2038; Cumberland Telephone Co. v. Taylor, 44 Ind. App. 27, 88 N. E. 631; Monnot v. Ibert, 33 Barb. (N. Y.) 24; Sutton v. Ry. Co., 99 Minn. 376, 109 N. W. 815.]
There was here no such demand. Defendant’s letter of November 30th, did not purport to make such a demand upon plaintiff to return the consigned lamps. This letter was written after repeated attempts of plaintiff to get some reply from the defendant with respect to- the disposition of the lamps on hand. And by such letter defendant merely expressed a willingness to take back the “consigned” goods. The letter stated that defendant would be “glad to immediately take back” all lamps except those for which plaintiff had paid, and that if plaintiff would kindly ship them defendant would be “glad to take them back.” And in reply to this letter plaintiff, by its letter of December 2d, merely pointed to the provisions of the'
This was not such a demand and refusal as to constitute evidence of a conversion. Considering that the correspondence between the parties related to their respective rights and obligations upon severing their business relations, plaintiff’s former efforts to have defendant give shipping directions for these very goods, and its several letters in September, October, and November of that year, which met with no response, plaintiff cannot be made liable as for conversion merely by defendant finally expressing its willingness to take back these goods, and plaintiff replying thereto to the effect that defendant was bound to take back all the goods which plaintiff had on hand, as the latter interpreted the contract. And that defendant was not, by its letter in question, making a demand for the immediate possession of these goods, is further shown by the fact that it made no reply _ whatsoever to plaintiff’s letter last above mentioned; nor, as it appears to a subsequent one written some days later.
Respondent urges that the counterclaim, “being on contract for the recovery of money,” is controlled by the provisions of section 2283, Revised Statutes 1909, and that want of demand is unavailable to appellant because not specially pleaded by it.
But, as said above, the action is to be here treated as one for conversion. And the provisions of the statute above referred to do not apply in actions of trover and conversion. [See Nanson v. Jacob, 93 Mo. 331, 6 S. W. 246, 3 Am. St. Rep. 531.] The statute provides that it shall not be available to a party as an objection that no demand for the subject-matter of a suit was made prior to its institution, unless it is expressly set up by way of defense in the answer or replication, etc. But we think it quite apparent that the statute was not intended to apply to an action of
In this connection, respondent places much reliance upon Engle v. Dressel, 26 Mo. App. 39, and Antonelli v. Basile, 93 Mo. App. 138. The latter was an action for money had and received, i. e., the count with which we are here concerned. It was held that the allegation that defendant had. converted the money to his own use was mere surplusage; and that the action for money had and received could be maintained irrespective of whether or not it was maintainable as an action of trover and conversion. And what is said in Engle v. Dressel, supra, to the effect that want of demand could not be shown because not pleaded, was based upon Battel v. Crawford, 59 Mo. 215, cited in support thereof. But the last-mentioned case, as to this point, is expressly disapproved in Nanson v. Jacob, supra, 93 Mo. 343, 6 S. W. 246, 3 Am. St. Rep. 531, where the question is fully discussed by Sherwood, J., and which overrules the prior decision in Raithel v. Dezetter, 43 Mo. 145.
It is also urged that the evidence shows that a demand would have been unavailing, as in Engle v. Drsssel, supra, and Swinney v. Grouty, 83 Mo. App. 549. But we think that this has ho application here. In the Engle case the bailee had absconded .with the thing bailed, and his whereabouts were unknown; the action proceeding by attachment. In the Swinney case the corn alleged to have been converted had been consumed by the defendant’s stock prior to the institution of the suit. In neither of these cases did the action, as here, depend upon proof of a demand and refusal,
Other authorities might be referred to in this connection, but we think it clear that defendant was not entitled to recover on its counterclaim, and that the court below should have directed a verdict for plaintiff thereon.
V. If is unnecessary to discuss separately the various assignments of error pertaining to the instructions, for they are disposed of by what has been said above.
The judgment should be reversed, and the cause remanded, in order that plaintiff’s cause of action may be retried in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion; and with directions to the circuit court that, upon such trial being had, it enter judgment for plaintiff on defendant’s counterclaim. It is so ordered.
