Hamburg-Bremen Fire Ins. v. Pelzer Manuf'g Co.

76 F. 479 | 4th Cir. | 1896

MORRIS, District Judge

(after slating the facts as above). The first question raised by this appeal is whether equity has jurisdiction. The fact of the mistake is undeniable. The evidence of the foreman and the jurors who were examined as witnesses malces it manifest that the jury had agreed to render a verdict for the amount now claimed, and that they supposed that the foreman was announcing a verdict for the full amount of all the policies and interest, which was the verdict they had agreed upon. It was in the nature of a clerical mistake made by the foreman, by which he misstated the verdict which had been agreed upon. The matter is susceptible of the clearest and most indubitable proof. The case is the same in principle as if the mistake had been the other way, and the foreman had, contrary to the finding of the jury, announced a verdict for $2,500 more than the plaintiff had claimed in its declaration or proofs. The general rule is that after the term the judgment is beyond the control of a court of law. Bronson v. Schulten, 104 U. S. 410-415. So that, when this mistake was discovered, it was beyond the general powers of the court which entered the judgment to disturb it. The provisions of the Code of South Carolina (section 195), as construed by the supreme court of South Carolina, would appear not to he applicable to the case of a plaintiff, but only to the case of the party against whom the judgment is taken. Steele v. Railroad Co., 14 S. C. 331; Clark v. Wimberly, 21 S. C. 141. It is apparent, therefore, that the complainant was without any remedy at law at the time the mistake was discovered. It is not: to be denied that in a proper case, and where the party is without remedy at law, equity has jurisdiction to grant relief with respect to a judgment which by reason of mistake is inequitable. And this equity jurisdiction has frequently been exercised with inspect to a judgment which! does not give effect to the actual verdict agreed upon by the jury. Cohen v. Dubose, Harp. Eq. 102; The Hiram, 1 Wheat. 440; Phillips v. Negley, 117 U. S. 665, 6 Sup. Ct. 901; 2 Story, Eq. Jur. § 1571; 2 Pom. Eq. Jur. § 871; Partridge v. Harrow. 27 Iowa, 96; Barthell v. Roderick, 34 Iowa, 517.

. The next assignment of error relates to the admission of the testimony of five of the jurors as to what: was the verdict upon which they had agreed. They all testified, in substance, that after finding for the plaintiff in the cases in which the witnesses were examined, and the remaining six cases were submitted to them, they had but one common understanding, and that was that they were to find as they had found in the first cases for the full amount of the policies and interest. They knew of no reason why there should be any discrimina tion with regard to the case in question, and they did not make any, but came into court having agreed to give the full amount sued for with interest. It is contended that the admission of this testimony violates the rule which excludes the evidence of jurors to impeach a verdict by testimony as to their deliberations, or to show upon what grounds the verdict was rendered, or to show a mistake or misconduct of the jurors in arriving at the verdict. But the testimony objected to only tended to show what the verdict was, not how it had been arrived at, and to prove that the verdict read out in court by the foreman was not their verdict, but the result of an oversight by him in making the announcement. Without weakening at all the strictness of the general rule, testimony to this effect has been sanctioned in well-considered cases, and does not fall within the strong objections which properly exclude the statements of jurors in a different class of cases. Speaking of affidavits of jurors impeaching their verdict, it is said by Chief Justice Taney in U. S. v. Reid, 12 How. 366.

“It would perhaps hardly he safe to lay down any general rule upon this subject. Unquestionably such evidence ought always to be received with great caution. But eases might arise in which it would be impossible to refuse them without violating the plainest principles of justice.”

And in Mattox v. U. S., 146 U. S. 147, 13 Sup. Ct. 50, this ruling is reaffirmed, and the exclusion of affidavits as to facts occurring in the jury room was held reversible error.

In Capon v. Stoughton, 16 Gray, 364, it was held that it was admissible at a subsequent term to permit jurors to testify that the verdict signed by them was not the verdict the jury supposed they were signing, and was not the one they had agreed upon and intended to sign. The opinion of Chief Justice Bigelow fully discusses the reasons for the rule excluding the testimony of jurors as to their deliberations in making up their verdict. He says:

“The evidence of the jurors is offered only to show a mistake in the nature of a clerical error which happened after the deliberations of the jury had ceased, and they had actually agreed upon their verdict. The error consisted, not in making up their verdict on wrong principles, or on a mistake of facts, but in an omission to state correctly in writing the verdict to which they had, by a due and regular course of proceeding, honestly and fairly arrived. * * * No considerations of public policy require that the uncontradicted testimony of jurors to establish an error of this nature should be excluded. Its admission does not in any degree infringe on the sanctity with which the law surrounds the deliberations of jurors, or expose their verdicts to be set aside through improper influence's, or upon grounds which might prove dangerous to the purity and steadiness of the administration of public justice. On the contrary, it is a case of manifest mistake of a merely formal and clerical character, which the court ought to interfere to correct, in order to prevent the rights of the parties from being sacrificed hy a blind adherence to a rule of evidence in itself highly salutary and reasonable, but which, upon principle, has no application to the present case.” Jackson v. Dickenson, 15 Johns. 309-317; Peters v. Fogarty, 55 N. J. Law, 386, 26 Atl. 855; Dalrymple v. Williams, 63 N. Y. 361.

We are of opinion that under the circumstances of this case the testimony of the jurors was rightly admitted and considered. It was uncontradicted in any respect, and the truth of it was plainly manifest.

It is also alleged as error that, even if it be conceded that the mistake in the entry of the verdict and judgment do give jurisdiction to a court of equity to grant relief, the appellee, its agents and attorneys, have been guilty of such negligence as to forbid its interposition; that, as the verdict was delivered by the foreman in open court, and the judgment affirmed on appeal, and paid and satisfied, and the mistake not discovered until nearly three years after the verdict was rendered, there must have been such negligence as should preclude a court of equity from relieving the parties from the result of their own inattention. A'fair statement of the proper rule is, we think, contained in 2 Pom. Eq. Jur. § 856:

“As a second requisite, it has sometimes been said in general terms that a mistake resulting from She complaining party’s own negligence will never be relieved. This proposition is not sustained by the authorities. It would be more accurate to say that, where the mistake is wholly caused by the want of that care and diligence in the transaction which should be used by every person of reasonable prudence, and the absence of which would he a violation of legal duty, a court of equity will not interpose its relief; but, even with this more guarded mode of statement, each instance of negligence must depend to a great extent upon its own circumstances. It is not every negligence that will stay the hand of the court. The conclusion from the best authorities seems to be that the neglect must amount to the violation of a positive legal duty. The highest possible care is not demanded.”

In judging of the degree of negligence to be imputed to the ap-pellee there are many circumstances to be considered, — the unusual number of policies and. suits; the fact that the attention of the parties was concentrated npon the trial of the eases which were rea.lly tried; the fact that when it was agreed that the remaining six cases should be submitted to the same jury it was practically expected to .be a verdict by consent, with no controverted question as to the amounts; that in all the cases except the one in question there was one policy only; the fact that, the amounts not being in dispute, attention was directed to the questions of law only, which were reserved for appeal; the fact that other business was being proceeded with when the jury came into court. There are many circumstances which explain how the attention of the parties was relaxed, and how the error might be overlooked without imputing to any one acting for the appellee such negligence as should deprive it of all remedy, provided the other party has not been put in any worse position by the delay. The mistake having occurred, it; was not likely to be discovered, except upon a careful examination of accounts, or by chance. The occasion for the examination did not occur until the suit came on for trial between the appellee and Oely & Bro. As soon as it was discovered, the appellee acted promptly, and there was no further delay.

In Galliher v. Cadwell, 145 U. S. 373, 12 Sup. Ct. 873, 875, it is said:

“Taches Is not, like limitation, a mere matter of time, hut principally a question of the inequity of permitting the claim to he enforced, — an inequity founded upon some change in the condition or relations of the properly or parties.”

There a.re many cases in which relief has been refused because the mere inattention of the party complaining has been held to be a want of reasonable diligence. But the present case presents peculiar circumstances accounting for the oversight, and it is peculiar in this: that the proof of the mistake is so clear, and the fact that the lapse of time has been no injury to the appellant. Its, business of fire insurance requires it to be ready to respond to contingent liabilities arising from the risks it insures, and it cannot make a substantial difference to its stockholders whether it is called upon to pay a just debt in one year or another. The amount is not large, and its existence as a debt could not have influenced the corporation in its business or contracts during the time it was overlooked by the appellee. The large class of cases in which it is rigidly held that equity will not interfere because a defendant did not avail himself of some defense which he might have had, unless it appear that his not availing of it was the result of fraud or accident unmixed with any fraud or neglect of the party or his agents, are not strictly applicable to the present case, because the application is not to reopen the controversy, but to correct a verdict incorrectly entered as to a matter that was not controverted, for it was not the amount of recovery which was controverted, but the legal liability of the insurers under the policies.

It is further urged as. error that the circuit court overruled the defense that the suit in equity was brought too late, the policy having provided that all suits should be commenced within 12 months after the Are. But the sufficient answer is-that this is not a suit on the policy or the original cause of action. That suit on the policy has been tried. All the appellant’s defenses were presented, and a verdict rendered. The present proceeding is to correct the manifest mistake made in announcing and entering that verdict, and the special limitation as to suit on the policy has no application.

The circuit court, having jurisdiction, and finding the complainant entitled to relief, proceeded to decree the only relief which in this case could be adequate and effectual by decreeing that the appellant should pay the sum accidentally omitted from the verdict, without interest during the period the mistake remained undiscovered and during which no demand was made.

It may be that the present case reaches a point beyond which courts of equity should not advance in disturbing judgments and decreeing affirmative relief, but a case could not be presented in which the mistake is- plainer, nor the inequity of refusing relief more free from doubt. Such cases do not frequently occur. We find none of the assignments of error well taken, and the decree is affirmed.