603 F.2d 850 | C.C.P.A. | 1979
Lead Opinion
This appeal is from the judgment of the U.S. Customs Court, 81 Cust. Ct. 29, C.D. 4761, 458 F. Supp. 1220 (1978), dismissing the importer’s action challenging the denial of protests filed after refusals
The subject merchandise consists of automobiles and optional extras manufactured by British Motor Corp., Ltd. (BMC)
Concerning 52 of the entries alleged by appellant to be the subject of errors in appraised value, customs officials at the aforementioned ports initially refused to reliquidate via letters to appellant in 1964, 1965, and 1968.
Though not the subject of previous refusals to reliquidate, the remaining 32 entries in question were also alleged to be encompassed by Section 520(c)(1) because of asserted mistakes of fact and/or inad-vertences identical to those ascribed to the above 52 entries.
The error common to all the entries in this action involved the determination by BMC of the statutory cost of production under section 402a (f) of its automobiles and optional extras. To put the error in proper perspective, pursuant to a 1960 Customs ruling and a corresponding appraiser’s letter enclosing a sample format, BMC accountants began the task of attributing its costs and expenses to the statutory categories defined in section 402a (f). In attempting to do so, personnel at BMC used general expenses and profits in the home market rather than general expenses and profits in the export market in determining the statutory value upon which duties were assessed.
Pursuant to Cust. Ct. Rule 4.7(b)(2),
The Customs Court held that the refusals of 1964, 1965, and 1968 to reliquidate the 52 entries became final and unassailable pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 1514. Concerning the other 32 entries, the court said:
However it is expressed the mistakes which were made must be considered as being, in essence, misunderstandings of the law * * *. The mistakes were interpretational and decisional. * * *
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*117 * * * the mistakes sought to be corrected * * * are not in dispute. They require a finding that the protests underlying this action were brought to protest decisions regarding matters which could not be protested * * * because of * * * the inappropriateness of section 520(c)(1) to the accomplishment of the change in value sought by plaintiff * * *. Not being valid protests, their denial is not a matter within the jurisdiction of this court.
We take the last statement to mean that the court was without jurisdiction to consider the protests and, therefore, could neither sustain nor deny them.
Hambro now contends before this court that the refusals to re-liquidate the 52 entries were not final. It argues that administrative communications with customs officials in Washington, D.C., constituted a continuing protest that did not result in final rejections until denials of appellant’s requests for reliquidation by district directors in Chicago, Houston, and San Francisco in 1970.
Kegarding the remaining 32 entries, appellant contends that “the error was simply the failure to perform a purely ministerial act,” i.e., to subtract costs of export divisions of BMC (Austin Motor Export Ltd. and Nuffield Export Ltd.) rather than add them to home market cost figures. Additionally, appellant complains that the Customs Court abused its discretion by denying appellant the opportunity to present testimony from the involved BMC employees as to the nature of the errors.
Opinion
The Government having challenged the subject matter jurisdiction of the Customs Court, the burden of proof fell on appellant Hambro, the party asserting jurisdiction, to show that jurisdiction existed. McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 188-89 (1936); KVOS, Inc. v. Associated Press, 299 U.S. 269, 278 (1936); Gibbs v. Buck, 307 U.S. 66, 72 (1939).
Concerning the 52 entries, we agree with the Customs Court that refusals by customs officials in 1964, 1965, and 1968 to reliquidate became final and conclusive under 19 U.S.C. 1514 for failure to file protests with the respective collectors within 60 days after the refusals. By its own admission, appellant chose to vindicate its claims subsesequent to these refusals with customs officials in 'Washington, D.C., rather than preserve its judicial remedies. Only after March 1970 when appellant received adverse results from its administrative approach did it initiate procedures required to invoke the jurisdiction of the Customs Court. Not having filed timely protests as prescribed by section 1514, appellant relinquished its access to the court.
Concerning the remaining 32 entries, we again agree with the Customs Court. Unless the provision of section 520(c)(1) limiting the
Appellant bas correctly stated the distinction between mistakes of law and mistakes of fact that section 520(c)(1) requires us to observe (italic ours):
A mistake of fact is any mistake except a mistake of law. * * * It bas been defined as a mistake which takes place when some fact which indeed exists is unknown, or a fact which is thought to exist, in reality does not exist. * * * Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence section 839 (1941). A “mistake of fact exists where a person understands the facts to be other than they are, whereas a mistake of law exists where a person knows the facts as they really are but has a mistaken belief as to the legal consequences of those facts.” 58 C.J.S. Mistake section 832.
Inadvertence, on the other hand, is a word of broad meaning. * * * It has been defined variously as an oversight or involuntary accident, or the result of inattention or carelessness, and even as a type of mistake. 42 C.J.S. Inadvertence section 495. It is thus language broader in scope than mistake. [C. J. Tower & Sons of Buffalo, Inc. v. United States, 68 Cust. Ct. 17, 22, C.D. 4327, 336 F. Supp. 1395, 1399 (1972), aff’d, 61 CCPA 90, C.A.D. 1129, 499 F. 2d 1277 (1974) (citations omitted).]
Other than appellant’s argument, we find nothing to substantiate that BMC’s errors in compiling statutory cost of production value were anything other than a mistake of law, expressly excluded by section 520(c) (1). We agree with the Customs Court that facts disputed by the parties are irrelevant to the jurisdictional issue.
Appellant’s own admissions and the pertinent facts it adduced substantiate our position. In answer to the Government’s Interrogatory 11a requiring a statement of the exact nature of the errors committed, appellant responded (italic ours):
These mistakes and inadvertences came about because, among other things, the accounting terms and expressions contained in the above mentioned Customs letter [briefly summarizing Section 402a(f) and suggesting a possible format for presenting cost figures and conversations meant, not what Customs intended, but different things to the British accountants and other representatives.
* * * * * * *
*119 The exact nature of the errors committed lay in the fact that BMC applied the American accounting terms and expressions as they understood them, believing them to be used the same way and with the same meaning as ordinarily used by BMC in its accounting terminology in the United Kingdom.
Similarly, at oral argument on the Government’s motion to dismiss, the following colloquy occurred (italic added):
Judge Watson. * * * can you specify what you believe to be the exact genesis oj the errors committed by BMC?
Mr. Hats [counsel for Hambro]. The genesis of the errors was in the misunderstanding by the BMC! accountants of the instructions which were sent out by New York in November 1960, following the Bureau’s ruling of September 1960.
The record of events prepared in 1973 by one Williams, Group Cost Accountant for BMC, upon which appellant heavily relied in its opposition to the motion to dismiss, is in agreement. That record states that:
Due to a misunderstanding he (one Jack Day, BMC’s pricing division supervisor) was including the same type of expense twice, the sales cost given to him by the accountants for the home market and in addition he was adding his own costs which he found in the Export Corp.
This view is corroborated by further evidence submitted by appellant in which another BMC official related to Williams his correspondence with Day concerning the mistakes (italic ours):
I had some correspondence with Mr. Day about this in April and May, using the Morris Mini-Minor as an example. On these figures the Admin, and Commercial Expenses in the Home Market were shown as £1:1:11 and Mr. Day showed me that £1:1:0 £1:1:0 [sic] should be added to this figure * * *
These consistent admissions and related facts concerning the exact nature of the errors show conclusively that the errors were not in essence the result of mere computational mishaps. With full knowledge of the facts from BMC’s own books in front of them, BMC accountants produced cost of production values under section 402a(f) for its goods exported to the United States.
As stated in the language previously quoted from C. J. Tower efe Sons, supra, mistakes of fact occur in instances where either (1) the facts exist, but are unknown, or (2) the facts do not exist as they are believed to. Mistakes of law, on the other hand, occur where the facts are known, but their legal consequences are not known or are believed to be different than they really are. Appellant has not shown that BMC was ignorant of its general expenses and profits in either the home market or the export market, nor has it shown that BMC believed these facts to be other than they were.
Finally, we conclude that the Customs Court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to receive testimony from individuals involved in making the mistakes at BMC. At oral argument on the Government’s motion, Judge Watson specifically asked counsel for Hambro about the content of the proposed testimony (italic ours):
Mr. Hays. The genesis of the errors was in the misunderstanding by the BMC accountants of the (Bureau’s) instructions (the Customs letter summarizing section 402a (f) and suggesting a possible format) * * *.
Judge Watson. And that would be the thrust of the testimony you expect to offer on that point?
Mr. Hays. Yes. * * *.
Hence, counsel for Hambro admitted, consistent with appellant’s answer to the Government’s interrogatories, that the orgin of the mistake by BMC was the misunderstanding by BMC of the instructions regarding its general expenses and profits, and offered testimony only to that effect. We see no abuse of discretion in refusing such testimony when appellant has shown no jurisdictional facts to support its contention that BMC’s errors did not amount to mistakes in the construction of a law.
In summary, appellant failed to initiate procedures under 19 U.S.C. 1514 that would have relieved the decisions of customs officials of their finality and conclusiveness, and failed to present claims that were encompassed by other than the exclusionary language of section 520(c) (1). Hence, as to all 84 entries! n this case, the jurisdiction of the Customs Court was not properly invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1582. The Customs Court therefore properly dismissed appellant’s action for want of jurisdiction.
The judgment of the Customs Court is affirmed.
Sec. 520(c)(1) reads as follows:
(c) Notwithstanding a valid protest was not filed, the Secretary of the Treasury may authorize a a collector to reliquidate an entry to correct—
(1)a clerical error, mistake of fact, or other inadvertence not amounting to an error in the construction of a law, adverse to the importer and manifest from the record or established by documentary evidence, in any entry, liquidation, appraisement, or other customs transaction, when the error, mistake, or inadvertence is brought to the attention of the customs service within 1 year after the date of entry, ap-praisement, or transaction, or within 60 days after liquidation or exaction when the liquidation or exaction is made more than 10 months after the date of the entry, appraisement, or transactions; * * *.
British Leyland Ltd., successor-in-interest to both appellant Hambro Automotive Corp. and BMC, is the real party in interest.
Sec. 402a(f) reads as follows (italic ours):
Sec. 402a. Value (alternative).
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(f) Cost of Production. — For the purpose of this title the cost of production of imported merchandise shall be the sum of—
(1) The cost of materials of, and of fabrication, manipulation, or other process employed in manufacturing or producing such or similar merchandise, at a time preceding the date of exportation of the particular merchandise under consideration which would ordinarily permit the manufacture or production of the particular merchandise under consideration in the usual course of business;
(2) The usual general expenses (not less than 10 per centum of such cost) in the case of such or similar merchandise;
(3) The cost of all containers and coverings of whatever nature, and all other costs, charges, and expenses incident to placing the particular merchandise under consideration in condition, packed ready for shipment to the United States; and
(4) An addition for profit (not less than 8 per centum of the sum of the amounts found under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subdivision) equal to the profit which ordinarily is added, in the case of merchandise of the same general character as the particular merchandise under consideration, by manufacturers or producers in the country of manufacture or production who are engaged in the production or manufacture of merchandise of the same class or kind.
By letters dated Nov. 2, 1964, the Collector of Customs at the port of San Francisco refused to reliqui-date entry Nos. 18787 and 18788. By letters dated Mar. 15,1965, he refused to reliquidate entry Nos. 19979, 19980, 21999, 24642, 25041, 28307, 30711, 33730, 16137, 16138,17566, 17651, 18785, 18786, 19223, and 31972.
By letter dated Nov. 10, 1964, the Deputy Collector at the port of Chicago refused to reliquidate entry ■ Nos. C-4556, C-6152, C-6179, C-0881, and C-6892.
By letter dated May 9, 1968, the District Director of the port of Houston refused to reliquidate, inter alia, entry Nos. 13Ü-H, 698-H, 1756-H, 1761-H, 1806-H, 1807-H, 2026-H, 2384-H, 2385-H, 2765-H, 2808-H, 2809-H, 2882-H, 3090-H, 3260-H, 3449-H, 3637-H, 3667-H, 3673-H, 4177-H, 4178-H, 4609-H, 5107-H, 5542-H, 5648-H, 5702-H, 5954-H, 6569-H, and 2801-H.
Rule 4.7(b)(2) reads:
(b) Defenses: How Presented. — The following defenses may be made by a motion to dismiss the action:
* * * (2) lack of jurisdiction of the subject matter; * * *.
28 U.S.C. 1582 (1964) and 19 U.S.C. 15i4 (1964) read as follows (italic ours):
Sec. 1582. Jurisdiction of the Customs Court
• *•••••
(c) The Customs Court shall not have jurisdiction of an action unless * • * a protest has been filed, as prescribed by sec. 614 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, and denied in accordance with the provisions of sec. 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 * * *.
Sec. 1514. Protest against collector's decision
* * * all decisions of the collector, including his refusal to religuidate any entry for a clerical error * * • shall, upon the expiration of 60 days after the date of such liquidation * * * or refusal, be final and con» elusive upon all persons * * * unless the importer * * * shall within 60 days after * * * such liquidation * * * or refusal * * * file a protest in writing with the collector setting forth distinctly and specifically, and in respect to each entry or * * * refusal, the reasons for the objection thereto. * * *
The latest date of liquidation or reliquidation for any of the Houston entries was Aug. 16, 1962 (entry No. 2801-H); for any of the San Francisco entries, Feb. 18, 1963 (entry No. 16138); for any of the Chicago e tries, July 25, 1963 (entry Nos. 5078,8270, and 9316). The corresponding protests were filed Aug. 0, June 1, and Sept. 21, 1970.
Hou. .Bernard Newman, U.S. Customs Court, sitting by designation,
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting in part.
I agree with the majority that with regard to the 52 entries, the refusals by customs officials in 1964, 1965, and 1968 to reliquidate became final and conclusive under 19 U.S.C. 1514 for failure to file protests with the respective collectors within 60 days after the refusals.
The majority and the court below take the position that the asserted errors by British Motor Corp. Ltd. (BMC) in the determination of the cost of production of its automobiles are not a proper matter for correction under section 520(c)(1). I respectfully dissent.
The majority has determined the errors to be mistakes of law rather than mistakes of fact and therefore excludable from section 520(c)(1). I believe this conclusion to be irrelevant to the question before us. I do not feel that sufficient heed has been paid to the specific wording of section 520(c)(1) which broadly encompasses “a clerical error, mistake of fact, or other inadvertence not amounting to an error in the construction of the law.” [Italic added.] I cannot agree that the statutory provision “error in the construction of the law” can be broadly construed and considered to be synonymous with “mistake of law,” which the majority has done.
It is a proper judicial function to determine the construction of a law in a case before that body. In giving effect to the intention or purpose of the legislature, presumptions as to the words, phrases, and provisions used in statutes include presumptions that the legislature understood their meaning and intended their use, and used them in their ordinary and common meaning, and that every word, sentence, or provision has a purpose and is to be given some effect.
A construction of the law can be properly considered to mean the application of the law to the facts stated,
(t)he process, or the art, of determining the sense, real meaning, or proper explanation of obscure or ambiguous terms or provisions in a statute, written instrument, or oral agreement, or the application of such subject to the case in question, by reasoning in the light derived from extraneous connected circumstances or laws or writings bearing upon the same or a connected matter, or by seeking and applying the probable aim and purpose of the*122 provision Koy v. Schneider, 110 Tex. 369, 221 S.W. 880, 884. (“Black’s Law Dictionary,” Revised 4th. ed., p. 386.)
I would distinguish construction of a law from compliance with a law. Compliance with a law requires that a person act in accordance with the law as construed by legal authority. Construction of the law is the process of determining the legal meaning of terms in a statute. I am reluctant to charge to a person who must comply with the law the legal authority to construe the law with which he must comply.
Appellant has argued that Mr. Day, the BMC pricing division supervisor, was not in a position to make an independent judgment as to the law and cites Excel Shipping Corp. v. United States, 44 Cust. Ct. 55, C.D. 2153 (1960), for support. In holding the action of a customs entry clerk to be clerical error or an inadvertence, the Customs Court said:
No one could expect the entry clerk to make an independent judgment as to the law. No one here expected bim to do so. That was not his function. Any error of law was not his error. On the record before us, it was his duty to reject an entry that did not show the duty rate as the Bureau interpreted it. This was a mere clerical task. In failing to do this, he committed a clerical error or inadvertence. [44 Cust. Ct. at 64.]
Certainly Mr. Day, by virtue of his high position with BMC, had no more legal authority to make an independent judgment as to the meaning of the law than did that entry clerk. The function of Mr. Day and of the BMC accountants was to comply with the law by calculating the cost of production in accordance with the law as construed by the Customs Service or the courts. It was not their function to make an independent judgment of the law.
I would conclude that the phrase “error in the construction of a law” must mean “error in the construction of a law.” Such error must refer to error made by a person or a body that had the legal authority to attempt the construction of the law in the first instance.
Even accepting the majority’s position that the statutory phrase “construction of the law” means something less than “construction of the law” as a legal function, the record before us does not make it at all clear that the error under consideration amounted to an error in the construction of the law.
The nature of the errors under consideration have been discussed by the majority to arise from misunderstandings by BMC accountants of American accounting terms and expressions. With a basic misunderstanding here not of statutory provisions, but of American accounting terms and expressions, how can the BMC accountants be charged with knowing the facts as they really were?
82 C.J.S. Statutes sec. 316b (1966)
16 A id. Construction.
Appellant lias cited testimony of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury to indicate that the intention of sec. 520(c)(1) was to permit “the correction of errors and mistakes of the importers or the customs service in customs transactions which are adverse to the importer and which cannot be corrected under existing law. In the thousands of customs transactions, many such mistakes occur which should be cor ected in order to do justice to the importing public. The Government has no interest in retaining duties which were improperly collected as a result of clerical error, mistake of fact, or inadvertence. The inability to make refunds in such cases results in great dissatisfaction and a feeling of injustice among importers * * * .” [Italic in original. Simplification of Customs Administration: hearings on H.R. 1535 before the House Comm. on Ways and Means, 82 Cong., 1st sess. 42 (1951).]
