149 Va. 829 | Va. Ct. App. | 1928
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was an action at law brought in the Circuit Court of Appomattox county for damages for personal injuries as a result of the car in which plaintiff was riding being in collision with defendant’s train. At the trial, defendant demurred to the evidence which the court sustained, and entered judgment for the railway company. Plaintiff brings error.
The parties in this court occupy the same positions
Plaintiff was injured on July 11, 1925, at a highway crossing in the corporate limits of the town of Pamplin, when the open Ford “runabout” in which she was riding came in collision with the east bound passenger train No. 8 of the defendant company, in the afternoon of that day.
There were in the ear at the time two men and. Martha Hancock, the plaintiff. The highway crosses the railway at right angles and runs north and south, and the car in which plaintiff was riding was traveling north. Frizzell Cole was driving the car and Sampson Madison was on his right, with the plaintiff, Martha Hancock, sitting across his lap, with her face turned, toward the east.
The plaintiff’s contention is that the defendant was negligent in approaching the crossing without giving timely warnings to travelers on the highway and particularly at this place which was permitted to be- and remain in a dangerous condition as a direct result-of which she was injured.
The position of the defendant company may be best-understood by a reading of its demurrer to the evidence,, which follows:
“1. Because the plaintiff’s negligence in going on. the crossing without looking in a westerly direction from which train No. 8 was coming is the sole proximate-cause of her injury.
“2. Because plaintiff’s evidence shows that the defendant’s train crew performed the duties required of' those in charge thereof in the matter of giving the-warning signals demanded by law in approaching said. crossing.
“3. Because the evidence shows the defendant was-
“4. Because the plaintiff’s negligence contributed to and caused the injury complained of and bars her right to recover in this case irrespective of the alleged negligence of the defendant.
“5. Because plaintiff admits that she went on the crossing without giving the train a thought, without asking the driver to stop before going on the crossing and without looking in both directions, although she admits she had seen the tracks and knew the railroad was in front of her, having been to Sizemore’s store before and over this crossing, and this conduct was negligence on her part which bars her right to recover.
“6. Because plaintiff’s evidence shows that there was a space of ten feet or more south of the south rail of this crossing at which an automobile could be stopped and the occupants see a train approaching from the west for a considerable distance, and plaintiff could likewise have seen had she looked.
“7. Because plaintiff having accepted the invitation to ride in the automobile cannot fail to look and listen and shut her eyes to danger, and then claim that the driver is negligent and that because she could not operate the car or handle the control thereof she is no way responsible for his negligence, because her failure to look and listen under these circumstances is also negligence which bars her right to recover.
“8. Because plaintiff and Cole, the driver, were engaged in a joint enterprise and the negligence of the driver bars plaintiff’s right to recover.
“9. Because the evidence fails to show any negligent act of the defendant, or its agents, which was the sole proximate'cause of the plaintiff’s injury, the defendant having performed every act required of it.”
It would seem unnecessary to restate the law which controls the courts in determining whether or not a demurrer to the evidence should be sustained. This being before us upon a demurrer, the well known principles applicable in such cases must apply and be determinative of the conclusions that should be reached.
The major portion of the testimony taken by the .plaintiff was offered for the purpose of proving the negligence of the defendant in approaching the crossing where the collision occurred.
In our view of the case this question becomes unimportant, because we are of the opinion that the right of recovery must turn upon the question of the plaintiff’s contributory negligence, which for the purpose of this discussion pre-supposes the primary negligence .of the defendant, and is quite independent of the negligence of the driver of the ear which could not under the facts of this case be imputed to the plaintiff.
The law in this State defining the duty of a passenger or invited guest while riding in a vehicle which collides with a locomotive, has been declared in the case of Southern Railway Company v. Jones' Admr., 118 Va. 685, 88 S. E. 178, wherein Judge Keith says:
The same doctrine is announced in Atlantic & D. R. Co. v. Ironmonger, 95 Va. 629, 29 S. E. 319; Virginian R. Co. v. Skinner, 119 Va. 843, 89 S. E. 888. These cases are in accord with the views expressed by the courts of last resort in a large majority of the States of this country.
“An automobile passenger is bound to exercise ordinary care for his own safety, without which the injury received in a collision is attributable to his own negligence.” Carpenter v. Atchison, 51 Cal. App. 60, 195 Pac. 1073.
“All that can be required of a guest in an automobile, who has no control over it, is to look and listen and warn the driver of approaching danger at a crossing.” Parker v. S. A. L. Ry. Co., 181 N. C. 95, 106 S. E. 755.
“A guest riding in the front seat with the driver of an automobile is required, in the exercise of ordinary care, to keep a vigilant lookout for trains when approaching a railroad crossing.” Barrett v. Chicago M. & St. Ry. Co., 190 Iowa 509, 175 N. W. 950, 180 N. W. 670.
“Though a passenger in automobile was merely a guest, it was his duty, on approaching a railroad crossing, to look and listen according to his opportunity, and, if he did not, he assumed the risk.” Robison v. Oregon-Washington R. & Nav. Co., 90 Or. 490, 176 Pac. 594.
“One riding with another driving an automobile over a railroad crossing must exercise due care for his own safety by looking and listening, whether he is a
“Passenger in automobile who did not request driver to stop or take necessary precautions while approaching dangerous railway crossing was guilty of contributory negligence barring recovery for personal injury from collision, though no signal was given.” Morris v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., 101 Neb. 479, 163 N. W. 799.
Berry on Automobiles (4th ed.), section 590 states the law as follows:
‘ ‘Collisions with railroad trains — Duty of occupant. It is the duty of one who is riding in an automobile as a passenger, when about to cross a railroad track, to look and listen for approaching trains, and to warn the chauffeur of the near approach of a train, and prevent him from attempting to cross the tracks close in front of the train, and a failure to perform this duty amounts to negligence.
“He must use reasonable care to learn of the approach of a train and to keep out of its way.”
These authorities leave nothing to be supplied by this court in fixing the degree of care for his own safety to be observed by a passenger or guest riding in an automobile, when approaching a railroad crossing.
Did the plaintiff observe that care immediately prior to the injury which the law imposes upon her?
From the photographs filed in the record, and the undisputed testimony of the witness who took the pictures,' it appears that in "approaching the east bound track of the railroad, and thirty-three feet from its center, a man can be seen on the south track 297 feet west of the crossing, and when twenty-one and one-half feet from the center of the east bound track, he can be seen a distance of 934 feet west from the crossing.
It seems obvious, therefore, that had the plaintiff looked for the on-coming train, as was her duty to do, it could have been seen in ample time for her to have cautioned the driver of the impending peril.
“This court has repeatedly held that the duty of looking and listening for approaching trains before crossing a railroad track must be discharged in a way to make looking and listening effectual.” U. S. Spruce Lumber Co. v. Shumate, 118 Va. 471, 87 S. E. 723; Southern Railway Company v. Jones, 106 Va. 412, 56 S. E. 155; Murden v. Virginia Railway and Power Company, 130 Va. 449, 107 S. E. 660.
“It is the duty of a traveler, before attempting to cross a railroad track at a crossing, to look in both directions and to listen for approaching trains.” Norfolk, etc., R. Co. v. Sink, 118 Va. 439, 87 S. E. 740.
A very able discussion of the law on this general subject has been contributed by Judge Kelly in Washington, etc., Ry. Co. v. Zell, 118 Va. 755, 88 S. E. 309.
In the very recent cases of Virginian Railway Company v. Farr, 147 Va. 217, 136 S. E. 668, and Norfolk and Western Railway Company v. James, 147 Va. 178, 136 S. E. 660, the court dealt with the rights of a passenger to recover from a railway company for injuries received while riding in an automobile. In both eases verdicts for the plaintiffs were sustained, but the reasons given by the court are quite sufficient to justify this court in reaching the opposite conclusion in this case.
In both of these cases the plaintiffs were traveling in the night. Knew nothing of the perils of the road, had no opportunity of knowing, and, therefore, no reason to remonstrate with or warn the driver of dangers unseen and unknown.
A person cannot disqualify themselves from observing the ordinary rules of prevision for their safety and then plead the self imposed conditions as an excuse for failure to exercise vigilance. To have turned her head, and her body if necessary, was a simple and easy movement in her position on this ill-fated ear.
Our attention has been called to the topography of the surroundings at the point where the highway and tracks of the railroad cross, and the difficulty of seeing an approaching train at the place where the collision occurred.
The facts as to this question have been heretofore adverted .to, and a careful consideration of the evidence and the photographs of the important points referred to therein demonstrate that vigilance on the part of the plaintiff would have presumably avoided the injury.
Whatever may have been the difficulties in the way of a clear vision, they could not have contributed to the accident in so far as the plaintiff is concerned. She admittedly made no effort to overcome the difficulties or to observe the dangers toward which they recklessly rushed. “Thoughtlessness is negligence.” Southern Railway Co. v. Mauzy, 98 Va. 692, 37 S. E. 285.
There are eases in which the question as to
In giving the exceptions to the general rule in Boyd v. Southern Railway Company, supra, the court says:
“ ‘In the case of Kimball & Fink v. Friend, 95 Va. 125, 27 S. E. 901, where there was a silent gong, and in Southern Railway Co. v. Aldridge, 101 Va. 142, 43 S. E. 333, where the watchman failed to perform his duty, it was held that the question of negligence on the part of the travelers in going upon the crossing where injured, was a question of fact for the jury, under all the facts of those cases, and not a question of law for the court.’ Judge Buchanan further says:
“ ‘It has also been held that the traveler’s negligence is a question for the jury where he attempts to cross a railway track immediately after one train has passed and another follows so quickly as to mislead or confuse him and he is injured. And in cases of flying switches, where the train has been severed and the traveler goes upon the crossing after the first section has passed and is struck by the second; and also where a traveler seeing a train pass on or towards the main line of the railroad, goes upon the track and is injured by the train immediately returning.’ ” Chapman’s Admr. v. Hines, 134 Va. 274, 281, 115 S. E. 373. See also Etheridge v. Norfolk Southern R. Co., 143 Va. 789, 129 S. E. 680.
It is urged by plaintiff’s counsel that the negligence of Martha Hancock should have been submitted to a jury.
There are opinions without number dealing with this
What issue has the jury to determine in the instant ease? The facts are undisputed and unequivocal.
The law in Virginia requires a passenger or guest in an automobile to use ordinary care for his safety in approaching and crossing a railroad track. This law she confessedly ignored and was immediately in collision with the locomotive. Under this state of facts the law fixes negligence upon her, and there is no issue for the jury to determine. U. S. Spruce Lumber Co. v. Shumate, 118 Va. 471, 87 S. E. 723; Norfolk Southern R. Co. v. Sink, 118 Va. 439, 87 S. E. 740; Southern Railway Company v. Vaughan, 118 Va. 692, 88 S. E. 305, L. R. A. 1916E, 1222, Ann. Cas. 1918D, 842; Virginia and Southwestern Ry. Co. v. Skinner, 119 Va. 843, 89 S. E. 887; and Murden v. Va. Ry. & Pow. Co., 130 Va. 449, 107 S. E. 660.
There is a class of cases of which Virginia Railway and Power Co. v. Gorsuch, 120 Va. 655, 91 S. E. 632, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 838, is a type, where the wife of a careful driver is not required to be on guard for her own safety. These are usually cases where the accidents occur on city streets between an automobile and a street car.
The distinction between collisions of this character, where there is ceaseless commotion and the crossing of car tracks at every city block, and those occurring
The precautions taken by the plaintiff just prior to the accident may best be gleaned from her own language:
“Q. You were in the car you say because who asked you?
“A. Frizzell Cole.-
“Q. Was Sam Madison in the car also?
“A. Yes, sir; he was in there also.
“Q. And you were sitting in his lap?
“A. I was sitting on his lap.
“Q. You don’t know how fast the ear was traveling before it got to this crossing?
“A. I really don’t know.
“Q. You were sitting facing towards the station at Pamplin?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. When you went over the track?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. So that you neither stopped nor looked towards the west, from which this train was coming, before you went upon that crossing?
“A. Only slowed up.
“Q. You did not look towards the west at all?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. You were looking to the east in the direction of the station at Painplin?
“A. That is where I was looking.
“A. No, sir.
“Q. Now you being in Sam Madisoii’s lap were nearer the front of the car than either Madison or Cole, weren’t you?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. So that if you had turned your head and looked towards the west you would have been in the best position to see the train coming of any of the three in the car, you being- out nearer the front of the car and sitting up higher than they, weren’t you?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. I also understood you to say that you were a little deaf and couldn’t hear good anyhow; you said that when Mr. Howard asked you the question.
By Mr. Howard: “No, she didn’t say that.
By the court: “Yes, she did say that, Mr. Howard.
By Mr. Gravatt:
“Q. I am correct in that; you cannot hear very good, can you?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. And the car you were in did not stop before going on the track?
“A. No, sir.
“Q. And you did not look in the direction in which the train was coming before the ear got to the crossing. Now did you ask Frizzell Cole to stop or say to him ‘let’s look and see if the train is coming?’
“A. No, sir; I didn’t; I didn’t think anything about the train at all.
“Q. You didn’t pay any attention to it?
“A. No, sir.
********
“Q. And No. 8 was an eastbound train and you knew that, didn’t you?
“Q. And you knew about what time that was due too, in the afternoon, didn’t you?
“A. Yes, sir; I knew it was in the afternoon.
“Q. And you knew it had not run this afternoon when you were up there, didn’t you?
“A. No, sir; I didn’t know.
“Q. You had been over to Mr. Sizemore’s store before, hadn’t you?
“A. I had been a long time ago.
“Q. When you were sitting in Sam Madison’s lap, riding up towards that crossing, facing down towards the depot at Pamplin, you could see the railroad tracks in front of you, couldn’t you, before you got up to the crossing?
“A. Yes, sir; I could have seen them.
“Q. They were there in plain view?
“A. Yes, sir; I could have seen them if I had been taking notice.
“Q. There was no reason why you couldn’t see the crossing and the tracks and look out if you had wanted to?
“A. If I had been thinking anything about the train, but I didn’t have any thought about the train; I didn’t know it was train time at all.
“Q. But there was no reason in the world why you couldn’t look out there, or have made Frizzell Cole stop that car so you could see if you wanted to. He would have stopped if you had asked him?
“A. I reckon so, if I had asked him, but it was his business, he was driving.
“Q. But if you had asked him to stop and look for a train at the crossing, he would have stopped?
“A. Yes, sir; but I never had any thought about the
“Q. Before you got up there you did see the Norfolk and Western tracks up there west of the Norfolk and Western station?
“A. I knowed the Norfolk and Western track run down there.”
The plaintiff was heedless of those rules for her safety, declared necessary by the great majority of the courts of this country as prerequisites to a recovery. She was clearly guilty of concurring negligence, without which in all probability she would not have sustained the injuries complained of, and we are therefore of opinion that the demurrer was rightly sustained, and the judgment must be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
The majority opinion holds that Martha Hancock was a passenger or guest in the car and that the well settled rule of law applicable to her is, where a passenger is in a private vehicle by invitation and is exercising no control over the driver, and is injured through the combined negligence of the driver and a third person, the negligence of such driver cannot be imputable to the passenger. If precluded from recovery it must be because of his own independent negligence. Virginia Railway and Power Company v. Gorsuch, 120 Va. 655, 91 S. E. 632, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 838; Virginian Railway Company v. Farr, 147 Va. 217-228, 229, 136 S. E. 668; Norfolk and Western Railway Company v. James, 147 Va. 178-187, 136 S. E. 660.
The above cases and all the cases on this subject hold if the guest fails to look and listen, and does not
The opinion then holds that Martha Hancock was located further to the front of the car than the driver, and if she had looked to the west, could have seen the train, because the photographs showed that twenty-five feet from the track all occupants of the car could see a train 284 feet to the west, therefore, she was guilty of such independent negligence that barred her recovery, and the fact that her back was turned to the west from direction the train was approaching was no excuse for not looking.
These photographs were taken in January after the accident when the leaves were off the honeysuckle upon the fence upon the top of the railroad cut, and the accident occurred in the summer when it was in full foliage. The plaintiff’s evidence proved that the noiseless train could not be seen until car got within ten feet of the south rail of the track. This is admitted in the defendant’s grounds of demurrer where it says: Because the train could be seen when the car got within ten feet or more of the track.
I have never seen a case and I do not believe one can be found where upon a demurrer to evidence where the demurrant waives his evidence, in conflict with the demurree’s, and admits the truth of the demurree’s evidence and all just inferences arising from the same; where the court has adopted the waived evidence and based its judgment thereon.
But it may be contended that, no matter what was the distance between the cut and south rail in which the train might have been seen, Martha Hancock sitting in the lap of Madison with her back to the track nearer the front of the car and could have seen it sooner than Cole the driver, therefore, she was guilty of contributory negligence that caused the accident. It does not appear how large any of the parties were and the defendant offered no evidence to prove she was nearer to the front of the car than the driver, and this is mere conjecture. If she was an average person she would have been only eighteen inches nearer the front with her back turned, which seems to me to be de minimis.
But this question of the location of a passenger in a vehicle imposing the duty on him to look in both directions has been decided adversely to the majority opinion by the Supreme Court in Atlantic and Danville R. Co. v. Ironmonger, 95 Va. 625, 29 S. E. 319; the railroad asked the court to give an instruction making
“The court instructs the jury that the rule that the negligence of a driver of a vehicle is not to be imputed to a passenger is not applicable where the passenger is so located in the vehicle as to have an opportunity to discover the danger and to inform the driver of it, and if the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff was so situated in the carriage as by the use of her senses of hearing or sight she might have discovered the approaching danger in time to inform the driver of it, and for him to have avoided it, and did not do so, then they must find for the defendant, unless they further believe from the evidence that the defendant might, after discovering the plaintiff’s negligence, have avoided its consequences.”
About this instruction Judge Buchanan said:
“This instruction assumes that the rule of law, that the negligence of the driver cannot be imputed to the passenger, is not applicable where the passenger is so located in the vehicle as to have an opportunity to discover the danger and inform the driver of it. Where the passenger, as in a case like this, is in the vehicle by the invitation of the owner and driver, and is exercising no control over him, the negligence of the driver cannot be imputed to the passenger. If the passenger has himself been guilty of negligence he is precluded from recovery by reason of his own negligence, and not because of the negligence of the driver.
“Upon the question of her own negligence instruction No. 5, given for the plaintiff in error, stated the law as strongly in its favor as it was entitled to. The court
Instruction No. 5: “The court instructs the jury that the rule requiring a traveler on a highway, on approaching a railroad crossing, to have his senses on the alert to discover and avoid danger from an approaching train, is not relaxed in favor of one who is being carried in a vehicle owned and driven by another; it is no less the duty of the passenger, where he has the opportunity to do so, than of the driver to learn of danger and avoid it, if practicable. That plaintiff was seated in a carriage, owned and driven by one Francis Reiger, that the curtains were up so that the plaintiff could see in the direction from which the engine was coming, and that by looking and listening the plaintiff could have discovered the approaching engine in time to avoid it, then they must find for the defendant even though they may believe that the defendant was negligent, unless the defendant, after discovering the negligence of the plaintiff, could have avoided its consequences.”
According to instruction number five given in the Ironmonger Case, it was the duty of Martha Hancock if the train had been approaching from the east and by the exercise of her sense she could have discovered the same, she should have done so and warned Cole.
It is impossible for me to discover from this record any other cause for Martha Hancock’s injury but the combined negligence of the defendant and the driver, Cole. The ground upon which the majority opinion is based never occurred to counsel upon either side of this ease, and was never mentioned in the argument before this court, nor is it suggested, much less specifically set forth, in its ground of demurrer as required in the mandatory statute, section 6117 of the Virginia Code.
The defendant, in its written grounds of demurrer,
It cited the cases of Washington and Old Dominion Railway Co. v. Zell, 118 Va. 755, 88 S. E. 309, and Bowman v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 179 Fed. 577, 103 C. C. A. 136, 29 L. R. A. (N. S.) 924, as authority to sustain its position. If the Zell Case decided what it claimed, then Cole’s negligence was Martha Hancock’s negligence and she cannot recover. Judge Prentis in the opinion of the court in the Gorsuch Case, supra, which was the first ease to pass upon this question after the Zell Case, established the law to be in Virginia that in order for the occupant of a car to be liable for the negligence of the driver he must have the right to control and direct the driver. The right to control and direct the driver is necessary before the driver’s negligence is chargeable to the other occupant of the car.
Judge Kelly, who delivered the opinion of the court in the Zell Case and certainly should know what he intended to decide, in Director General v. Pence’s Admx., 135 Va. 329, on page 345, 116 S. E. 351, 356, said: “But the ‘joint enterprise’ which will render the contributory negligence of a driver imputable to a person riding with him must invest such person with some voice in the control and direction of the vehicle. The rule is founded upon the doctrine of principal and agent. The passenger must be so related to the driver as that the maxim qui facit per alium facet per se is applicable.”
The case of Director General v. Pence's Admx., supra, makes clear the distinction between an occupant who has the right of control and direction over driver, and an occupant who is merely a passenger. In this case, as in the instant case, it was the contention of defendant that Stillwell, the driver, and Pence were engaged in a joint enterprise, therefore it was Pence’s duty to look and listen for the train, and his failure was contributory negligence that barred recovery. As authority for that position the defendant cited the Zell Case, supra; Virginia & Southwestern Ry. Co. v. Harris, 119 Va. 843, 89 S. E. 887; and Southern Ry. Co. v. Jones, 118 Va. 685, 88 S. E. 178, just as was done in this case, but the court overruled that contention and held that as a matter of law Pence was a passenger and had the right to rely upon the driver and the Zell Case had no application to the Pence Case, and the Jones and Skinner Cases also involved a different principle of law.
In the Pence Case, Stillwell and Pence were approaching a railway crossing in the day-time where there were three tracks. The Wheeler track on which was a box-car that prevented the main line from being seen, the passing track and the main line. Both parties, were upon the front seat, and the main line and train were plainly visible to both of them after they passed the Wheeler track, had they looked. Stillwell, the
It is plain that Supreme Court does not hold as law that when á traveler is about to cross a railway track, the track is notice of danger, and if the passenger fails to look in both directions and warn the driver he is guilty of contributory negligence. If Pence was not guilty of negligence in failing to warn Stillwell, how can Martha Hancock, when Cole slowed up as he approached the crossing, be declared negligent in not warning him if she had the right to rely on the driver, until she had reason to believe he was going to drive on the track?
The Jones and Skinner Cases were also relied upon in the Pence Case, but Judge Kelly distinguished those cases from that case, and some distinction is applicable in case at bar. That is failure to look in both directions and warn the driver is not per se negligence. He said on page 346 (116 S. É. 357): “The case of Va. S. W. Ry. Co. v. Skinner, 119 Va. 843, 89 S. E. 887, and Southern Ry. Co. v. Jones, 118 Va. 685, 88 S. E.
The only possible distinction that the law can and does make between a person riding in a vehicle who has the right to control and direct the driver and a. passenger is that the latter may rely upon the driver until his negligence is apparent, whereas the former must exercise the same degree of care as the driver is required by law to exercise.
The majority opinion states that if the passenger is a-wife driving with her husband whom she knows is a careful driver she may rely on him, and construes theGorsuch Case to make that restriction. This construction is contrary to the Ironmonger Case and all the cases-in Virginia that are cited above, as far as I could discover them, and to the general rule in all other States, except Michigan and perhaps Wisconsin. Terwilliger v. Long Island R. Co., 152 App. Div. 168, 136 N. Y. S. 733, note Ann. Cas. 1913B page 684.
It is an uncontrovertible fact that the combined negligence of Cole and defendant was the cause of" plaintiff’s injury. The defendant specified in its-written grounds of defense that Martha Hancock and Cole were engaged in a joint enterprise. The ease-was argued before us upon that principle of law. The-plaintiff’s argument and authorities was to repel that legal contention. No mention or suggestion ' of the-ground upon which the majority has based its decision was ever suggested as far as I remember, and I doubt-if it"ever occurred to counsel on either side.
The Supreme Court has held this statute mandatory, and if grounds of defense are not set out specifically the court is without jurisdiction to consider them if the grounds set out are so general that two or more grounds are contained in one specification it cannot be considered. How then can defendant specify that plaintiff was engaged in a joint enterprise, and as such was negligent ■ in not looking in the direction from which the train was coming, and prevail on the ground that she was a passenger guilty of independent negligence? Are not these rights and duties as distinct as those of the driver and the passenger? No mention is made of the specific negligence of Martha Hancock, set out in the opinion. Black v. Daughtry, 130 Va. 24-31, 107 S. E. 694; McMenamin v. Southern Ry. Co., 115 Va. 822, 80 S. E. 596.
I have not an opportunity to read the cases cited from other jurisdictions, but from the statements of the general rule quoted, as with the Virginia cases herein discussed, I am satisfied that the same duty is not imposed by law upon a passenger as is imposed upon the driver.
The importance.of this decision to the profession is my apology for writing such a long dissenting opinion.