176 F.R.D. 207 | E.D. Va. | 1997
OPINION AND ORDER
Facts & Procedural History
On February 14, 1997, Barbara Halloway (“Halloway” or “plaintiff’) filed an admiralty claim against Fred O. Bashara (“Bashara” or “defendant” or “third-party plaintiff’) pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P.9(h). Halloway alleged she was a crew member aboard the S/V STAR DANCER when it was struck by the S/V BANYAN DAYS while competing in a race organized by the Cruising Club of Virginia on July 16, 1994. She claims that defendant, who was the owner and operator of the BANYAN DAYS, was negligent which
On April 28, 1997, the third-party defendants filed a motion to dismiss the third-party complaint, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. They filed unverified exhibits in support of this motion. On May 9, 1997, third-party plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss which was accompanied by unverified exhibits as well as another exhibit filed at the hearing. Third-party defendants replied on May 16, 1997. After hearing oral arguments and reviewing all submitted memoranda, United States Magistrate Judge William T. Prince issued a Report and Recommendation on August 1, 1997. The Magistrate Judge recommended that the motion to dismiss be converted to a summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. Further, the judge denied the motion by giving three reasons. First, the judge held that the protest committee’s decision upon which the third-party defendants’ motion is premised was not actually final as claimed, but was in fact on appeal. Second, the judge held that there was a genuine issue of material fact in regard to the interpretation of the new International Yacht Racing Regulations (“IYRR”).
Standard of Review
The Federal Magistrate’s Act provides that a “judge of the [district] court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report, or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C); United States v. George, 971 F.2d 1113, 1117 (4th Cir.1992). In the absence of any objection by the parties, the district court is not obligated to make any explanation. See Camby v. Davis, 718 F.2d 198, 199 (4th Cir. 1983); see also Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 151, 106 S.Ct. 466, 473, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985) (“There is no indication that Congress, in enacting § 636(b)(1)(C), intended to require a district judge to review a magistrate’s report to which no objections are filed.”); Summers v. State of Utah, 927 F.2d 1165, 1167 (10th Cir.1991) (“[T]he district court is accorded considerable discretion with respect to the treatment of unchallenged magistrate reports. In the absence of timely objection, the district court may review a magistrate’s report under any standard it deems appropriate.”). Where a court conducts a de novo review, the district court should reexamine all relevant evidence previously reviewed by the magistrate judge to determine whether any particular findings of fact raised in the objections are supported by “substantial evidence.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Coffman v. Bowen, 829 F.2d 514, 517 (4th Cir.1987); see also Richardson v. Perales., 402 U.S. 389, 390, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 1422, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971). In those circumstances, the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation carries no presumptive weight, and the district court may accept, reject or modify the
Analysis
Any party may file written objections to a Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation within 10 days of mailing of the report as was indicated in the Report. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). More than 10 days have passed
The Court, having considered the issues in the report and recommendation, hereby ADOPT and AFFIRM the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation DENYING third-party defendants motion to dismiss as converted to summary judgment pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56.
The Clerk is REQUESTED to send copies of this order to all counsel of record.
It is so ORDERED.
MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
PRINCE, United States Magistrate Judge.
Order of Designation
On July 15, 1997, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b), and Rule 72 of the Local Rules for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, an Order was entered by United States District Judge John A. MacKenzie designating the undersigned Magistrate Judge to conduct a hearing and to submit to a judge of the Court proposed recommendations for disposition by the judge of the Motion To Dismiss filed by third-party defendants Steven W. Parish, John Blais, and Alma Orive. The Court held a hearing on July 16, 1997, at which Morton H. Clark, Esq. appeared on behalf of plaintiff; Brian P. Flanagan, Esq. and Dawn M. Peters, Esq. appeared on behalf of defendant and third-party plaintiff; and Philip N. Davey, Esq. appeared on behalf of third-party defendants. The hearing was reported by Sue Ash, Official Court Reporter.
Nature of the Case
A complaint was filed by Barbara Hallo-way (“plaintiff’) against Fred G. Bashara (“defendant” or “third-party plaintiff’) as an admiralty claim within the meaning of Rule 9(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Defendant filed an answer denying all fault, alleging that plaintiff was negligent, that acts or omissions of third-parties caused the collision, and that the collision was the result of inscrutable fault. Defendant also filed a third-party complaint, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 14(c), against Steven W. Parish, the helmsman of STAR DANCER, John A. Blais, the master or person in charge of STAR DANCER, and Alma Orive, the owner of STAR DANCER, alleging that their negligent acts or omissions wholly or partially caused the collision. In three separate counts of the third-party complaint, third-party plaintiff seeks contribution or indemnity from third-party defendants Orive, Blais, and Parish. In the prayer of the third-party complaint, defendant includes a prayer for judgment against third-party defendants in favor of plaintiff.
Third-party defendants filed a motion to dismiss the third-party complaint, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Their motion was supported by unverified exhibits. Rule 12(b)(6) provides that “if mat
Motion to Dismiss!Summary Judgment
The motion to dismiss asserts that the collision of the sailing vessels occurred during a race sanctioned by the Chesapeake Bay Yacht Racing Association (“CBYRA”) of which the participants were members, and was governed by the 1993-1996 International Yacht Racing Regulations (“IYRR”) with U.S. Sailing Prescriptions. Following the collision, a protest to BANYAN DAYS’ actions (third-party plaintiffs vessel) was filed by STAR DANCER. The protest was heard in due course and the protest committee concluded that BANYAN DAYS violated a racing rule, and it was disqualified. Subsequently, the CBYRA Rules and Appeals Committee affirmed the decision of the protest committee. That decision has been appealed to the United States Sailing Association, and the parties suggested that its decision is expected by September.
Laying aside the pending appeal to the U.S. Sailing Association, STAR DANCER’S crew asserts that the decision of the protest committee, which was affirmed by the CBY-RA appeals committee, is binding on BANYAN DAYS, and is dispositive of third-party plaintiffs claim for contribution or indemnity. The IYRR provide that participants in a race agree
to accept the penalties imposed and other action taken in accordance with the rules, subject to the appeal and review procedures provided in them, as the final determination of any matter arising under the rules; and [ ] with respect to such determination, not to resort to any court or tribunal not provided by the rules.
Third-party defendants argue, therefore, that the affirmed decision that BANYAN DAYS had violated a racing rule and was disqualified precludes the claim for contribution or indemnity.
Discussion
For reasons to be stated hereafter, the Court will not opine at length on the merits of the motion to dismiss as presented by third-party defendants. There is very little case law on the subject, but the Court adopts the reasoning of the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Juno SRL v. S/V ENDEAVOuR, 58 F.3d 1 (1st Cir.1995), that the participants in the race “were contractually bound to race by the rules of the road contained in the IYRRs, and to resolve issues related to fault for any collisions according to those rules.” Id. at 6. In reaching its decision, the First Circuit stated:
The cases that we have found, however, are helpful to the extent that they establish the principle — with which we are in full accord — that when one voluntarily enters a yacht race for which published sailing instructions set out the conditions of participation, a private contract results between the participants requiring their compliance therewith. See De Sole v. United States, 947 F.2d 1169, 1173 (4th Cir.1991)
If this was the only issue to be decided on this reference, the Court would recommend that the third-party complaint be dismissed. But as stated, there is an appeal pending which could make the motion moot, and the decision on appeal is expected soon. That alone would preclude recommending granting the motion. Of equal import, however, is the fact that at the hearing, third-party plaintiff filed his Exhibit 1, a letter from Clay Mock, Chair of U.S. Sailing Association Legal Committee, stating that a new U.S. Prescription to the IYRRs regarding liability, which became effective on July 14, 1994, two days before the race involving BANYAN DAYS and STAR DANCER, was intended “to clarify that U.S. Sailing judges were not to determine liability.” An attached copy of the new prescription included “(a) A yacht that retires from a race or accepts a penalty does not, by that action alone, admit liability for damages.” Because the submission of unauthenticated documents has been without objection, turning the motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment, the Court finds that there are genuine issues of material fact concerning the interpretation of the IYRRs that preclude summary judgment.
The major issue, however, has become something entirely different. Would Fed. R.Civ.P. 14(c) preclude granting the motion to dismiss/motion for summary judgment even if there were no pending appeal of the protest committee findings,.or even if there were no unresolved issues of material fact?
Rule H (c)
At oral argument, third-party plaintiff asserted that his claim, brought pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 14(c)
In United States v. Isco, Inc., 463 F.Supp. 1293 (E.D.Wis.1979), the United States brought suit against Isco in admiralty to recover damages for cargo loss. The defendant filed a third-party complaint against Skibs pursuant to Rule 14(c). Isco then applied to have its third-party complaint dismissed.
In F.V. Capt. Wool, Inc. v. Wagner Maritime, Inc., 1996 WL 895461 (E.D.Va. Dec. 4, 1996), plaintiff sued defendants for damages caused by faulty anti-freeze preparations to plaintiffs boat. Defendants filed a third-party complaint pursuant to Rule 14(c), against Omni and Fletcher, alleging that plaintiff had contracted separately with them to do the anti-freeze preparations. Third-
In denying Omni and Fletcher’s motion to dismiss, Judge Morgan stated:
There does not have to be any relationship or duty between the third-party plaintiff and the third[-]party defendant. Nor does the third-party defendant have to be named in the plaintiffs complaint or other pleadings. Moreover, the plaintiff does not even have to enter any evidence against a third-party defendant to be awarded a judgment; the evidence may be entered by the third-party plaintiff.
... In this case, [third-party plaintiffs] have alleged that there was an agreement between the plaintiff and the third-party defendants and/or negligence on the part of the third-party defendants which create liability between the plaintiff and the third-party defendants. The Third-Party Complaint clearly states claims that [third-party plaintiffs] are allowed to assert in favor of the Plaintiff, Capt. Wool pursuant to Rule 14(c).
F.V. Capt. Wool, 1996 WL 895461 (citations omitted).
It is clearly third-party plaintiffs right to tender the crew of STAR DANCER as impleaded defendants.
Conclusion
Therefore, the motion to dismiss, converted into a motion for summary judgment, should be denied on three grounds: 1) third-party defendants’ motion is premised on the finality of the protest committee’s decision, although it is on appeal; 2) there is a genuine issue of material fact as to the interpretation of the IYRRs; and 3) the third-party complaint is a valid “tendered-defendant impleader” regardless of the merits of third-party defendants’ argument on the contractually binding nature of the IYRRs.
RECOMMENDATION
For the reasons stated, it is RECOMMENDED that third-party defendants’ motion for summary judgment, filed as a motion to dismiss, be DENIED.
Directions for Mailing and Review Procedures
The Clerk shall mail copies of this Report and Recommendation to counsel of record. By copy of this Report and Recommendation, the parties are notified that pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C):
2. A district judge shall make a de novo determination of those portions of this report or specific recommendation to which objection is made.
The parties are further notified that failure to file timely objections to the recommendation set forth above will result in waiver of right to appeal from a judgment of this court based on such recommendation. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985); Wright v. Collins, 766 F.2d 841, 846 (4th Cir.1985) (quoting Carr v. Hutto, 737 F.2d 433, 434 (4th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1019, 106 S.Ct. 567, 88 L.Ed.2d 552 (1985)); United States v. Schronce, 727 F.2d 91 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1208, 104 S.Ct. 2395, 81 L.Ed.2d 352 (1984).
August 1,1997.
. The old IYRR provides that participants in a race agree
to accept the penalties imposed and other action taken in accordance with the rules, subject to the appeal and review procedures provided in them, as the final determination of any matter arising under the rules; and [] with respect to such determination, not to resort to any court or tribunal not provided by the rules.
However, there was a new U.S. Prescription to the IYRRs regarding liability which became effective on July 14, 1994, two days before the race. The Prescription was intended to "clarify that U.S. Sailing judges were not to determine liability." The new Prescription included the statement that "(a) A yacht that retires from a race or accepts a penalty does not, by that action alone, admit liability for damages." Judge Prince found that there was a genuine issue of material fact concerning the interpretation of this addition to the IYTRRs which precluded summary j udgment.
. Actually, a month and a half has passed.
. Paragraph 3 of the complaint refers to Rule 9(h) of the Supplemental Rules of Civil Procedure
. This is a final decision of the appeal of the Race Protest Committee, which will be discussed later.
. Third-party defendants concede that if the appeal to the U.S. Sailing Association sets aside the decision of the protest committee, then their motion to dismiss would have no merit.
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 14(c) provides as follows:
Admiralty and Maritime Claims. When a plaintiff asserts an admiralty or maritime claim within the meaning of Rule 9(h), the defendant or claimant, as a third-party plaintiff, may bring in a third-party defendant who may be wholly or partly liable, either to the plaintiff or to the third-party plaintiff, by way of remedy over, contribution, or otherwise on account of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences. In such a case the third-party plaintiff may also demand judgment against the third-party defendant in favor of the plaintiff, in which event the third-party defendant shall make any defenses to the claim of the plaintiff as well as to that of the third-party plaintiff in the manner provided in Rule 12 and the action shall proceed as if the plaintiff had commenced it against the third-party defendant as well as the third-party plaintiff.
. This issue was raised obliquely, if at all, in third-party plaintiff's memorandum in opposition to the motion to dismiss, and it was not supported by argument or legal authority. That third-party defendants did not address the issue in their reply is not surprising.
. This application was made to the clerk of court who dismissed the third-party complaint pursuant to Rules 41(a)(l)(i) and 41(c). It came before the court on motion of the United States to set aside the clerk’s dismissal.
. Omni and Fletcher were represented by Philip N. Davey, Esq., who represents third-party defendants in this case.
. In a law review article, "The Missing Direct-Tender Option In Federal Third-Party Practice: A Procedural and Jurisdictional Analysis," (68 N.C. L.Rev. 423), where the authors urge the adoption of the procedures of Rule 14(c) in all civil cases, they characterize this practice as “tendered-defendant impleader."
. The Court received a message from Morton H. Clark, Esq., plaintiff’s attorney, that on July 16, 1997, the third anniversary of the collision and the day of the hearing of this motion at 11:00 a.m., he filed an action in the Circuit Court of the City of Portsmouth on behalf of plaintiff in this case against defendant in this case and third-party defendant in this case, John Blais.
. During oral arguments, Brian P. Flanagan, Esq., counsel for third-party plaintiff, stated that as long as the third-party complaint stood as the vehicle for bringing in third-party defendants as direct defendants, third-party plaintiff would not have to rely upon the third-party complaint for contribution or indemnity.
