195 Mich. 753 | Mich. | 1917
The return of the industrial accident board to a writ of certiorari issued herein states that it made “no written findings of fact or law, or any decision in regard thereto, except such as is contained in Exhibit 8,” which is a brief order, affirming the award of the committee on arbitration, made on October 9, 1915, finding that this claimant (plaintiff) was entitled to recover from respondent (defendant) the sum of $6.49 per week for a period of 300 weeks from the 29th day of October, 1913, for the accidental death of her husband, Mike Haller, on the 29th day of October, 1913, while in defendant’s employ. Various exhibits, copies of orders, etc., and the testimony taken before the committee on arbitration, compose the return. Defendant asks reversal chiefly on the ground that the undisputed facts show the accident in question did not arise out of or in the course of deceased’s employment because the injuries causing his death were received by him during the noon hour after work was suspended; were the result of his own act in striking a match to light his pipe, which was not a part of his employment, but, on the contrary, entirely foreign to it and outside its scope. . While other questions are raised and theories advanced in behalf of defendant, as the case is presented by this record we think the foregoing contention embodies the only proposition calling for serious consideration.
No question of dependency has been raised by defendant, and a fatal accident, at the time and place claimed, is not denied. It is also admitted that at the time of the accident deceased was in defendant’s employ as a common laborer, working with other's at what is known as the East Side Park in said city. Their work began at about 6:30 in the morning upon the date in question, and the usual time of suspending labor for an hour to take the noon meal was 11:30.
In connection with its street improvements the city
“If they work at outside work: they have to eat dinner wherever they can. * * * Wherever we were working they ate their dinner on the job, wherever it was; if on the street, grading or shoveling, they ate their dinner right there, unless some man happened to live close to the job; then he went home; most of them brought their dinners,”
—stating, however, that it was optional with them, as they had no instruction from the city in reference to it. The day was cloudy and cold, rendering it disagreeable to eat their dinners out of doors, and when work suspended for the' noon intermission, the three Hungarians took their dinner pail and went to the toolhouse to eat. The toolhouse was used to store tools and equipment relating to the crusher, including oils, pails of grease, wrenches, pliers, blow torches, etc., and on this day there was a small amount of gasoline in a can under a work bench. The building was provided with
Haller’s two companions, who were not seriously hurt, were the only witnesses to the accident. They both testified that when the three entered the building
“He says he don’t know what really occurred. He was the third man in, and he just came — he came pretty near sitting down when the explosion came and all he saw, the man Mike was trying to' smoke his pipe, and he keeled over. He was the last one, so he didn’t realize really what it was. He said he saw Mike trying to light his pipe.”
On cross-examination:
“Q. Ask him to tell how the fire started.
“A. He don’t know how it happened.
“Q. Ask him if he was in the shanty when the fire took place — when it blazed.
“A. Sure. He says he went in there and saw him light the pipe, and just as soon as he saw the match just that soon he saw the flame.”
The other man, named Popai, also examined through an interpreter, said:
“It was quite cold, and they went in to get their dinner. The other fellow went in first and then this man. They had their dinner in one pail and they boarded at the same place. The other fellow says,*757 ‘I am not going to eat, but I will light my pipe.’ He lit the pipe, and the explosion came.”
On cross-examination:
“Q. Ask him just what he means by an explosion and how it happened?
“A. He says all he knows, the fellow sat down there on a kind of a box or whatever might have been there, and took his pipe in his mouth and lit a match. „ That is the only thing he knows.”
Some slight, but we think incompetent, testimony, was introduced by defendant to the effect that shortly after the fire it was currently reported deceased had thrown a lighted match into a can of gasoline, and that he had endeavored to.throw the contents of the can into the stove; that one or both of these men had so stated to a fellow countryman who interpreted it to the witness; one. item of offered evidence was an anonymous letter written in Hungarian, purporting to tell how the accident occurred.
The two eyewitnesses denied any other facts, or knowledge, of the accident except as above stated, and consistently adhered, on direct and cross-examination, to the few graphic facts related by them as to what occurred. There is no evidence in the record which would warrant the accident board or this court in finding the facts otherwise.
These salient facts stand undisputed: Deceased was in defendant’s employ, working as a common laborer by the day at outside work. He had brought his dinner with him to “eat on the job,” and was there for the day on his employer’s premises within the ambit of his employment. It was customary for the men so employed by defendant, at grading and shoveling, to eat their dinners there, wherever they were, at such a spot as they found most convenient and comfortable for that purpose. The day was cloudy, raw, and windy, and the men were working on an elevation. The tool-
“He was doing a thing which a man while working may reasonably do; a workman of his sort may reasonably smoke, he may reasonably drop his pipe, and he may reasonably pick it up again.”
As directly applied to the noon intermission, it is a long and well-settled rule that the service tie, or contractual relations and obligations between master and servant, is not broken by such suspension of all activities directly beneficial to ijhe employer.
*759 “A workman is considered in the employment of his master during the intermission for the noon hour if he remains upon the premises.” Baldwin on Pers. Injuries (2d Ed.), § 374.
This rule is more fully stated in 8 Thompson on Negligence, § 3752, as follows:
“A servant is deemed in his master’s service whenever present to perform his duties and subject to orders, though at the given moment he may not be actually engaged in the performance of any given work; thus the relation exists during the noon hour where ,the master especially and expressly or by fair implication invites his servant to remain on the premises and lunch in the immediate vicinity of his work.”
Agreeably to that rule, it is generally held under workmen’s compensation laws that, while such relation so continues, an injury to an employee may arise out of and in the course of his employment, although he is not directly engaged in the work of his employment at the time. Von Ette's Case, 223 Mass. 56 (111 N. E. 696, L. R. A. 1916D, 641). In that case the court sustained an award of the industrial accident board to an employee injured by falling from the roof of the building in which he was working, where hie had temporarily gone to get fresh air and relief from the heat below.
The general rule as to injuries during intermissions from labor, especially where the accident occurs on the employer’s premises, is formulated from the decisions as follows in 1 Honnold on Workmen’s Compensation, p. '381:
“Acts of ministration by a servant to himself, such as quenching his thirst, relieving his hunger, protecting himself from excessive cold, performance of which while at work are reasonably necessary to his health and comfort, are incidents to his employment and acts of service therein within the workmen’s compensation acts, though they are only indirectly conducive to the purpose of the employment. Consequently no break*760 in the employment is caused by the mere fact that the workman is ministering to his comforts or necessities, as by warming himself, or seeking shelter, or by leaving his work to relieve nature, or to procure a drink, refreshments, food, or fresh air, or to rest in the shade” (citing numerous sustaining cases).
In Morris v. Lambeth Borough Council, 8 W. C. C. 1 (somewhat analogous in its facts to this case), where a night watchman, who left his station and went to cook and eat his food in a small shanty near by used for storing tools, where workmen sometimes ate in the daytime, and while there cooking a chop, was injured by the shanty falling down, it was held that he had suffered an accidental injury arising out of and in the course of his employment.
In Carinduff v. Gilmore, 7 B. W. C. C. 981, a girl employed on a threshing machine was held not outside of her employment where she had seated herself to partake of refreshments in a position on the opposite side of an opening through which sheaves passed into the machine and was injured while arising.
Counsel cite as controlling precedents in this State Moronen v. McDonnell, 177 Mich. 691 (143 N. W. 8) and Hills v. Blair, 182 Mich. 20 (148 N. W. 243). The Moronen Case was an action for negligence, not under the workmen’s compensation act, and all the common-law defenses of assumption of risk, negligence of a fellow servant, and contributory negligence were open to defendant. During the noon hour blasting was done where the men worked. They were expected to withdraw to a place of safety during that time, and warnings were called whenever blasts were about to be fired. Plaintiff with others had withdrawn to eat their dinner at what they regarded as a safe place and distance. They were at liberty for the noon hour, knew of the dangerous operations in progress at the place they had been working, were free to go where and as far as they pleased. They were not at the place of
From an examination of cases cited by defendant, and others we have examined in which it has been held that an employee injured on the premises of his employer during the noon hour or other temporary suspension of work was not under the act, we think it manifest that the controlling reason for denying an award in those cases rests upon the proven facts that the employee broke the so-called nexus between workman and employer by some manifestly reckless and unreasonable hazard, amounting to intentional and wilful misconduct, or by disregarding, or disobeying, some warning of danger at the place of injury or prohibition relating to the thing being done, either addressed to the workman or promulgated as a general rule of conduct while on the premises. We think the following two cases, respectively relied upon by the contending parties, illustrate this evident distinction:
In Blovelt v. Sawyer, 6 W. C. C. 16, cited by plaintiff, a bricklayer who was paid according to the number of hours he actually worked, at liberty to remain upon the premises to eat his dinner or not as he saw fit, sat down at the noon hour under the shelter of a wall which he was engaged in building, and, while eating his dinner there, was seriously injured by the wall
In Price v. Edward Lloyd, 2 B. W. C. C. 26, cited by defendant, a workman on a night shift went some distance from where he was at work to a pumping station on his employer’s premises and climbed upon a warm tank where he sat to eat his supper. In getting down from the tank he fell through an aperture in it and was scalded, receiving injuries from which he died. It was shown that his employers had provided upon their premises, also some distance from where deceased worked, a well-warmed and well-lighted dining room for their workmen. They were not obliged to eat their meals in this dining room, but it was there for their comfort and convenience. It was shown that the chief engineer and chief stoker were the only persons entitled to deal with this, tank in any way, and that if deceased had been reported for going where he did, he would have been discharged. Differentiating this case from Blovelt v. Sawyer, supra, and Morris v. Lambeth, supra, in holding the accident did not arise out of his employment, it was said in part:
“In our opinion the workman, in needlessly exposing himself to risk, met with an accident which can in no sense be said to have arisen out of his employ*763 ment. * * * A workman’s employment is not confined to the actual work upon which he is engaged, but extends to those actions which by the terms of his employment he is entitled to take, or where by the terms of his employment he is taking his meals on the employer’s premises. But the employment does not extend to the doing of those things which are unreasonable or which he is expressly forbidden to do. Here the workman was doing what he was forbidden to do by the employers, not expressly, but in the sense that he was doing that which was not allowed. It was a highly dangerous thing to do, and the evidence was that if it were known that a workman had done it, he would have been dismissed.”
The distinction pointed out ,is that the workman went where he knew, or ought to have known, he should not be, and was injured in doing a forbidden and manifestly highly dangerous thing, having of his own choice incurred an evident and unnecessary risk, external to his employment, in a prohibited place.
In the instant case the record is barren of any proof deceased knew that gasoline was in the toolhouse, that it was liable to vaporize and explode, or that the place was in any way dangerous. The building was unlocked and free of access, with no warning signs, was on his employer’s premises invitingly close to where he was working in the inclement weather. As before stated, in seeking shelter there during the noon intermission, he did a reasonable and natural thing under existing conditions, might reasonably light his pipe at such a time, was doing no forbidden thing, incurring no apparent risk, and violating no known rule of his employment. We think there is evidence in the case to sustain the conclusion of the board that he was within, and entitled to compensation under, the act.
Its order is therefore affirmed.