149 Mo. App. 200 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1910
This was a suit brought in the circuit court of Pemiscot county, by a brakeman, formerly in the employ of the appellant, for personal injuries claimed to have been sustained at Blythesville, Arkansas, on October 1, 1907. The petition alleged that while plaintiff was riding on the side of a freight car in the performance of his duties, he was brought in contact with a car on a spur or stub track, placed there by appellant’s servants, so close to the point of intersection with a sidetrack as not to be “in the clear,” whereby plaintiff sustained serious injuries. The charge upon which recovery was sought recited that the agents and employees of the appellant company negligently and carelessly placed a boxcar on the spur or stub track and negligently and carelessly permitted it to remain for some time so near the point of intersection of the spur- or stub '.rack with one of appellant’s sidetracks that in
The answer contained (1) a general denial; (2) that the injuries received by the plaintiff were assumed risks incident to his employment; (3) contributory negligence; and (4) the statute of Arkansas which adopted the common law of England.
The plaintiff in his reply admitted that the common law of England had been adopted in the State of Arkansas, but pleaded a statute of Arkansas, approved March 8, 1907, making railroad companies as employers liable for injuries received by their employees resulting from the careless omission of duty or negligence of any other servant or agent of such railroad.
The case was tried on the petition as originally drawn. (This case has once been in the appellate court where the judgment was reversed and the cause remanded. The opinion is reported in 136 Mo. App. 16, 117 S. W. 108.) The re-trial was had at the July term, 1909, and a verdict was returned in favor of the plaintiff for five thousand dollars. An appeal was granted the defendant to the St. Louis Court of Appeals from whence it has been transferred to this court.
The evidence in the second trial was practically the same as in the first and is substantially stated in the opinion of the St. Louis Court of Appeals on the former appeal. Plaintiff was injured by being crushed between a freight car, on which he was working for the appellant as a brakeman, and another freight car standing on a spur or stub track. Plaintiff, at the time of his injury, was riding on the ladder on the side of one of a number of freight cars attached to an engine, constituting a part of a train to which plaintiff was attached as a
Appellant, at the close of all the testimony, interposed a demurrer to the evidence Avhich was overruled. Appellant also asked an instruction as to the assumption of risk, and another one requesting that the court exclude from the consideration of the jury the statute of the State of Arkansas, which instructions, so requested and refused, are as follows:
“3. You are further instructed that under the issues in this case the plaintiff, on entering the service of the defendant' as a brakeman assumed and took upon himself the risks ordinarily incident to that business, and among which was the risk of personal injury to himself from the negligence and mistakes and oversights of his felloAV-servants in performing their work; and in this the danger and risk of injury to himself from the action of any of the defendant’s trainmen in setting in the freight car on the spur or stub track, at Bilythesville, Arkansas, was one of the risks incident to his employment, and which he so assumed, and for any neglect in doing such work by any of the defendant’s trainmen at that station plaintiff cannot recover.”
*205 “9. The court instructs you that you must exclude from your consideration the law of the State of Arkansas, approved March 8, 1907, read in evidence by the plaintiff, which law is entitled, ‘An Act to give right of action against an employer for injuries or death resulting to his agents, employees or servants, either from the employer’s negligence, or from the negligence of some of his other employees, servants or- agents, and to repeal all acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith.’ ”
The petition charged that by reason of the negligence of the agents and servants of the appellant, the plaintiff, on October 1, 1907, at Blythesville, Arkansas, sustained injuries whereby he was damaged in the sum of five thousand dollars. The cause of action, having accrued in the State of Arkansas, the rights of the appellant and the defenses to the action are to be governed by the law of that State, and not by the law of the forum. The defense of assumption of risk, to defeat or limit the right of action for the negligent injury of a person, is to be determined by the law of the place where the tort occurred; and the common law rule exempting the master from liability for injury to a servant by a fellow-servant’s negligence, prevailing at the place where the injury occurred and the cause of action arose, will govern, although the rule has been changed by statute at the place of the forum. [2 Wharton, Conflict of-Laws, 487b. Cooley on Torts (2 Ed.), p. 553; Root v. K. C. S. Ry. Co., 195 Mo. 348, 92 S. W. 621; Rahm v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 129 Mo. App. 679, 108 S. W. 570; Chandler v. St. L. & S. F. R. Co., 127 Mo. App. 34, 106 S. W. 553.]
The law in force in Arkansas on October 1, 1907, the date on which plaintiff was injured, giving the plaintiff Ms right of action and determining the liabilities of the defendant for negligence, was either the common law or the statutory law of that State. In this case, it is apparent on the face of the petition that the plaintiff framed and bottomed his petition on the common law liability of the defendant, and not upon the statute
The plaintiff could not recover on the common law liability pleaded in his petition because the common law had been abolished by statute, which statute was introduced in evidence by the plaintiff, being Act 69 of the Acts of Arkansas of 1907, entitled: “An Act to give right of action against an employer for injuries or death resulting to his agents, employees, or servants, either from the employer’s negligence or from the negligence of some of his other employees, servants or agents, and to repeal all acts or parts of acts in conflict herewith,” approved March 8, 1907, and which reads as follows: “Section 1. That hereafter all railroad companies operating within this State, whether incorporated or not, and all corporations of every kind and character, and every company, whether incorporated or not, engaged in the mining of coal, who may employ agents, servants or employees, such agents, servants or employees being in the exercise of due care, shall be liable to respond in damages for injuries or death sustained by any such agent, servant or employee, resulting from the careless omission of duty or negligence of such employer, or which may result from the carelessness, omission of duty, or negligence of any other agents, servants or employees of said employer, in the same manner and to the same extent as if the carelessness, omission of duty or negligence causing the injury or death
As to whether the common law or the statutory law of Arkansas relating to the doctrine of fellow-servant was in force at the time of this accident cannot be established in this case by presumption; the argument of counsel seems to have become enmeshed in this line of evidence. The law holds that presumptions are a species of secondary evidence, allowed in certain cases, whereby one fact can be inferred by the proof of another; but such evidence is only competent in the absence of proof of actual facts. The feeble, flickering
The plaintiff offered in evidence a statute of Arkansas approved in the year 1904, -which is as follows:
“Sec. 6658. All persons engaged in the service of any railway corporations, foreign or domestic, doing business in this State, who are entrusted by such corporation with the authority of superintendence, control or command of other persons in the employ or' service of such corporation, or with the authority to direct any other employee in the performance of any duty of such employee, are vice-principals of such corporation, and are not fellow-servants with such employee.”
The plaintiff also offered in evidence the statute of Arkansas which was approved March 8, 1907, hereinbefore set forth; so that we have the actual enactments of the State of Arkansas as to the law governing fellow-servants and Ave are not left to presumptions.
In his petition, the plaintiff stated a cause of action at common law, but in his reply he set out the statute of Arkansas, and by this new matter sought to recover under this statute. His reply thus undertook to add to his petition by injecting into it a new cause of action. This cannot be done by the reply and he
The State of Arkansas, having adopted the statute approved March 8, 1907, set up in his reply, this was in contravention of the common law which had previously existed in that State and it created a new cause of action which did not exist at common law. Strottman v. St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. Co., 211 Mo. 227, 302, 109 S. W. 769. In the case just cited, the Supreme Court says: “The proposition is self-evident that until the enactment of the fellow-servant statute in 1897, in this State a servant who was injured through the negligence of a fellow-servant never had any right of action; hence, it must logically follow that that statute for the first time giving him a right of action created a new cause of action which did not exist prior to that time, that is, in favor of the servant. To say that it did not create a new cause of action, but simply placed the employee of the railroad corporation on the same footing that it placed any other person, falls far short of a correct solution of that proposition.”
The appellant filed a proper motion before the trial to dismiss that part of the plaintiff’s reply which referred to the statute of Arkansas, which motion was overruled. The appellant at the close of all the testimony interposed a demurrer to the evidence on the ground that the plaintiff could not recover on the stat